Bag Phone to Smart Phone - Assignment Example

? BAG PHONE TO SMART PHONE. By Introduction. This is an engineering report that discusses the evolution of mobile phones. The paper uses Conception, Design, implementation, Operation and Decommission approach to explain the life of a mobile phone. The paper also considers analysis in two distinct steps, as a generic product and a model’s specific product. The design cycle is used to investigate the stages of mobile phone development and its supporting networks. Additionally, it explains the forces that led to the development of mobile phone, technologies used, their operation, harmful side effects, the factors that led to its evolution, and the functional life of mobile phones. Consequently, the paper discusses the impact of various design, and the manufacturing techniques that can be used in the production of mobile phones. Conception. A cellular phone is a wireless device that people use to communicate. Its Technology is based on the technology of radio that was developed since 1940’s. In 1843, Michael Faraday researched if electricity could be conducted via space. His study led to the development of cell phone. In 1865, Doctor Mahlon Loomis communicated first through the wireless atmosphere. He developed the idea of receiving and transmitting information via space as a conductor (Androulidakis, 2012 ). He was later awarded 50,000 for his study. The conception of cell phones is traced to the creation and innovation of police cars, taxi cabs, and other service motor cars whereby the radios enabled the police officers and taxi cabs to communicate with each other or a with the central station. Communication technology of cell phones can be traced to individuals that had special radios patched on a phone line through a live operator when making a phone call. Police officers from Swedish used the first cell phone in 1946. The technology was linked to the network of a telephone and was unique of radio technology. The cell phone was less practical because it could make six phone calls before the battery of the car drained ( Bhowmik, 2008 ).. The modern mobile phone technology began when D.H. Ring created six sided cells for cell phones in 1947. Later on, an engineer for Bell Labs developed the idea of cell towers that would receive and transmit signals in 3 directions rather than two. However, despite the development of technologies, electronics and other technologies take years to mature. For example, the first cell phone’s electronics were developed in 1960. In 1967, the technology of mobile phone was available. However, the users had to station themselves within a single cell area. These regions that base stations serviced did not hand off phone calls from one station to the other. Despite users making calls, they were not able to make calls after attaining a certain range ( Goggin, 2006). A call hands-off system was developed by Amos Joel from Bell Labs in 1970. The technology enhanced un-dropped phone calls from one region to another. Even after developing the technology, in 1971 AT&T submitted a proposal to FCC for services of cellular. Approval took 10 years. In 1982, frequencies of 824-894 MHZ Band were allocated to Advanced Mobile Phone Service AMPS . In 1990, AMPS shifted from analog to digital service. Throughout the years, many technologies that led to the development of mobile phones existed. Mostly, the phones were available on vehicles because of large battery requirements. For example, the Mobile Telephone System that was developed by Erikson in 1950 was available in Sweden. Unluckily, it weighed over twenty pounds, which is ineffective when compared to today’s portable devices. 1st Generation Cell Phones. The first portable cellular phone was unveiled by Motorola in 1983. The cellular phone was called Motorola Dynastic 8000X. The model was approved by FCC in the US. Motorola developed cellular phone technology for years and this model to over 15 years to enter the market costing over $100M. The model was lightweight, weighed 28 ounces, 13 x 1.75x3.5 inches, and was commonly known as the Brick. 2nd Generation Cell Phones They are the early 1990 cell phones which were not able to operate on a mobile phone system a like IS-95, IS-136, and GSM. The networks of Digital mobile phone were used in the USA and Europe in 1990 and 1991 respectively. The second generation cellular phones used transmissions that switch digital circuit. This later facilitated faster network signaling lowered the number of dropped calls and increased the quality of calls. These phones have been on line often, they substitutes analog network frequencies, and effectively made them obsolete. 2G phones were smaller than the first generation phones. 3rd Generation Cell Phones This is the currently available technologies and is commonly known as 3G. Their standards vary depending on the kind of network. 