Pump Characteristics Paper - Lab Report Example

? Table of Contents Summary [3] Introduction [4] Lit Review [5] Theory [6] Methodology [7] Results [7] Conclusion [8] References [9] Data Analysis [11- 15] Summary This is a seven page Harvard citation style laboratory report with seven works cited. The subject of this laboratory report is the characteristics of the FM50 pump. The FM50 pump is a dynamic machine which transforms energy by means of an internal impeller. The FM50 is an example of a centrifugal pumping system. The requirements of this pumping mechanism are an area which is clean, and where the fluid being transmitted is of a consistent viscosity. The design of the FM50 centrifugal pump is intended to convert mechanical energy into kinetic energy. This kinetic energy is transmitted to an impeller. The impeller transforms the kinetic energy into potential energy. The change in potential energy translates into a change of pressure in the fluid. The change in pressure in the fluid and the energy which is input enable the FM50 to provide work. Heat is a result of work. The transformation of energy results in an increase in internal energy and heat as a resultant effect. The characteristics of the FM50 pumping mechanism will be explored. These characteristics which will be measured are the following: Head height. Power input Efficiency. The first law of thermodynamics and its implications will be reviewed in this laboratory report. Introduction There are two types of pumps. One type of pump is a positive displacement pump. Another type is a roto dynamic pump. This research will examine the latter. Pumps and their components compose about 20% of the global energy demand. Pumping systems are responsible for 25% to 50% of the energy consumptions in a number of plant operations. Roto dynamics have two functions. These functions are: Movement of fluid from one place to another. Movement of fluid through a system in a lubricating or refrigerating function. The parts of a pumping system consist of the following components: Pumps. Prime movers. Piping. Valves Controls and assessment equipment. Pressure flow. The pump and the prime mover consume the most energy in a pumping system (Energy Efficiency Asia.org 2006). The First law of Thermodynamics which was proposed by Sir Isaac Newton mentions that energy can neither be conceived nor destroyed. Energy can only be transformed from one state to another or from one location to another. Electrical energy is transformed into mechanical energy and its heat components. The FM50 pumping system is an example of a centrifugal pumping mechanism. The characteristics of this type of pumping system require that the situations are free of debris (Waukesha Cherry Burrell 2009). The FM50 pumping system is a relatively non complicated machinery item. The machine converts one form of energy into another. The electrical components transform the electrical energy into mechanical energy. In an internal combustion process, electrical energy is converted from chemical energy to mechanical and heat energy. In a steam and gasoline turbine, the mechanical energy of steam pressure converts to kinetic energy as the steam is forced out of a nozzle. A high speed configuration of steam particles from the nozzle of the turbines motor impacts a set of blades and causes the blades to exercise mechanical energy by means of the blade movement. In a pumping system, the pump transforms the energy which is derived from a turbine. This energy is transformed from kinetic energy. In the pumping system, the kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy. This potential energy causes the fluid in the pump to gyrate. The gyration of the fluid in the pump represents work. Lit Review The energy is conceived in the roto dynamic pump by rotary movement and its output. The impeller within the pumping mechanism exerts a force on the system. This force causes the energy to transform from mechanical energy which is the impeller exerting a force upon the fluid. The fluid gains kinetic energy in this process. In pumps which are employed for domestic refrigeration and agricultural applications, the resultant output is expressed as potential energy (i.e., a pumping system which removes water from a lower level to a higher level). In pumps which are applied to a chemical industrial process, fluid is transferred from one chamber of high pressure to another chamber of high pressure. Pumps are also applied to propel fluids with different consistencies. The fluid which is being moved through the pump may have different characteristics. These characteristics include: viscosity, density and temperature. Another classification of pumping system is designated a jet pump. The jet pump has an energy input which is distinct from other types of pumps. The jet pump has a high pressure fluid energy input. The kinetic energy is stored within the jet pump. The jet pump also has a high head with a diminished discharge of fluid (Srinivasan 2008). A centrifugal pump can be adapted to medium or high capacity. The