Design Practice of Cone Calorimeter - Report Example

Contents Contents 1 Abstract 2 Introduction 3 Aim 3 Objective 3 Background 3 Results 4 Result of Blue carpet 4 Result of the Green Carpet 5 Result of the sample overlay 7 Discussion and Analysis 9 Method 11 Conclusion 11 Recommendation 11 Reference 12 Abstract The cone calorimeter was used to burn samples of blue carpet material, green carpet material and sample overlay with the intention of gathering information about the combustion, and other parameters that has been associated with combustion.( Thomas Roy Crompton,2006) The experiment that has been used will be covering the Sample of mass, Surface Area, Thickness, Heat flux of the experiment, Time of the test, Total heat evolved, Total amount of the oxygen consumed, Smoke released, Mass loss during the experiment, Specific mass loss rate, Average heat release rate, Effective heat of combustion, Mass loss rate, Specific extinction area, Carbon monoxide yield, and Carbon dioxide yield. The usage of Cone calorimeter can be attributed to a fire test instrument and the principle that will be used will be of oxygen combustion calorimeter. (Babushkas V and Peacock R.d, 1992)The amount of the oxygen that has been consumed will determine the net heat combustion of the material. Introduction Aim There will be recording of values the Sample of mass, Surface Area, Thickness, Heat flux of the experiment, Time of the test, Total heat evolved, Total amount of the oxygen consumed, Smoke released, Mass loss during the experiment, Specific mass loss rate, Average heat release rate, Effective heat of combustion, Mass loss rate, Specific extinction area, Carbon monoxide yield, and Carbon dioxide yield. Then there will be comparison of values using the green carpet, blue carpet and sample overlay. Objective The main objective is to find out the comparison value that has been got when test has been done. Background Cone calorimeter has been used to characterize the unwanted fire is the rate of heat release and it will be providing an indication of the size of the fire, the rate of fire growth ,and the release of smoke and the time available for escape. (B. Ostman, I. G. Svensson and J. Blomqvist, 1985,).The cone calorimeter has been accepted as the most widely used instrument in the area of finding the oxygen consumption.( B. Ostman, I. G. Svensson and J. Blomqvist,1985,) Results Result of Blue carpet The key points The Sample of mass has been varied in all the experiments with surface area and thickness remaining as constant. The heat flux of the experiment was increased in the four experiments. The time of the test was variable with the third blue carpet recording the highest time. The total heat that was evolved was showing a variable level and it was showing a variable level with heat flux of the experiment. The lowest value was shown in the second blue carpet. The total oxygen that was used was comparable and it was again showing a lower value in the second blue carpet. The amount of the mass lost was not getting a dependency on the heat flux of the experiment as there was variable data and that can be understood in detail when the heat flux was 25, the mass loss was 12.1 but when the heat flux was 35 and 55, the mass loss was 13.2.The high specific average mass loss in the blue experiment was shown in the high in the second blue experiment. Parameters tested First blue carpet Second blue carpet Third blue carpet Fourth blue carpet Sample of mass 21.96g 17.63g 24g 27.7g Surface Area 100 cm2 100 cm2 100 cm2 100 cm2 Thickness 8 Mm 8 Mm 8 Mm 8 Mm Heat flux of the experiment 25Kw/m2 35Kw/m2 45Kw/m2 55Kw/m2 Time of the test 481Seconds 378Seconds 715Seconds 458Seconds Total heat evolved 45.5MJ/m2 34.9 MJ/m2 39.4 MJ/m2 38.8 MJ/m2 Total amount of the oxygen consumed 31.8g 24.7g 27.5g 27.4g Smoke released 651M2m2 474M2m2 449.4M2m2 736.3M2m2 Mass loss during the experiment 12.1g 13.2g 12.4g 13.2g Specific mass loss rate 2.79g/ms2 5.9g/ms2 1.82g/ms2 3g/ms2 Average heat release rate 108.79Kw/m2 103.45Kw/m2 57.32Kw/m2 87.95Kw/m2 Effective heat of combustion 38.66MJ/Kg 20.88MJ/Kg 31.44MJ/Kg 28.83MJ/Kg Mass loss rate .028 