The Internationalization of Small and Medium-Sized Firms - Assignment Example

Quantitative methodology Contents Contents 2 Introduction 3 Background 5 Rationale for choosing the study 6 Research Paper: The Internationalization of Small and Medium-Sized Firms 7 Sample 8 Methodology 8 Reliability and validity 9 Result of Research 11 Research Paper: International expansion of U.S. manufacturing family businesses: The effect of ownership and involvement 12 Sample 12 Methodology 12 Reliability and validity of research 13 Result of Research 14 Summary 15 References 16 Introduction Academic research can be divided into two broad group namely quantitative research and qualitative research. Before understanding the type of researches it is important to obtain a clear understanding of the meaning of each type of research. According to the view of Aliaga & Gunderson (2000 cited in Riff, Lacy & Fico, 2014) quantitative research can be defined as a type of research that explains a phenomenon by collecting numerical data and uses mathematical and statistical analysis to analyse the data. The fact that mathematical modelling is used to interpret and analyse the data means they need to be presented in a mathematical format. Quantitative research methods try to measure variables by assigning scores to them in order to ensure that they can be scaled easily. The root of quantitative research lies in the positivist research paradigm that believes everything happens due to causal relationship between variables by virtue of some fixed law. It is useful to use quantitative research particularly when researchers are trying to test hypothesis. It is quite useful to use quantitative research under certain circumstances. For instance, according to Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias (1992 cited in Johnson, 2001) quantitative research is particularly important when the research problem is very specific and the researcher wants to measure the outcome numerically. The quantitative research is important because it helps the researcher to set the dependent and the independent variables of the research and is able to show the exact nature and direction of relationship between the variables. In short it allows the researcher to explain the causal relationship between the variables. Balsley (1970) had pointed out that quantitative research is particularly useful as the researcher is able to establish internal and external validity of the data due to controlled observations, experiments and proper data cleaning techniques. Additionally, quantitative research is also able to eliminate subjectivity and bias from the research by eliminating human bias factor. There are two main methods of quantitative research designs namely experiential and non-experiential research. Experiential quantitative research focuses on natural science based approach and non-experiential quantitative research focus primarily on social sciences (Johnson, Onwuegbuzie & Turner, 2007). There are basically four main types of quantitative research namely descriptive, correlational, casual-comparative and true experimental. Descriptive quantitative research does not frame a hypothesis at the beginning but develops one at the end of the research. Selection of units is important for testing the validity of the data. Correlational quantitative research on the other hand focuses on estimating the extent or degree of relationship between the variables under research. This research does not manipulate the data and tries to study the variables in a natural setting. Causal-comparative quantitative research focuses on cause and effect relationship between variables of research. Finally the true experimental design of quantitative research also focuses on cause and effect relationship between variables but there is a slight difference with causal-comparative approach. This is because in the later approach the independent variables in the study can be manipulated to reach the results but same is not done in case of the causal-comparative (Linesch, 1992). The philosophy of quantitative research is based on the objective philosophy. This implies that the researcher assumes that the reality or the truth can be viewed by all and the truth is singular. The work of the researcher is to decipher the reasons behind the truth. The research philosophy of quantitative research is based on positivism or its relatively new critique post positivism (Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004). Positivism assumes that there is only one reality and the researcher conducts his research to uncover the reality. The hardcore positivist research aims to detach the researcher from the research process in order to maximize objectivity and minimize the researcher bias. Post positivism on the other hand is based on the acceptance of the idea that the researcher shapes the reality to some extent by his own subjective nature. In other words proponents of post-positivism assumes that the work of the researcher is to present the reality as unbiased as possible by constraining his (Clark, 1998). It is suitable to use quantitative research particularly in four different cases. In the first case the researcher knows that the reality exists and it can be effectively measured by the researcher. The view of the researcher is strengthened if other researchers use a quantitative research related to the same topic. Secondly, quantitative researches are particularly useful when the researcher wants to establish the distribution of variables in the population. It has often been argued that descriptive knowledge forms a pre-requisite of exploratory knowledge as it is impossible for the researchers to explain something unless they have a basic understanding about the something. Thirdly, quantitative research is particularly useful when the researchers want to explain something on the basis of its occurrence without considering the attitude or perceptions of the individuals. Finally quantitative research is particularly helpful when the researcher wants to establish generalized findings from the research that are not constrained by the particular sample. In other words results from the research can be applied to wider scenarios (Winter, 2000). Ethical issues can arise both in case of qualitative and quantitative research. In case of quantitative research, the ethical factors vary depending on the fact that whether the research is an experimental or