3G is not a rigid standard, it comprises of requirements that cell phone and network providers to follow. The two main requirements include 2 Megabits for indoor use and 384 bits for outdoor use. These types of phones usually involve innovations that receive more than one call. For instance, phones offering email internet access and sms. Technologies have continued to improve and new creation and innovations like streaming TV, radio, and wifi are already in the market. In the world today, people communicate using the cellular phones. In 1973, Cooper Martin developed Motorola. He initiated the project and let New York people see it. In 1977, the first cellular phone was made in Chicago. For trial, 2000 people were given for free. Subsequently, other people started making cell phones and were very huge. The manufacturer did not know how to make compact phones. In 1988, more than 54 big companies in the world started making cell phones. Design Design. Cellular phones have evolved both in function and design since 1983. From Motorola DynaTac to iPhone 3G, which can take photos, play videos, or run a thousand applications found in the Apple Store. There are various models that have the market since 1983. The section has picked some of mobile phones model to take us through the history of mobile phones. Mobile phones have started becoming vital to North Americans as Asians. By looking at the models that are available in Japan, one can easily know the kind of phones that are coming to store shelves in the next 6 months to a year. For instance, North America had a spotty 3G network that has been revamped recently to deal with the rise in demand for fast loading speed from mobile users, whereas Europe and Asia had such a network for some time. This resulted to revolution in 3G from 2007, with much more coming out in later years. The different designs do not include those that are not handhelds and portable. In 1970’S and 1980’s phone were bigger compared to the size on briefcase are not included. Year Phone Model Image 1983 Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. 1989 Motorola MicroTAC 9800X 1992 Motorola International 3200 1992 Nokia 1011 1993 BellSouth/IBM Simon Personal Communicator 1996 Motorola StarTAC 1996 Nokia 8110 1996 Nokia 9000 Communicator 1998 Nokia 9110i 1998 Nokia 5110 1999 Nokia 8210 1999 Nokia 7110 1999 Nokia 5210 1999 Benefon Esc! 1999 Samsung SPH-M100 Uproar 1999 Nokia 3210 2000 Ericsson R380 2000 Nokia 3310 2000 Ericsson R320 2001 Nokia 5510   Nokia 8310   Ericsson T39   Ericsson T66   Ericsson T68   Siemens S45   2002 Nokia 3510 i   Nokia 7650   Sony Ericsson P800   Nokia 6100   Nokia 6310i   Sanyo SCP-5300   2003 Nokia 1100   Nokia N-Gage   PalmOne Treo 600 Nokia 2100   Nokia 6600   BlackBerry Quark 6210   BlackBerry 7210   Nokia 7600   2004 Motorola Razor V3   Sony Ericsson P910   Nokia 7610   Nokia 3220   Nokia 6630   Nokia 7280   2005 Nokia 1110   Nokia 6680   HTC Universal   Motorola RAZR V3 Magenta   2006 HTC TyTN 100   Nokia N73   Motorola Q   BlackBerry Pearl   KDDI Penck   O2 XDA Flame   LG Chocolate KG800   Samsung i607 BlackJack   Nokia E62   2007 IPhone     LG Prada KE850   LG Voyager   HTC Touch Motorola RAZR2 V9   Motorola Q9H   Nokia E90 Communicator   Nokia N95   Helios Ocean   LG Shine   Motorola RAZR2   Palm Treo 755p   LG Viewty   2008 IPhone 3G     LG Vu   T-Mobile G1 Phone   Nokia N96   Nokia 5800 XpressMusic   LG Secret   Samsung Instinct   BlackBerry Storm   BlackBerry Bold Samsung Behold   Samsung Gravity   Motorola Crave   Samsung Omni   Nokia E63 LG Dare   Sony Ericsson W760i   Nokia N79   HTC Touch Diamond   LG KC910 Renoir   Nokia E71   2009 Prada II or LG KF900   LG Arena   BlackBerry Curve 8900   LG Versa Sidekick LX 2009   Samsung Magnet   LG Xenon   HTC Magic   HTC Touch Diamond2   Samsung Propel Pro   LG Rumor2   Motorola Renew   Coming Soon Palm Pre   Nokia N97   Omni HD/Samsung i8910   Only Available in Japan Panasonic P001 Walkman Phone Premier3   Casio 001   S001 Sony Ericsson Cyber-Shot   Toshiba T001   Kyocera K001 Junior Phone Implementation. A lot of people use mobile phones today. Its use has both negative and positive effects on individuals and society at large. The argument on if the phenomenon is positive or negative has brought mixed feelings. Mobile phones have brought many conveniences, but its negative impact cannot be ignored either. Mobile phones have made life easier. People have saved a lot of time than the old days. The use of mobile phones has enabled the society to be very effective. People have to use mobile phone services to receive messages from other people. However, it is not convenient for the society that is fast paced. People need to arrange a time to make a call or something important will go unattended to. Assuming an individual has a fully charged battery and the signal are stable, no one can ever miss a call or a message ( Zheng & Ni, 2006). This will enable a person with friends and families easier. However, if the mobile phone is convenient to one’s life, it also becomes a burden. In order to lure customers, mobile phones also have entertainment sections such as internet and games. In this case, users especially the younger ones, might easily drop into temptation and become enslaved. Additionally, mobile phone radiation also impacts the health of a person, and that are the reason experts recommending turning of cell phone at night when sleeping. Therefore, the benefit surrounding mobile phones is obvious, but the negative impacts cannot be ignored. Operation. Cell phone companies have kept the world believing that mobile phones cannot be compared to radios. It is a complicated radio, but it is still a radio. Knowing how cell phones work, understanding their history is very important. When the cellular phones arrived at the market in 1980’s, communications were not tethered to offices, homes or pay-phones. The clever innovation and invention was not the phone but the network of the phones that supported it. Mobile phones convert voice into