International Perspectives of Organisations - Literature review Example

Literature Review, Business International Perspective Of Organizations Introduction Literature review is a discussion of information that is published in a certain subject and within a certain period of time. It is an organisational pattern that combines synthesis and summary, which is a recap of basically the important information and synthesis being the reorganisation of the summarized information. Literature review may be aimed at giving new interpretations to an old piece of information or might combine the existing interpretations with new ones. It might also evaluate the different sources of the information and give advice to the readers on what the most relevant source is. Portfolio is an evidence collection that is gathered for the purpose of showing the learning journey of an individual over a period of time and to show the abilities of the specific person. Portfolios have specificity in particular fields or broadness in demonstrating the learning of a person. (Devlin 2003).There are different types of evidence that are used in a portfolio and these include written samples, videos and photographs which can be both finished and unfinished, supervisors’ evaluations and observations and a thinking that clearly reflects all these. The key consideration s to a portfolio therefore are the reason for choosing the type of evidence used and the reflection on the evidence type used and the lessons that the portfolio creator learned from using them. In literature review, the persons involved in compiling the portfolios need to be involved in learning of these portfolios. They are also used in measuring learning and development over a certain period. The learning takes place in the process of constructing the portfolio and not in the end product. There are many reasons that necessitate the development of portfolios and these include the requirement for use in learning assessment and in professional development (Ridley 2008). Academic texts An academic text according to Devlin (2003) is any that is used in schools or in classroom. Students are in many cases required to write different types of texts by the teachers or the instructors, which according to the topic and the field concerned may take different forms, which are referred to as genres. Devlin (2003) continues to explain that the context of the issue that the writer is expected to address determines the type of genre that they using in constructing an argument to address the issue. These genres as well take different forms depending on the field that they are applied and following the requirements and expectations of what they are expected to follow in the different fields. Denscombe (2012) therefore recognizes the need for the writers to consider these factors before making decision on which genre they should use. The four texts analysed are articles but all taking different forms. The article rethinking change starts with an introduction while article cultural constraint in management theories and in the eye of the beholder starts with an executive overview. Article global justice and international business takes a different form from the three by starting with an abstract. The four articles however qualify other aspects of being research articles as will be analysed. According to Devlin (2003), there are various types of academic texts, which include research proposals, theses, abstracts, and articles. A research proposal is a document that briefs the contents of a research project. It is usually produced before the actual data collection process begins and shows how the different parts of the project will be conducted in order to develop a successful project. It provides answers to the question of why the research project will be done, how it will be done and what will be involved. It is an important basis for any research project since it sets out the forward and organisation and planning for carrying out a successful research project. The readers are able to tell the content and what is intended to be brought out in the research project by reading the research proposal. The research proposal will help to indicate how the information required for carrying out the project will be obtained, outlining the methods and techniques that will be used in collection of data and what techniques will be used in analysis of the collected data as Denscombe (2012) explains. Research proposal extends to explain the costs that will be incurred in conducting the research project, determination of whether the project will be socially acceptable and what benefits it will result to (Devlin 2003). Ogden and Goldberg (2002), states that the research proposals should contain the information that the relevant authorities will base their decision of either approving or not approving the research project. This will be based on the information that will be contained in the proposal on whether the research project will be undertaken in adherence to the requirements of the law. The research proposals therefore have a connection to the requirement of getting the approval required for carrying out the research project from the authorities. A successful research proposal however will need to provide information on who the research is meant to benefit and what is to be gained from that research. The research proposal therefore gives a guideline of what will be involved in the research project and is a guide to what the research project will be made of (Ogden and Goldberg 2002). Devlin (2003) describes abstracts as requiring the sifting of the writer through a large information background for them to extract the key aspects, which are then summarized or included as they are. Abstracts are mostly published with other research articles and are helpful when the reader wishes to bring out what is contained in the article or any other literature. They add a great value to the written literature if written well and efficiently. Different studies have been undertaken concerning abstracts and according to Duszak (1997), many have focused on linguistic features and moves that are linguistic. Abstracts contain phrases and key words that act as a guiding step to a person who intends to use the research work in determining whether the article is appropriate to suit their needs or not. The selection role of abstracts according to Zwiers (2008) enables the reader to be able to know what the article focuses on and therefore is able to make the right judgment of whether the article is worth reading depending on whether it suits the needs of their needs. The indexing role on the other hand as emphasized by Duszak (1997), ensures that the writer incorporates the key words that ensure that the central topic of the research article is emphasized and enables the reader to know whether the article is relevant to meet their need for information. The abstract in the article: global justice and international business, adheres to this since it uses the key words that are used in the article such as legitimacy and political CSR. By reading the article also, the reader can identify whether it meets their informational needs. The reader can be able to know from reading the abstract, that the article analyses the obligations of corporations and business enterprises to the people in the global economic pyramid. Zwiers (2008) gives instances when abstract might be needed and these include when a writer wants to submit an article for publication in a journal, when writing a proposal for a book or even for a conference paper or when making applications for grants in research. Another instance when an abstract might be required is when students are undertaking their thesis for qualification to the award of the relevant degree. In this case, the abstract