non-experimental one. If the research is experimental then ethical considerations involves protecting respondents receiving intervention. Intervention may be described as a process which requires a great amount of self-disclosure. Ethical issues also arise in case of non-experimental research when the researcher does not manipulate the conditions. It must be mentioned that ethics in case of non-experimental research are less complicated than addressing the issues of ethics in experimental research (Berg & Lune, 2004). Still in case of non-experimental research the researcher have the duty to protect the respondents from any potential harm. Background Globalization has a profound impact in the way in which small and medium sized firms conduct their business. Ownership of the small and medium sized firms has been found to be a crucial factor that triggers the process of internationalization for them. Internationalization of small and medium sized firms impacts economic activity, employment generation, innovation and wealth creation for nations in which they expand. Increasing impact of SMEs on the economy of a country has attracted the attention of policy makers and local governments of many countries. Forces of globalization have changed consumer preferences, information technology and process of manufacturing which in turn has provided favourable conditions for the internationalization of SMEs. Though internationalization process has been widely researched in the academic literature over the past few decades the representation of small and medium sized firms and family firms has been underrepresented in the literature. Over the past ten years the researchers have given importance to the SMEs and investigated the process of internationalization and the ownership orientation in these firms. Though the number of research works in the present times regarding SMEs have increased few researchers have focused on the factors that initiates the process if internationalization of these firms. The purpose of this paper is to discuss two articles that have dealt with the process of internationalization of small and medium sized firms with the ownership orientation in focus. The first article discusses about the internationalization of SME’s and combines the learning perspective of the firm with the venture perspective. The second article focuses about the family ownership of firms and the interaction of family ownership and involvement with the process of internationalization. Rationale for choosing the study The reason for choosing the first paper titled as “The Internationalization of Small and Medium-Sized Firms” by Clercq, Sapienza & Crijnsis (2005) because of the combination of frameworks that has been implemented in the paper. This paper takes a unique approach by focusing on the concept of organizational learning and entrepreneurial orientation and integrates these two concepts to that of international ownership. This research topic was interesting and is slightly different from the previous research topic of internalization. This is because other researchers like Berra, Piatti & Vitali, (1994) have focused on the reasons of internationalization and the speed at which it occurs. The concept of learning in the process of internationalization has attracted the attention of researcher in recent times. For instance the paper published by Johanson & Vahlne (1977) had pointed out that knowledge and learning process of firms can provide them a strong rationale for internationalization. This paper is partly inspired from the works of Johanson & Vahlne (1977) and Cyert & March (1963). The later paper was based on behavioural theory of a firm. The basic idea behind this paper was that firms should be treated as the unit of decision-making process. The paper by Clercq, Sapienza & Crijnsis (2005) takes the behavioural theory in the background and incorporates the aspect of learning in the decision-making behaviour of the firm. The paper also draws from the basic idea of the paper of Johanson & Vahlne among other researchers to consider the aspect of organizational learning in the internationalization process. Other researchers have equated the concept of internationalization to that of exporting on the part of firm. The exclusivity of this paper lies in the fact that it has considered the intent of internationalization as the main motivation to export in other countries. In other words this means that this paper tries to locate the antecedents of internationalization for a firm. The second paper penned by Zahara (2003) and titled as “International expansion of U.S. manufacturing family businesses: the effect of ownership and involvement” is also exclusive in its own respect. This is because this paper focuses exclusively on the concept of family based business. It has been observed that family based firms have been neglected in the domain of small and medium based firms (Acedo & Casillas, 2005). The research conducted by Shanker & Astrachan (1996) had further pointed out that the proportion of family based firms in the in small and medium sized firms is maximum. Despite this fact the focus on family based firms as a part of SMEs has often been neglected in the works of researchers. Therefore it can be argued that the paper by Zahara is one of the few papers that have focused on family business specifically. Additionally, this paper attempts to fill the gap in the existing literature by focusing on factors that stimulates the expansion of family based firms. This paper is inspired from the paper published by Davis, Schoorman & Donaldson, et al. (1997). The paper published by Davis, Schoorman & Donaldson, et al. (1997) propagated the concept of Stewardship theory that considers subordinates as collectivist, trustworthy and pro-organizational. Paper of Zahara integrates stewardship in the ideas of the manager-owners and considers it as an important aspect to maximize the profits of the family. It can be argued that other researchers have considered multiple dimensions like involvement, top management and role of boards into the decision of firms to embark internationalization. However, this paper focuses specifically on the aspect of family involvement and family ownership in internationalization of family business for which this paper has been considered. Research Paper: The Internationalization of Small and Medium-Sized Firms The researchers have used a quantitative research method