g/sec .051 g/sec .018 g/sec .030 g/sec Specific extinction area 494.81 m2/kg 494.81 m2/kg 150.12 m2/kg 506 m2/kg Carbon monoxide yield 0.0194 kg/kg 0.0149 kg/kg 0.0126 kg/kg 0.0170 kg/kg Carbon dioxide yield 2.04 kg/kg 1.21 kg/kg 1.68 kg/kg 1.65 kg/kg Result of the Green Carpet The key points The Sample of mass has been varied in all the experiments with surface area and thickness remaining as constant. The heat flux of the experiment was increased in the four experiments with the highest value in the fourth experiment. The time of the test was variable and there was problem in the second green carpet and that had shown 0 values. The total heat that was evolved was showing a variable level and it was again a zero value in the second green carpet. The following attributes in the second green carpet has been zero in the total heat evolved, total amount of the oxygen consumed ,smoke released, mass loss during the experiment, specific mass loss rate, average heat release rate, effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, specific extinction area, carbon monoxide yield and Carbon dioxide yield has been zero. Parameters tested First green carpet Second green carpet Third green carpet Fourth green carpet Sample of mass 13.68 g 12.95g 12.65g 12.17g Surface Area 100 cm2 100 cm2 100 cm2 100 cm2 Thickness 5.50 Mm 5.50 Mm 5.50 Mm 5.50 Mm Heat flux of the experiment 25Kw/m2 35Kw/m2 45Kw/m2 50Kw/m2 Time of the test 495 Seconds 0Seconds 265Seconds 460Seconds Total heat evolved 25.9MJ/m2 0.0 MJ/m2 309.7 MJ/m2 28.2 MJ/m2 Total amount of the oxygen consumed 18.6g 0 g -1174.7 g 20.0g Smoke released 393.9M2m2 0M2m2 486.2M2m2 517.9M2m2 Mass loss during the experiment 9g 0.0 g 8.1g 9.6g Specific mass loss rate 2.45g/ms2 0.0g/ms2 3.25g/ms2 2.11g/ms2 Average heat release rate 57.53Kw/m2 0.0Kw/m2 1237.76Kw/m2 62.30Kw/m2 Effective heat of combustion 23.10MJ/Kg 0.0MJ/Kg 380.66MJ/Kg 29.21MJ/Kg Mass loss rate .025 g/sec .000 g/sec .033 g/sec .021 g/sec Specific extinction area 131.71 m2/kg 0.00 m2/kg 549.70 m2/kg 423.16 m2/kg Carbon monoxide yield 0.0140 kg/kg 0.0000 kg/kg 0.0239 kg/kg 0.0239 kg/kg Carbon dioxide yield 1.52 kg/kg 0.00 kg/kg 1.90 kg/kg 1.68 kg/kg Result of the sample overlay The key points The Sample of mass has been varied in all the experiments with surface area and thickness remaining as constant. The heat flux of the experiment was decreased in the four experiments. The time of the test was variable with the third sample overlay recording the highest time. The total heat that was evolved was showing a variable level and it was showing a variable level with heat flux of the experiment .The total oxygen that was used was comparable. Parameters tested First sample underlay Second sample underlay Third sample underlay Fourth sample underlay Sample of mass 16.05 g 10.46 g 12.12g 11.68 g Surface Area 100 cm2 100 cm2 100 cm2 100 cm2 Thickness 10 Mm 10 Mm 10 Mm 10 Mm Heat flux of the experiment 55Kw/m2 45Kw/m2 35Kw/m2 25Kw/m2 Time of the test 240 Seconds 139 Seconds 303Seconds 225Seconds Total heat evolved 23.6MJ/m2 16.2MJ/m2 18.3 MJ/m2 16.3 MJ/m2 Total amount of the oxygen consumed 17.4 g 12.0 g 13.4g 11.9g Smoke released 553.6M2m2 416.6M2m2 305.7M2m2 291.0M2m2 Mass loss during the experiment 58.4g 12.0g 9.3g 12.4g Specific mass loss rate 21.93g/ms2 8.63g/ms2 3.15g/ms2 6.85g/ms2 Average heat release rate 99.55Kw/m2 118.71Kw/m2 61.44Kw/m2 74.94Kw/m2 Effective heat of combustion 4.48MJ/Kg 13.66MJ/Kg 19.49MJ/Kg 10.69MJ/Kg Mass loss rate .219 g/sec .086 g/sec .031 g/sec .069 g/sec Specific extinction area 102.46m2/kg 338.71 m2/kg 221.93 m2/kg 154.90 m2/kg Carbon monoxide yield 0.0093 kg/kg 0.0291 kg/kg 0.0269 kg/kg 0.0125 kg/kg Carbon dioxide yield 0.33 kg/kg 1.04 kg/kg 1.40 kg/kg 0.79 kg/kg Discussion and Analysis The sample of the mass that has been used for the experiment has been higher on the blue carpet. The surface area has been on the same for all three experiments. The thickness has been on the higher side of the sample overlay. The heat flux has been higher on blue carpet and overlay. The time of the test has been on the higher side on the blue carpet. The total heat that has been used has been on the higher side on the blue carpet and smoke released has been on the higher side of the blue carpet. The total amount of the oxygen that has been used was in the higher on the blue carpet. Parameters tested Highest value in blue carpet Highest value in green carpet Highest value in Underlay Sample of mass 27.7g used in fourth blue carpet 13.68g 16.05g Surface Area 100 cm2 used in all samples 100 cm2 100 cm2 Thickness 8 Mm.Used in all samples. 