electrical signals, transmitted as radio waves, and then converted into sound. A simple mobile phone is a bit more than radio transmitter and radio receiver combined. They are quite similar to CB radio or even Walkie-Talkie. To remain portable, the cellular phones have compact antennae that use a very small power. Meaning, the mobile phones can send signals over a shorter distance like a walkie-talkie. The cellular network enables communication regardless of the distance ( Noel, 2002). This is made possible by dividing land into cells each equipped with the base station. The huge masts of the phone pick the weaker signal from the phone and relay it to another phone base station near the other person. When someone talks while he moves, the phone switches masts without interrupting the call. The mobile phone also has another puzzle – there are few radio frequencies that are available to a cell phone networks. Additionally, the conversion of mobile phones requires one frequency for transmitting and another one for listening. Therefore, using cells means similar frequencies can be used by every cell. In busy areas like city centers, smaller cells and denser phone mast’s networks make sure frequencies are enough for everyone. It is therefore unique for Frances to run out, except during hectic times like New Year’s Eve and midnight ( Myerson, 2001). . Decommission Stage. Material Extraction. Mobile phone handset comprises of 40% metal, 40% plastic and 20% trace and ceramic materials. The circuit board controls the phone’s operation. Circuit boards are made from mined materials ( Lindholm Keinonen,& Kiljander, 2003). Their manufacturing requires crude oil for plastic and sand for glass. These materials are known as persistent toxins because they are non-biodegradable. Liquid Crystal Display is the screen made from liquid crystalline substances. The rechargeable battery charges the phone. Such batteries include nickel-metal hydride and nickel-cadmium. Material processing. Most raw material undergo processing before manufacturing. For instance, plastic is made from a combination of chemicals, gas , and crude oil. Copper is mined and chemical treated and electrified to separate pure metal for the circuit board ( Fitzek & Reichert, 2007). Manufacturing. Each part of a cell phone goes through the process of manufacturing. The circuit board is designed using fiberglass and plastics and is plated gold. The wires and circuits of the circuit board are coated, soldered, and glued. The LCD comprises of liquid crystals that layered between the plastic or glass. The batteries comprise of metals called the electrodes. The electrolytes touch the electrodes, and during activation, the battery is powered (Ekine, 2010). Packaging and Transportation. The packaging and transportation of mobile phones is not good to the environment. When the mobile phones are transported, the fossil fuels are required for energy, which contributes to change in global climate. Additionally, when the phones are packaged excessively it contributes to the produced waste. Usage. The life of a phone can be extended and waste prevented by using phones from the service provider rather than purchasing a second-hand phone. Consequently, the phone can last for long if good care is taken by protecting it from any possible damage. Conclusion. Mobile phone has become one of the fundamental devices in people's life today. Everybody ranging from teenagers to the elderly has personal mobile phones of their own. The current mobile phones are not the same as those that existed before. In fact they are different. Technological improvement has resulted to a greater change in the mobile phones history, transforming the ones brick shaped mobile phones to stylish and sleek mobile phones that people carry today (Agar, 2003). Recycling or donating mobile phones when it is no longer needed extends their life, and prevent the rate of being disposed where they can lead to environment problems. Many organizations and firma including charities, electronic manufacturers, and recyclers accepts mobile phones that are working and even donate them to schools, needy individuals, and community organizations. Reusing these devices give people, who could not afford, reduced or free cost access to mobile phones and accessories. Additionally, it extends the useful life of mobile phones. Reference Agar, J. 2003 . Constant touch: a global history of the mobile phone. Cambridge, UK: Icon Books. Androulidakis, I. I. 2012 . Mobile phone security and forensics a practical approach. New York: Springer. Bhowmik, A. K. 2008 . Mobile displays technology and applications. Chichester, England: J. Wiley & Sons. Ekine, S. 2010 . SMS uprising mobile phone activism in Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Pambazuka Press. Fitzek, F. H., & Reichert, F. 2007 . Mobile phone programming and its application to wireless networking. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. Goggin, G. 2006 . Cell phone culture: mobile technology in everyday life. London: Routledge. Lindholm, C., Keinonen, T., & Kiljander, H. 2003 . Mobile usability how Nokia changed the face of the mobile phone. New York: McGraw-Hill. Myerson, G. 2001 . Heidegger, Habermas and the mobile phone. Duxford: Icon. Noel, T. 2002 . Wireless mobile phone access to the internet. London: HPS. Zheng, P., & Ni, L. M. 2006 . Smart phone and next generation mobile computing. Amsterdam: Elsevier ;. Read More