centrifugal pump can also be operated with low or medium pressure. The maximum flow rate of the centrifugal pump is 100,000 GPM. The centrifugal pump has no low flow rate capacity. The maximum pressure which may be applied to the centrifugal pump is 6000 psi. A relief valve is not a requirement of the centrifugal pump. The flow of fluid may be of medium or high capacity. The fluid flow from the centrifugal pump may be medium or pulsating. The fluid flow from the centrifugal pump may be variable or constant. One characteristic of the centrifugal pump is that it does not require priming in order to operate. In this experiment, the FM50 pumping system is primed in order to release any air bubbles which may be in the pumping system. The centrifugal pump has less space requirements than other types of pumps. The centrifugal pump is advantageous due to its lower initial costs, lower maintenance costs and higher power output. The centrifugal pump may also be used with fluids which have a lower viscosity (Hill 2011). Pumps may be manufactured from a variety of materials. When economic considerations are applicable, cast iron is the best material to fabricate the outer parts of the centrifugal pumping system. The seals which are contained and required in the centrifugal pump are dependent upon the characteristics of the fluid being propelled. The seals may be doubled if the fluid within the pump is to be propelled at 15 to 25 psi higher than the pump suction force. Alternating current motors with a fixed velocity are usually the most economical option. A controller which allows the AC motor to be operated at a capacity of 25% to 110% of normal motor speed may be adapted. When a diesel motor is included in the centrifugal pumping system, the vibration of the diesel motor must be taken into consideration. The diesel motor's inherent cyclical vibration must be dampened. This is done in order to minimize the damage which may be caused by the vibration of the diesel motor to the centrifugal pumping system (Parker 1994). Theory The first law of thermodynamics is considered by many in the mechanical engineering field to be one of the most important laws of scientific theory. The first law of thermodynamic states that energy is neither created or destroyed, it can only be transformed in its state or location. The first law of thermodynamics states that the total increase of internal energy of a system is equivalent to the amount of work done by the system less the amount of heat energy transferred to the system by means of the work accomplished. The seventeenth century physicist, James Joule, defined heat as a form of energy which is a component of work (Butler 2011). The first vacuum pump was created and patented by Thomas Savory in 1698. This pumping system converted heat into measurable work. The pumping system which was devised by Thomas Savory was applied to removing water from the bottom of deep mines. This system was based on a coal fired steam boiler which was linked to a suction pipe with two valves and a discharge outlet hose. The steam boiler was saturated with steam. On the outside casing of the steam boiler, cold water was applied. This application of cold water to the outside casing of the steam boiler caused a vacuum reaction. This vacuum reaction caused the steam boiler to draw the water up the suction hose. Upon the suction hose, a release valve was attached. This was done in order to release the water which had been drawn from the deep mine to ground level. Thomas Savory's pumping system design was patented by the Royal Society in 1698 (Butler 2011). Methodology The equipment which was applied in this experiment is the FM50 centrifugal pump demonstration unit. The IDF7 Armfield Interface device and Windows PC with the Armfield FM50 – 304 Software installed were also applied in this experiment. Readings were assessed from the centrifugal pump and the connected assessment devices through a variation of the fluid flow rates which were assessed in liters per second through the pumping system. The procedure which was applied for the equipment is as follows: Adjust the inlet valve and the outlet gate valves in order to accommodate the relief position. Calibration devices should be connected to a personal computer. The red and green indicators should be on. The calibration device must be connected to an appropriate supply. Adapt the system to the FM50- 304 software. Ensure that 'IFD: OK” is demonstrated in the bottom right hand corner of the screen. Illuminate the IFD&. Engage the FM50 pump within the software. Apply the designated power of the device on the setting of 'power on/ standby'. Adjust the velocity to 80%. allow the water to prime the pump. Adjusting the valves will remove air bubbles caught in the pump. Begin the experiment with a flow rate of zero. Adjust the settings while recording the data as 'Save as'. Results The operating behavior of a centrifugal pump may be demonstrated graphically. The assessments received by observation may be recorded and their values plotted on