The Statistical Hypothesis Testing - Coursework Example

Table of Contents: Introduction……………………………………………………….. 3 Data Reporting…………………………………………………….. 4 Conclusion….………………………………………………………… 8 Bibliography….………………………………………………………. 9 Appendixes ………………………………………………………….. 10 Introduction: The study of information visualization has emanated from various researches that have been conducted in computer science, human-computer interaction, visual design, graphics, business methods, etc. Information visualization is increasingly applied as an important component under scientific research, data mining, market studies, financial data analysis, drug discovery, and manufacturing production control (Konn, 2000). Information visualization makes an assumption that interaction techniques and visual representation have the capability of taking advantage of the pathway of an individual’s human eyes broad bandwidth, into the mind, for purposes of allowing users to explore, see and understand the large amounts of information within an instance (Sharda, Delen and Turban, 2013). Furthermore, information visualization focuses on the need of creating approaches that will help in conveying abstract information in an intuitive manner or method. Data analysis or reporting is an important part of any applied research. This is because it helps in understanding the data collected, and hence solving the research problems. The most fundamental and notable data analysis or reporting approaches includes information visualization ( the use of scatter plots, tree maps, coordinate plots, histograms, etc), statistics (regression, hypothesis test, PCA), data mining (association mining) and machine learning methods, which includes decision trees, classification, and clustering. Amongst these approaches to data reporting, information visualization is the most reliant and effective cognitive skill of a human analyst. This is because it allows the discovery of an actionable insight that is limited by creativity and human imagination (Sharda, Delen and Turban, 2013). Therefore, it is not necessary for the analyst to learn any sophisticated methods for purposes of interpreting the visualization of any data. Furthermore, information visualization is an example of an hypothesis generation scheme. This is because it is possible to follow it in a formal method, or in an analytical manner. An example is the statistical hypothesis testing. This paper is an exploration of this concept of data reporting. Furthermore, this paper examines this concept of data reporting, under the context of scorecards, measurements, dashboards, and the required components which form part of the information visualization system. Data Reporting: Data reporting refers to the process whereby an individual is engaged in the process of collection and submission of data, to the relevant authorities, that have the responsibility of keeping or compiling statistics. Accurate reporting of data normally leads to the accurate analyses of the various facts on the ground (Garner, 2002). This means that the management of an organization will have the capability of forming policies that would be effective in solving the various problems identified by the compiled data. Furthermore, data reporting normally helps in providing a report of the key elements or issues that are in relation to the performance of an organization (Sharda, Delen and Turban, 2013). This is for purposes of improving its different aspects. For example, this data may contain the performance of employees, the perceptions and desires of customers, and the general performance of the industry as a whole. This data is normally huge, and comprises of a lot of information, and hence, there is a need of coming up with a data reporting system, that is effective in the collection, analysis, and dissemination of the information under consideration. This is the reason why companies need to choose some of the most efficient data reporting tools that can help in efficient and accurate reporting of large data or information (Sharda, Delen and Turban, 2013). Information visualization tools or systems are considered as the most effective tools that an organization can use for purposes of data analysis and reporting. These tools give an organization the capability of implementing and developing a better control systems or procedures of an organization. They also give an organization the opportunity to measure its performance, and that of its employees, and hence develop a good strategy that can help it achieve its objectives and aims. Furthermore, an information visualization system, gives an organization the capability of analyzing other important information of an organization that can be shared with the public, or within the organization, and without compromising the brand name of the organization or the institution. Sharda, Delen and Turban (2013) explains that the use of other data reporting tools such as data mining, machine learning methods, and statistics, are difficult, and they require experts who can use them to provide accurate information regarding the data under consideration. Failure to use experts through these methods, would lead to inaccuracies of the information collected, this would in turn lead to the enactment of uninformed decisions based on inaccuracies, by the company. Coming up with a policy that is developed from uniformed decisions is disastrous to an organization, and this is because the policies under consideration may limit the ability of the organization to efficiently serve its customers, or even achieve its own objectives and mission. Data reporting is an extremely difficult process to endeavor. For instance, Census bureau’s normally hire thousands of people, for purposes of counting their population (Sharda, Delen and Turban, 2013). Cell-phone companies on