Product Excellence Using Six Sigma - Assignment Example

Product Excellence Using Six Sigma Contents Contents 1 1.Principles of Design for X in the Context of DFSS 2 1.1Design For X 2 1.1.1Critical Evaluation of Design for Excellence 3 1.2 Identification of Tools Used in DFX 4 1.3Design for Six Sigma 8 1.4Different Options for the implementation of DFSS: 8 1.5Principles of Design for X in the Context of DFSS 10 1.6 How Design for X Can be Implemented Efficiently 15 QUESTION NO. 2 19 2.DFSS & NPD 20 2.1DESIGN FOR SIX SIGMA (DFSS) 20 2.2NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT 21 2.3 COMPARE AND CONTRAST 22 2.3.1Reduction in Product Cycle 22 2.3.2Customer focused 22 2.3.3Quality Improvement 22 2.3.4Cost reduction 22 2.3.5Risk management 22 2.3.6Creativity and innovation. 22 2.3.1Reduction in Product Cycle: 23 2.3.2Customer Focused: 23 2.3.3Quality improvement: 23 2.3.4Cost Reduction: 24 2.3.5Risk Management: 24 2.3.6Creativity and innovation. 25 2.4Integration of New Product Development & DFSS 25 Bibliography 29 Question 1 1. Principles of Design for X in the Context of DFSS The literature on integration method between Design for X and DFSS is explained below which can help in identifying the principles of design for X in the context of DFSS along with the critical analysis on the implementation of Design for excellence and DFSS 1.1 Design For X The section will first explain the literature on the concept of the design for excellence and then critically evaluate the factors that can identify the loop holes in the designing procedures. Design for X is the term used for the product development. It is referred to as a system or strategy, which is used in the product development life cycle (Eder & Hosnedi, 2010, p. 180). The design for X is another name of a model for excellence. The system incorporates wide variety and collection of product development design guidelines. In order to improve the technical features of a particular product, the design guidelines provided in the design for X can help in the development, controlling and innovation phase of the product development. The guidelines also educate or increase the procedural knowledge of the engineers, who are involved in the product development cycle with technical expertise. 1.1.1 Critical Evaluation of Design for Excellence The literature on the concepts of design for excellence identified that the DFX has to face the following main issues. 1. The guidelines are based on the experienced engineers and their past experiences. The new entrants may have the problems of clearly understanding the technicalities, which are described under design for X. The experience-based guidelines may have the dependencies of the context and assumptions on the basis of which the design was developed. Therefore, the design may change over time. It can be explained with the help of the example of apple incorporation i.e. Steve Jobs left Tim Cook some problems such as despite of the fact that Tim Cook initially followed the same designs, which were actually followed by Steve Jobs and used the experienced based guidelines of Steve Jobs but the it was initially proved to be difficult for the Tim cook to understand the fact that the success story of Apple Inc., was not based on the existing designs but on the innovation of new designs at different intervals (Yarow, 2014) 2. The characteristics or technicalities of the product described by the experienced engineers are explicitly explained from the perspective and knowledge base of large number of people, which may lead to different recommendations based on various areas of expertise within engineering. Again the problem is the context-dependency. This design for excellence strategy is different for different kinds of organizations and their context may be specifically focused on the specified problem which may not be generalized easily. Generalizing the specified results may create the problem of implementation of the similar strategy in other organizations. For example, Toyota identified that the demand for their small cars can be increased by improving the fuel efficiency because the manufacturers and engineers initially followed the common context of design for excellence to improve the sales but they did not notice the problems that may arise once the fuel efficiency will be improved i.e. the problem of engine hesitation(UAC, 2014) The concept of design for excellence was originated in the product development environment, which is based on strict design standards. The “design for” for any product development process such as Design for Cost, design for assembly, design for manufacturing, design for reliability, design for test, design for logistics, design for performance etc. all are part of design for excellence (Wtec, 1995). The design for excellence can also be explained in terms of philosophy of development of successful products with the help of better coordination and communication among all the functional heads, which are primarily involved in the design of the product (Tar, 2007). 