5.50 Mm 10 Mm Heat flux of the experiment 55Kw/m2 used in the fourth blue carpet 50 Kw/m2 55Kw/m2 Time of the test 715Seconds used in the third blue carpet 495SecondsUsed in first green carpet. 303SecondsUsed in first sample overlay Total heat evolved 45.5MJ/m2 used in the first blue carpet 30.9 MJ/m2Used in the third green carpet. 23.6 MJ/m2Used in first sample overlay Total amount of the oxygen consumed 31.8gused in the first blue carpet 20g Used in fourth green carpet 17.4gUsed in first sample overlay Smoke released 736M2m2 used in the fourth blue carpet 517.9M2m2Used in fourth green carpet 553.6M2m2Used in first sample overlay Mass loss during the experiment 12.1gused in the second and fourth blue carpet 9.6gUsed in fourth green carpet 58.4gUsed in first sample overlay Specific mass loss rate 5.9g/ms2used in the second blue carpet. 2.45g/ms2Used in first green carpet 21.93g/ms2Used in first sample overlay Average heat release rate 108.79Kw/m2Used in the first blue carpet 123.76Kw/m2Used in third green carpet 118.71Kw/m2Used in second sample overlay Effective heat of combustion 38.66MJ/KgUsed in the first blue carpet 380.66MJ/KgUsed in third green carpet 19.44MJ/KgUsed in third sample overlay Mass loss rate .051 g/sec Used in the first blue carpet .033 g/secUsed in third green carpet .219 g/secUsed in second overlay Specific extinction area 506 m2/kgUsed in the fourth blue carpet 549.70 m2/kgUsed in third green carpet 150.12 m2/kg Carbon monoxide yield 0.0194 kg/kgUsed in the first blue carpet 0.0239 kg/kgUsed in third green carpet 0.0241 kg/kgUsed in second sample overlay Carbon dioxide yield 2.04 kg/kgUsed in the first blue carpet 1.90 kg/kgUsed in third green carpet. 1.40 kg/kgUsed in third sample overlay Method The cone calorimeter has been used as a modern device to study the experiment in more detail. The cone calorimeter is a device that has been used widely in fire engineering. The data that has been normally collected has been the ignition time, mass loss, combustion products, heat release rate and various other parameters that have been normally associated with burning. The advantage of cone calorimeter is that the sample can be exposed to different heat fluxes over the surface and this has been shown in the blue, green and sample overlay experiment. The gross heat combustion will be related to the amount of oxygen that has been required for combustion. Conclusion In the study, the sample size and time was different for blue carpet, green carpet and sample overlay. (Schartel, Knoll, 2005) and that had made the comparison a little bit more difficult and there was problem in the second green carpet testing as the values that were returned were zero. There has been conclusion that oxygen consumption has been on the higher side on the blue carpet. (Simoson, Bliss, 2004) Recommendation The test can be under another condition in which the error that has occurred in the second green carpet can be avoided and that means there will be comparison of values more. There has been problem with second green carpet result and that to be corrected in future. Reference Babushkas V and Peacock R.d, 1992,”Heat release rate the single most important variable in fire hazard”, Fire safety journal, Vol.18, pp.255-272. Schartel,Knoll,2005,”Some comments on the use of cone calorimeter data”,Polymer degradation and stability,Vol 88,pp.540-547 Simoson,Bliss,2004,”Fire performance of selected iT equipment”,Fire technology,Vol 40,pp.27-37. Thomas Roy Crompton,2006,"Flammablity testing",Polymer reference book ,pp.495-517 B. Ostman, I. G. Svensson and J. Blomqvist,1985, "Comparison of three test methods for measuring rate of heat release", Fire and Materials 9.176-84 . Read More