on focus is for publication of the article, giving a summary of the entire article of global justice and international business. Devlin (2003) gives explains the types of abstracts as being descriptive and informative abstract which he explains that they are different as a result of the different styles that they both use. Descriptive abstracts are explained to just give an indication of the type of information contained in the article but be not give judgments nor conclusions concerning the article. They are normally short and are usually made up of one hundred or less words. Devlin (2003) continues to explain that in informative abstracts the writer gives an argument concerning the work and goes ahead to give the results found at the conclusion of the article. The writer also gives the conclusions that are found in the article and the recommendations if any that are given. The abstract of global justice and international business is an informative abstract since it includes a summary of the article and also gives information given in the conclusion. All abstracts, whether descriptive or informative follow a specific format, whereby they present the most important information before any other that is less important. They are also focused on the main article and should not derive information from elsewhere, they are clear and include the key words that are used in the main article. Abstracts also ensure consistency in using the same form of language styles that are used in the research article (Duszak 1997). The content of the article on global justice and international business is basically from the article and not from outside sources and the words and styles used are from the article. Oliver, (2008), defines thesis, as a paper that is requires to be submitted by the students in order to meet the qualifications for a doctoral degree. Thesis in this respect is considered as an important tool to ensure that the students in the doctorate level have a comprehensive understanding of what the program entails. The paper is usually used by the involved examiners in this level to decide on whether the students are qualified enough for the award of the degree. Tognini-Bonelli (2005) states that thesis writing observes adherence to the strategies that are observed by other academic texts such as the strategy on citation. It ensure that the voice of the writer is expressed to the reader through the guiding they offer concerning what is known and what is not known, what justifying decisions and major issues are, development of a framework and offering a guidance to what needs to be done. The students are expected in some cases to publish their work on completion of the thesis on completion for submission. Thesis includes the research work that is efficiently carried out by the doctoral students and includes a clear analysis of the topic of concern. Thesis written in different fields differ concerning the diversity of the fields and different requirements given in these fields. Prior to writing a thesis, Devlin (2003) suggests that the writer needs to collect analyse and organize the evidence that will be sufficient in supporting their facts. In analyzing the successfulness of the thesis, the writer needs to consider whether the argument provided in the paper is efficient in answering the question of concern, whether the argument is sufficient to open up the possibility of opposition by the readers and whether it gives leaders an opportunity to understand their stand on the matter. Devlin (2003) defines research article as a report that is prepared for the purpose of a peer reviewed publication. A research article is stated to have four parts, which are introduction, methods used, results obtained and discussion. The writer of a research article uses it as a means of communicating their research findings to the readers. In the article cultural constraints in management theories, the article: cultural constraints in management theories, the author presents the different management practices and theories that are observed in different parts of the world. The author evidences this by collecting data from the different parts and presents the findings that are obtained from the research obtained from these countries, which are USA, Germany, Japan, France, Netherlands, Hong Kong, Indonesia, West Africa, Russia and China. The findings in this article are presented in a tabular form, followed by a theoretical explanation. There are two areas of research articles according to Pho (2013), which are the structure of the research article and the global organisational structure. Thyer (2008) recognizes the importance of research article in contributing to social work. Once a research article is written, it is submitted for publication in journals in adherence to the requirements of submitting an article for publication. These articles on publication can be available for the users on websites that are provided by the publishers or through some institutions that have an access to the electronic subscription to the specific journal. The articles are as well available in the PDF forms and this has led to the reduction of the number of purchases for journals made following the ease of access to the articles. The article: in the eye of the beholder, the author collects data from different countries; Brazil, France, Egypt, and China in order to find information concerning the relationship between global leadership and leadership in multinational corporations. The author presents the findings for this research in tabular form and using charts. The article: global justice and international business also adheres to these requirements as it addresses the question of the obligation that corporations and other business enterprises have towards people in the economic global pyramid. The article in addressing the question uses arguments from different sources that are relevant in addressing the issue. The author has then been able to derive a conclusion from the different arguments concerning the question. In the article rethinking change, the author has also shown consistence with the requirements for a successful article since it starts with an introduction of the article, then follows a background and findings to indicate the results of the research. It also indicates the method through which data is collected which is using interviews. The author then presents the conclusion to show the results obtained from analysis of the findings. The four articles have also evidenced the use elaborate research, using both primary and secondary data collection methods. Reference list Denscombe, M. (2012). Research proposals: A practical guide. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Devlin, B. (2003). International standards for students' writing: Ying yu lun wen xie zuo jiao cheng : ji yu guo ji biao zhun de xue shu xie zuo yu fa biao. Beijing: Qing hua da xue chu ban she. Ogden, T. E., & Goldberg, I. A. (2002). Research proposals: A guide to success. San Diego,Calif: Academic Press. Duszak, A. (1997). Culture and styles of academic discourse. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Zwiers, J. (2008). Building academic language: Essential practices for content classrooms, grades 5-12. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Oliver, P. (2008). Writing your thesis. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE. Tognini-Bonelli, E. (2005). Strategies in academic discourse. Amsterdam [u.a.: Benjamins. Thyer, B. A. (2008). Preparing research articles. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pho, P. D. (2013). Authorial stance in research articles: Examples from applied linguistics and educational technology. Ridley, D. (2008). The literature review: A step-by-step guide for students. London: SAGE. Read More