1.2 Identification of Tools Used in DFX The variable X in design for X represents many characteristics or features such as a) Design for Reliability b) Design for Maintainability c) Design for Safety d) Design for Manufacture & Assembly e) Design for Life Cycle Costing The identification of the tools of Design for excellence or Design for X is referred to as the identification of the tools of the features mentioned above. a) Design for reliability: Reliability refers to the quality over a period. In other words, reliability is explained in the context of engineering uncertainty. The probability method is used for the measurement of reliability. The design for reliability can also be described in the framework of the product’s ability to perform the required function within the defined period. i.e. if the product is designed in a way that it cannot perform the necessary function during the specified period the design is considered as non-reliable. The design for reliability is an important part of business process. The reason is that the costs associated with unreliability may have significant adverse impact on the company success, which is selling the underlying product only. Most common example includes corporate reputation that may significantly affect the cost of talent acquisition. A research conducted by Hillary Tuttle (2014) identified that the company, which has the design reliability issues has to face the problem of recruiting the people at higher cost. If a new employee is hired by a corporation with a bad reputation or reliability issues the employee on average will demand 53% increase in salary than the current salary structure. The research also indicated that the 70% of the people in 2014 who are unemployed are unlikely to accept the employment from the company with a bad reputation, which is the same figure as it was in 2012. This leads to the reliability cost (Tuttle, 2014). b) Design for Maintainability The design for maintainability is focused on the minimization of downtime for maintenance and to minimize the requirements such as backup units, personnel and replacement parts i.e. if the maintenance of the existing structure and products is healthy then need for the replacement cost will be lower. The actions that are involved in the maintenance include preventive actions or remedies. c) Design for Safety The Safety design refers to the designing of the product in a way that the misuse of the product may not be able to cause harm to both the user of the product and the infrastructure which is nearby the product (Frost, Foster, & Irish, 2012). Most of the labs or manufacturing concern organization may have to face the issue of safety measures and have to deal with individual accidents. d) Design for Manufacture & Assembly: The designing of the product in a way that the product do not need to be integrated into the existing manufacturing facility. In addition to this, the designing must be done in a way so that the product can be assembled more quickly. Most of the companies face the problems of complicated assembling because of the patterns and designing of the machinery and manufacturing process. Today most of the manufacturers have to operate multiple plants. They have to collaborate with the partners internationally to deal with the manufacturing and assembling process. Therefore, it is of core importance to such MNCs to improve the production process with visibility that is available from one end to the other end with high accuracy. e) Design for life Cycle Costing: The Life-cycle cost referred to as the real cost of the design. It also includes the cost associated with the detection of defects, litigations and implementation cost that includes all the DFX methods. The life cycle design cost should be estimated using the proper estimation method (Ciechanowski, Malinowski, & Nowak, 2007). The life cycle of the product includes the Design, Development, Manufacture, Test and the last part of the cycle is Use of the product. The costing at each stage of product life cycle is important because at each phase the product development is impacted by the expense of that stage. Therefore, the design for life cycle costing play one of the most important roles in the product development. 1.3 Design for Six Sigma The design for six sigma is referred to as the methodology, which is primarily used in the management of the business process. The design for Six Sigma covers number of different areas of business such as finance, engineering, marketing, electronics, etc. The design for six sigma is developed using number of different statistical techniques. The DFSS is also referred to as the tool of empirical research method to improve the quality of product and services. The goal of the DFSS is to precisely incorporate the needs of customers into the product development cycle. The concept of advance voice of the client technique is also incorporated in the DFSS, which can help in avoiding the manufacturing service process problem. 1.4 Different Options for the implementation of DFSS: Option 1 DMAIC The six sigma projects are mostly driven by DMAIC. DMAIC includes the following steps of implementation 1. Define, 2. Measure 3. Analyze 4. Improve 5. Control. The DMAIC Process begins immediately after the designing of the product. The purpose of DMAIC is to mitigate the issues associated with the existing manufacturing or product development process. It also identifies and removes the variability that occurs in the ranges of defects. In other words, the DMAIC process identifies and removes the defects that may occur once the manufacturing process is complete and maintains stability in the manufacturing process. Option 2: DMADV DFSS also includes the stages of processes in the same style as that of DMAIC but the process includes the designing of the product right from the initial stage of manufacturing. Alternatively, it also refers to as the replacement of the existing process. The DMADV includes the following steps of implementation of DFSS 1. Define 2. Measure 3. Analyze 4. Design 5. Verify 1.5 Principles of Design for X in the Context of DFSS In the article by Jin-Chin Jiang, Ming Li Shiu and Mao-Hsiung Tu (2007) identified the process that can integrate Design for Excellence and Design for Six Sigma. The method adopted in the article to integrate both DFX and DFSS is referred to as the quality function deployment. The quality function deployment can be described as the way or technique of new product development. The total quality management is a process of defining the customers demand in term of design quality. The quantitative method and determines the ratio of quality over design target as the base of converting the customers’ requirements