a two dimensional graph. The pumping systems characteristics which include the following elements: Variations in the total head realized by the pump. This will be designated by 'Heat ht (m)'on the graphs Power injected into the pump. This will be designated 'Power Input Pm (W) on the graphs. Pump efficiency. This will be designated by 'Pump efficiency E (%) on the graphs. The graphs will demonstrate the characteristics of the pumping system at 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% operating power. On the graphs which are designated 'Head', the y coordinates will demonstrate the head height as assessed in meters. The X axis will demonstrate the volume flow rate as demonstrated in liters per second. On the graphs designated 'Power' the y coordinate will demonstrate the power input as assessed in watts (W). On the graphs designated 'power' the x axis will demonstrate the flow rate as assessed in liters per second. (l/s). On the graphs designated 'Efficiency' the y coordinate will demonstrate the percentage of pump efficiency. On the graphs designated 'Efficiency', the x axis will demonstrate the flow rate as assessed in liters per second. In the calculations below, averages were taken from the Pressure (in), pressure (out), Velocity (in) , Velocity (out),average torque and average flow rate. The gravitational constant of 9.8 m/ s*s is represented by g, The density of water which is 997 kg/m*m*m is represented by ?. The average flow rate is represented by Q. Total Head= Change in static head + change in velocity head + change in elevation H(t)= H(s) + H(v) + H(c) , H(c) = .075 m Change in static head = [Pressure (out) – Pressure (in)] / density water * g H(c) = [Pressure (out)- Pressure (in)]/ ?* g H(v) = [V(out) - V(in)] *[ V(out) – V(in)] / 2*g P(m) = rotational force * angular distance P(m) = 2* ? *n * t/ 60, where n is the average torque in N/m, t is the number of rotations. P(h) = H(t)* Q*? *g Efficiency = 100* P(h) / P(m) Calculations Pumping Power Change in static head – H(s) Change in velocity head H(v) Change in Total Head H(t) P(h) P (m) Efficiency (%) 60% 0.00177 m 0.446 m 0.553 m 3.853 W 43.83 W 8.8 70% 0.00304 m 0.130 m 0.208 m 1.440 W 60.48 W 2.4 80% 0.00197 m 0.152 m 0.234 m 2.991 W 69.92 W 4.3 90% 0.000439 m 0.189 m 0.264 m 2.524 W 75.53 W 3.3 100% 0.00252 m 0.150 m 0.228 m 2.646 W 92.74 W 2.9 Conclusion The First law of Thermodynamics suggests that energy is always conserved. Energy cannot be eliminated or destroyed. Energy is transferred from one place to another. Energy is transferred from one form to another. The FM50 centrifugal pumping mechanism is an example of a machine which converts and transfers energy form one place and form to another place and form. The characteristics of this type of pumping system require a debris free environment. The FM50 pumping mechanism is designed to convert one form of energy to another form of energy. The electrical components transform this energy to another. In the FM50 pumping system, the electronic assessment components allow for the evaluation of the transfer of energy. The efficiency of the energy transfer process is also evaluated. In the FM50 pumping system, kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy. The mechanical characteristics which have been evaluated in this experiment are the following: Head height as measured in meters, Power input as assessed in watts. Efficiency as measured in percentage form. The data which has been collected in this experiment has been entered on a spreadsheet and translated by means graphical coordinates into a chart. These charts enable and facilitate the interpretation of the characteristics of the FM50 pumping system at the various power levels. These power levels are the following: Sixty percent of pumping power. Seventy percent of pumping power. Eighty percent of pumping power. Ninety percent of pumping power. One hundred percent pumping power. The graphs depicting these characteristics are attached in the following file. References Butler, HW ‘Heat Work and The First Law of Thermodynamics’ ASME, March 2011 http://www.asme.org/kb/news---articles/articles/history-of-mechanical-engineering Energy Efficiency Asia.org. Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia, Electrical Energy Equipment and Pumping Systems UNEP 2006. http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org Hill, JM. Study of low grade waste heat recovery and energy transportation systems in industrial applications. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of the University Of Alabama 2011 Parker, D. ‘Positive Displacement Pumps: Performance and Application. R&D Testing Warren Pumps, Inc.: Warren, MA’ Proceeding of 11th International Pump Users Symposium, 1994. Turbo Machinery laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University: College Station, TX Srinivasan, KM. Rotodynamic Pumps (Centrifugal and Axial) New Age International Ltd.: New Delhi, 2008 Waukesha Cherry Burrell. ‘Instruction Manual Centrifugal Pumps C- Series’ SPX Corp.: Delavan, WI 2009 Read More