the other hand normally rely on the sales data from their retailers for purposes of determining the mode of production. This normally involves large information, and hence there is a need of using an efficient data reporting techniques, that will provide accurate and reliable information. One of the most important methods of providing visual information is through the use of charts. Charts normally help to provide a visual display of data, for purposes of conveying information that may not be adequately displayed, through the use of a text, or a table (Spence, 2001). There are a variety of charts which are useful and important in the presentation of data. These charts are, Run Charts: These are linear graphs that have the capability of tracking the improvements of an organization by displaying data or information through a sequence of time. Time is normally depicted on the x axis, which is horizontal, and the measure that an individual is tracking is normally depicted on the vertical (y) axis. The use of a run chart will allow the organization to see if there is an improvement in the performance of the organization. This is because it helps in displaying a pattern of data that can be observed, while the organization is making changes to the process (Schwalbe, 2000). For instance, it is possible to use a run chart for purposes of plotting the rate of HIV positive women that have received a pap test, during the primary care of their visits, on a vertical axis, and the month of receiving the tests on the horizontal axis. This is for purposes of detecting if the number is increasing, or decreasing, or even remaining the same. Control Charts: This is similar to a run chart, and it is also used for purposes of analyzing the manner in which a process would change over a given period of time. Furthermore, a control chart would also include three reference lines that are determined by an historical data, a central line which is a representation of the average performance of the organization, an upper line, which is a representation of the upper control limit. The lower line on the hand is a representation of the lower control limit (Garner, 2002). Through the process of comparing data with reference to the lines, then it is possible to assess and determine on whether the process variation is consistent, or even unpredictable. For instance, it is possible to use a control chart for purposes of plotting the average period of time that a patient can spend, while waiting to see a doctor, or to access some medical services. Plotting this type of information on a control chart will help in determining the factors that affect patient’s wait for accessing the medical services. Dashboard Reports: Dashboard reports are very important because they help in the presentation of very important information that an organization needs for purposes of achieving its objectives. This information is normally arranged and consolidated in a manner that it appears on a single screen, so that the data under consideration can be viewed at a glance (Garner, 2002). It is important to explain that dashboards normally depict the most important performance indicators and measures that have to be monitored. Furthermore, dashboards are designed for workers, and not mangers of the organization, and this is because they are easy to use and understand. Scorecards: Scorecards and Dashboards are normally used interchangeably. The major difference is that scorecards have a specific definition. A scorecard refers to a tabular visualization of measurements, and their respective targets with the aid of visual indicators for purposes of seeing how each measurement performs against their targets, within a glance. Scorecards normally contain a measurement, the value of these measurements, and a visual status of an object or issue. For example, yellow color maybe a sign of warning, red color a sign of blood, and green color a sign of prosperity. Conclusion: Data reporting is a very important activity that an organization can engage in. An efficient data reporting techniques would help an organization to develop and implement relevant policies that would play a role in meeting its objectives. Information visualization is an important method that can be used for purposes of data reporting. This is because it is easy to use, and the information disseminated is easy to understand. As discussed earlier, some of the tools of information visualization include dashboards, control charts, run charts, etc. Bibliography: Sharda, R., Delen, D., & Turban, E. (2013). Business Intelligence and Analytics: Systems for Decision Support. New York: Pearson. Top of Form Bottom of Form Garner, W. (2002). Capturing and reporting electronic data. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. Top of Form Bottom of Form Konn, T. (2000). Guide to business information on Central and Eastern Europe. London: Aslib/IMI. Top of Form Bottom of Form Schwalbe, K. (2000). Information technology project management. Cambridge, Ma.: Course Technology. Top of Form Bottom of Form Spence, R. (2001). Information visualization. Harlow: Addison-Wesley. Appendixes: Data Reporting: Data reporting refers to the process of submitting and collecting data by the authorities mandated to compile the statistics under consideration. Accuracy in data reporting is important because it will help an organization to develop policies that will help in meeting its objectives. Information Visualization: This is the study of the visual representations of abstract information for purposes of reinforcing human cognition. The abstract data normally includes non-numerical and numerical data such as geographic and text information. Scorecards: These are tools of data reporting. Dashboards: Type of data reporting that provides information on a single screen. Read More