into design quality. The quality function deployment also considers the techniques that numerically define the quality assurance points as a base of quality evaluation. It can be explained with the help of the following figure Source: http://www.slideshare.net/CoddeL/how-qfd-integrates-dfss-and-dfx In the figure above it can be seen that the quality characteristics of the finished products are deployed with the purpose of transforming the quality of the product from the universe of the customers in to the quantitative forms i.e. in the form of technology. The article explains the difference between the DFX and DFSS and integration method adopted. The DFX is in actual a process of designing that deals with the models that can provide ease of production method. In other words, the article explains the concept of manufacturability i.e. the convenience with which the product can be produced. On the other hand, the design for six sigma is referred to as the method to improve the product or process quality. The target of the design for six sigma is that the defects must not be greater than 3.4 per million opportunities (Jiang, Shiu, & Hsiung Tu, 2007). The Design for Excellence can be integrated into Design for Six sigma by using QFD as an intermediary Source: http://www.slideshare.net/CoddeL/how-qfd-integrates-dfss-and-dfx As can be seen in the figure above the integration process is bifurcated into two steps Step 1: Integration of DFX with QFD Step2: Integration of QFD with DFSS Step 1: Integration of DFX with QFD: As already discussed above DFX is a method that defines the demand for quality. The integration of DFX into QFD can be done as follows a) For all the demanded qualities, which are desired or planned during the design for excellence, a quantitative technique is implemented to define the value propositions for all the required qualities. b) The characterization is then developed during the step of development of the design. At this level, in order to integrate the DFX with QFD the targets are set which are referred to as the design targets. The plan targets are established in a way so that these can support the quantitatively defined value propositions above. c) The designing and verification of the product are then conducted from the top to the bottom level. Step 2: Integration of QFD with DFSS: The DFSS and QFD can be integrated together using the methods during the following phases of product development Tolerance design of the Product & Process Design of the product. The integration method uses the similar values generated in the past and develops product specification tolerance with six sigma design quality. The process then includes the step of allocating the defined tolerance based on similar values, performance and capabilities of the process to the product design under study. The verification of optimal process condition is also included in the design for six sigma process to make it sure that all the goods even if they are partially developed or semi-finished can be able to claim the quality under the head of six sigma. DFSS and DFX are the methods, which have been widely used in recent years for the purpose of efficient product development. The evolution of new product development in the last few years creates the need to integrate DFSS and DFX together. According to the research conducted by Jian, SHU & TU (2007), summary of which discussed above, identifies that the quality functional deployment method as an intermediary to integrate both the design i.e. design for excellence and design for six sigma together. The integration procedure is also explained with the help of the example of lamp shrines. In order to make sure that the quality demanded, which refers to DFX the Research and Development personnel must be able to determine the target value. The determination of target measure is referred to as the technical standard. The result represents significant differences from the peer companies in the same industry. 1.6 How Design for X Can be Implemented Efficiently The Design for Excellence can be implemented efficiently using the recommended procedures described below. As already discussed above the design for X represents the X as variable covers different areas of product development such as designs for reliability, maintainability, safety, manufacture, and assembly and life cycle costing. The system incorporates wide variety and collection of product development design guidelines. In order to improve the technical aspects of a particular product, the design guidelines provided in design for X can help in the development, controlling and innovation phase of the product development. Some of the recommended procedures regarding how Design for X can be implemented efficiently are as follows Recommended Procedures for Reliability Issues Now the question arises how to deal with the reliability issue. The company can increase the reliability during the service life as follows 1. The company should measure the manufacturing quality by identifying the relevant measurement methods. For example according to the study by J.D. Powers McGraw-Hill Financial (2014) the automotive companies are continuously searching for ways for improving the fuel efficiency. The reason is that the fuel efficiency is the motivational factor for the purchaser to purchase the car. Therefore, the automotive industry is continuously striving to identify the demanded quality and working on the required quality , which is then quantitatively measured using by identifying the relevant measurement methods such as fuel consumption of car per kilometers. 2. Optimization of Design andc generating the process to help improve the reliability. Referring to the same research it is identified that despite the focus of most of the automotive companies on fuel efficiency it is suggested that the companies should not compromise the quality such as fuel hesitation, roughness in transmission shift etc (Power, 2014) to optimize the design and improve the reliability of quality 3. Assurance of no systematic faults such as the in the case of automotive industry the systematic faults like lack of power indication, engine hesitations should not occur (Power, 2014). Recommended Procedures for Maintainability Issues In order to resolve the issues that arises due to poor maintainability of the product or machinery it is suggested that the preventive measures should be incorporated. In the research work on Prevention through Design, (Walline, 2014) identifies that out of 210 identified workplaces 37% had design related issues in machineries that lead the firm to the disastrous situation. Therefore, the decision that arises from the preventions through designs play one of the most important roles in the quality assurance methods. In addition to this, the faults that arises in the design process has to be corrected with corrective measures such as the automotive industry identifies the fault in the engine hesitation while focusing on the fuel efficiency the corrective measure is to design the engine that optimizes both the fuel efficiency and engine hesitation (Power, 2014). Recommendation for the Design for Safety The safety measures can be used for the purpose of development of maintenance of the reputation of the company, as well as, the trust of the customers in the business’s underlying products. For example, in case of medical laboratories there may be the risk of improper handling of highly sensitive equipment, which may have significant adverse impacts in the shape of occurrence of severe diseases among the people who have been tested for different diseases and have to face the problem of non-hygienic treatment that may be the cause of increase in the severity of the existing illness. Therefore, proper checks should be maintained in the lab management whether the underlying products are hygienic or not? For example during January in Atlanta, the US Centers for disease control and prevention has inculcated the CCTV cameras within the highest level biosafety laboratories. The reason is that the Center for Disease control and prevention in US wants to increase or revive the faith of the people after the incidents that happened in the lab due to the adoption of poor safety design methods within laboratories (Steenhuysen, Gershberg, & Grudgings, 2015). Recommendation for the Design for Manufacture and Assembly: For the manufacturing concern companies with complicated manufacturing and assembly process with existence around the globe need to incorporate the centralized method or Enterprise Resource Planning System that can make available the real time data around the globe and makes the manufacturing and assemble process simpler. For Example SAP Complex Assembly manufacturing solution can help the manufacturers to address today’s challenges such as existence of the manufacturing plant across the globe with complicated manufacturing process (AG & Affiliate, 2013). Recommendation for the Design for life cycle costing: The issues associated with the design for life cycle can be resolved using the activity based cost. The Activity based cost (ABC) is a method which is used for the estimation of life cycle design cost. The purpose of activity based cost is to identify the activities associated with the life of the design. The reliable cost drivers should be assigned the job of identifying the exact cost so that the methods to improve the cost of life cycle. The product designs include the life cycle. In the case of laboratories discussed above, it is important to identify the exact cost associated with the life cycle stages. Therefore, in case of laboratories not only the safety measure is implemented but also the costing method. The life cycle costing also includes the QUESTION NO. 2 Compare and contrast DFSS and NPD considering their advantages and disadvantages and provide a recommendation on how DFSS can be integrated into NPD. 2. DFSS & NPD 2.1 DESIGN FOR SIX SIGMA (DFSS) Design for six sigma is a system or a tool to make new products using six sigma criteria (Asefeso , 2012).This is an innovative method that is used to reduce the organization inefficiencies to the maximum extent. The traditional Six Sigma process was all about improving the existing methodologies, procedures and systems; therefore changes were made in the existing system to make it more efficient. On the contrary, Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) can be referred as an updated version of six sigma, because it is not about improving the existing method, but it focuses on making an entire new process or product as it find the existing product and systems in appropriate and insignificant for achieving a desired level of efficiency. Design for six sigma provides assistance to the company in the following manner; To prioritize right product development projects To accurately predict quality of design and try to eliminate the defects To analyze critical processes using simulation techniques (Georgette, 2007) Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) is interchangeably called as Six Sigma DMADV process. The DMADV stands for Define, Measure, Analyze, Design and Verify. Basically, the DFSS approach is manufacturing high quality product in less time and low cost along with meeting customer’s requirements. The benefits that company experiences after incorporating six sigma are; Product development cycle is shortened Complexity of the design process is lessened Chance of early product failure are less Customer satisfaction is increased (Six Sigma Academy International LLC., 2006) Despite the importance and benefits linked with Design For SixSigma, there are many companies that still believe that its just a new buzzword. However, if that was the caase then why General Electric provided six sigma training to its employees back in 1997, which resulted in dramatic positieve change, not only in the corporate culture but also in terms of profitability (N., 2011). And General Electric still is involved in continously updating its employee with six sigma updated knowledge. With reference to General Electric example, it is pretty much clear that Design for six sigma is pretty much important for the companies. Therefore, the companies who adapt their operations in accordance to concept of Design of Six Sigma are better off with regrads to others in terms of profitablity and competitive advantage. 2.2 NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT New product development is a standardized procedure involving series of interdependent activities to develop new product or service by reducing cost and time while meeting customer’s requirements (Monczka, 2000). The process targets off with the idea generation and ends on the full scale production or operation of product or service. The benefits linked with new product development are Reduction in product cycle time Opening new window of opportunity Increase in profitability Gaining market share Competitive advantage over others (Cooper & Kleinschmidt, 2000) Moreover, new product development involves Stage Gate process, in which every stage ends on quality check where the senior management monitor and evaluate the new product. Because, it is considered that every proceeding step is more expensive. Although New Product development encourages innovation and can result in increased profits for the company but if we look at the other side of the picture there are quite a few challenges that company has to face during new product development. For instance, company has to keep in view global competitions, time, technological changes and market potential. Like, Facebook acquired Instagram when it thought that Instagram could be future competitor for the Facebook. Therefore, once a new product is developed it’s not the end, organization has to keep continuous record of its competitors, new features and technology improvements in order to have competitive edge over others. 2.3 COMPARE AND CONTRAST 2.3.1 Reduction in Product Cycle 2.3.2 Customer focused 2.3.3 Quality Improvement 2.3.4 Cost reduction 2.3.5 Risk management 2.3.6 Creativity and innovation. 2.3.1 Reduction in Product Cycle: In the case of new product development, the product life cycle is small as compared to that of design for six sigma. Because the sequential form of activities have been replaced with parallel form of activities in New Product development, which leads to the reduction in elapsed time (Monczka, 2000). Most probably the reason of parallel activities is time reduction. However, the design for six sigma is focused on doing all the activities right at the first place. Thus, quality checks are probably run after every stage to avoid problems late. 2.3.2 Customer Focused: The customer focused refers to the product development from the perspective of customer demanded quality. New Product development and Design for Six sigma both are focused on the customer requirement. The DFSS measures identifies the VOC whereas NPD develops a business case to identify and evaluate the customer requirement but in short both are focused on the customer demands for the product design and development. 2.3.3 Quality improvement: The quality control methods along with the improvement in quality are an important factor in the product development. The new product development, identifies that there are number of different gates present to ensure the quality process. The new product development results in the overall improvement in the quality of the product. While the design for six sigma reduces the defects in the process, thus the reduction in the defects leads to the improvement in the quality of the product 2.3.4 Cost Reduction: Cost reduction refers to as the strategy of identifying the areas where there are chances of excess payments that can be made during the product development. After the identification of the areas the cost reduction methods are then implemented. Cost reduction is common in both new product development and Design for six sigma. The Design for six sigma reduces the cost by eliminating the waste that arises within the life cycle of the product development. New Product development detects the failure quiet earlier even at the initial stage of product development which can ultimately reduce the time (Monczka, 2000). Probably the underlying reasons that can result in cost reduction in new product development by Monczka (2000) can be reducing the time spend devloping prototype, reduction in system’s complexity. 2.3.5 Risk Management: The Risk management process is the key element in the product development. Design for six sigma and new product development both considered and give significant weightage to the development of the risk management process but the pattern of risk identification and implementation of risk mitigation plan is different in both cases. The Risk management plan is developed under the initial stage of DMADV. The risk management plan includes the identification of risk at the outset of the project, which can then be mitigated more easily (Georgette, 2007). The reason of early risk mitigation could be the extensive risk management planning done at the start. However in case of new product development, the risk cannot be identified or mitigated during the early phase of the product development. Probably because the activities and operations are going in parallel so it gets difficult to analyse the product. 2.3.6 Creativity and innovation. The Design for six sigma extends the overall design process. In addition to this, the Design for six sigma creates the design process which is quite much different and innovative (Georgette, 2007). Because in DFSS’s conceptual design stage, range of alternative creative ideas are put forward which are meeting customer’s requirement. And then the most feasible and creative idea is selected for further processing. However, new product development does not add value or creates any innovation in the product development (Monczka, 2000). Usually because, new product development is considered more of a renovation in the product rather then innovation. 2.4 Integration of New Product Development & DFSS The integration process between new product development and design for six sigma are mostly defined in terms of Stage Gate Process of New Product Development and DMADV (Define, Measure, Analyze, and Design & Verify). The integration process includes the following steps Figure 3 Step 1: Preliminary Assessment or Strategy: Define The preliminary assessment in the new product develops under the head of Stage gate process in which the evaluation is conducted both in terms of market movements and technical assessments. In the preliminary assessment phase of new product development project feasibility report is made to evaluate the cost structure and the ease with which the product can be manufactured which is referred to as the manufacturability. In the case of design for six sigma the overall project plan is developed along with the development of the coverage of the project which is also referred to as scope of the project. The define phase of DFSS also identifies the resources to carry out the project along with the preparation of the system referred to as the control system. Therefore, in the define phase project feasibility, the scope of the project, resources required and control system is prepared. Step 2 Business Case: Measure In the second phase of the new product development under Stage gate process the customer demands are identified using the detailed research on the market. The research also identifies the competitive pressures. (Monczka, 2000). In the case of measure phase of DMADV, the customer demand are evaluated and identifies the minimum possible customer needs. Although both the measures identifies the need of the customers in the second phase but the second phase of DMADV uses more quantitative techniques to help deal with technical issues (UAC, 2014) . Step3 Development: Analyze The analysis of capabilities of the organization is conducted under Stage gate. The analysis is conducted from the perspective of financial situation and operational activities of the organization. Similarly under DMADV the analyze phase consider the analysis and prioritization of all the functions of the product (UAC, 2014) Step4: Validation & testing: Design The step 4 under the stage gate process conducts the tests and validates the product development patterns from the perspective of the customer demands identified in the previous phase of both Stage Gate and DMADV. The phase uses both the prototype and pilot tests. The tests identify and evaluate the whether the customer demands are met or not. In case of DMADV similar process is conducted i.e. the prototype test after considering the customer demands. For example recently Apple Inc. Has developed the prototype of Self Driving Car (Taylor & Oreskovic, 2015) after considering the market demands. The introduction of the new concept in the market is a difficult task because the validation and demands cannot be confirmed unless the practical use of the product may begin. Therefore, the validation and testing of the product after identifying the demands of the customers is quite much complicated for the products like Apple Inc. Is going to launch. The reason is that the prototype is developed on the basis of the assumptions that the demand will be created after the product will be officially launched in the market because currently there is no such demand for self-driving car because people are not use to of it so the risk associated with the design success is considerable high. Step5: Launch: Verify The Last step under the stage gate launching of product takes place whereas in case of the DMADV verification of the previous done work is made. The launch is also referred to as the commercialization whereas under DMADV verification is called the confirmation of beliefs and knowledge developed through previous phases. (PEUSS, 2013). The launch of iPhone 6 was made in September 2014 represents the detailed working of the product design and features that can call for its price of more than $700 and with the launch of the iphone6 Apple has made the profit of around $18Billion due to the increased sales of iphone6 (Inc., 2015) which is a clear representation of creativity in product design that attracted the people towards the product. The Stage Gate and DMADV in summary conducts a review on the product design to develop high quality assurance and gain customer faith on the underlying product. The New product development, which is discussed under the head of Stage gate conducts the quality checks and identifies the controlling methods. Similarly the DFSS under the head of DMADV can be used to review the processes and verify that the objectives are met. Bibliography 1. AG, S., & Affiliate, S. (2013). Integrate & Control Processes for Complex Manufacturing. SAP Affiliate Company. Retrieved from http://www.sap.com/bin/sapcom/it_it/downloadasset.2013-09-sep-20-10.integrate-and-control-processes-for-complex-manufacturing-pdf.html 2. Asefeso , A. (2012). Design for Six Sigma (Dfss). AA Global Sourcing Ltd. 3. Ciechanowski, P., Malinowski, L., & Nowak, T. (2007). DFX Platform for life-cycle aspects analysis. Springer. 4. Cooper, R. G., & Kleinschmidt, E. J. (2000). New Product Performance: What Distinguishes the Star Products. Australian Journal of Management . 5. Eder, W. E., & Hosnedi, S. (2010). Introduction to Design Engineering. NW: CRC Press. 6. Frost, G. S., Foster, J. 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