to answer the research questions. The data has been collected from authentic sources by the researchers. The researchers have restricted their sample only to firms that had employee numbers less than 500. Researchers have used multiple regression method to analyse their results. The research philosophy of the research can be described as positivist that makes use of theoretical knowledge to frame hypothesis about the topic and then uses statistical methods to test the validity of the hypothesis framed during the research. This paper had framed three hypotheses at the onset and employs statistical tools to test the validity of the research. Internationalization intent was considered as the dependent variable. This is justified considering the fact that the aspect of internationalization intent is the main focus of the study and the researchers wants to establish the relationship it has with external factors. Three variables were used to represent internationalization intent and weights were assigned to them based on their geographic and cultural distance from Belgium, the home country of research. Sample The sample size used in the paper is relatively small as it comprised of only 92 respondents. Small samples have the probability of over representation of small subgroups within a target population. Burns & Grove (1997 cited Coughlan, Cronin & Ryan, 2007) have pointed out that as the sample size increases the probability of committing error in the research decreases. The method of calculating the appropriate sample size has not been described in the paper which can decline the robustness of the results. The researcher fails to establish power analysis of the sample which makes generalization of the result difficult. Methodology The researchers have used the process of meta-analysis to analyze the data that was collected during the process of research. The use of meta-analysis in the process of research has often been criticized by other researchers. Rosenthal (1979) had found out that researcher is likely to introduce personal bias in selecting and interpreting data by focusing on existing studies. Researchers Clercq, Sapienza & Crijnsisc have declared that their data search was constrained by the fact that most of their data was self-reported instead of being collected from a public domain. The researchers have used the method of multiple linear regressions to answer the research questions. Linear additive models have been criticized by researchers in the sense that they limit the imagining of the social process. The researcher has not mentioned about the presence or absence of the multicollinearity problem in the research. The presence of multicollinearlity among the independent variables reduces the robustness of the results obtained from regression. The researcher has not incorporated any measure to include measures of autocorrelation in the research. The problem of autocorrelation indicates that the observations of the dependent variables are correlated rather than being uncorrelated. Researchers have found out that the probability of identifying the issue of autocorrelation is easier in case of simple regression analysis compared to the case of multiple regression analysis. Moreover the researcher has incorporated all the independent variables in the equation at a time instead of using a step-by-step approach to include independent variables in the research model. Reliability and validity The following graph presents the desirability of validity and reliability of research works. Figure 1: Validity and reliability of quantitative research (Source: Avison & Pries-Heje, 2005.) The above graph shows three colours namely white, grey and black to represent the three different types of validity. The black path represents a situation where there is poor instrumentation validity, poor internal validity but good statistical validity. This implies that even though the results from the model may show statistical validity yet the researcher cannot completely rely on the research results. It means there may be external variables that are causing variation in the regression model rather than the independent variables that have already been included in the research paper. The grey path in the figure indicates a situation where there is good statistical validity but good internal validity. The grey path is however characterized by a situation where there is poor instrumentation validity. In this case the research results reached is not very conclusive because the researcher will not be able to understand whether the variations in the model are caused by either independent variables or extraneous variables. In other words this means that poor instrumentation validity can be related to the concept of poor internal validity. Finally, the white path in the figure represents a situation where all three forms of validity are good. This is the most desirable form of validity testing that indicates robustness of the results (Avison & Pries-Heje, 2005). In this case instrumental validity indicates that the constructs used in the model are reliable and real and they can successfully explain the variations in the dependent variable. Strong internal validity is ensured in this case and the researcher can be sure that the results obtained from the study perfectly capture the nature of the relationship between the dependent and the independent variable. The validity of the research can also be questioned. This is because the researchers have declared in their paper that they had not considered any process of external validity testing in their research. Regarding the issue of internal validity, the researchers have used control variables to control of extraneous variables in conducting the research. Incorporation of control variables have the power to account for the impact of unaccounted variables in the regression model. Though the researchers express confidence regarding the use of research results in other settings yet there has been no attempt to clarify this claim. The weakness of the small sample size in turn affects the external validity of the research. Any quantitative research has three types of validation tests that can be performed on it namely instrumentation validity, internal validity and statistical validity. The forms of validity can further be broken down to content validity, construct validity, manipulation validity and reliability. Based on the above diagram it can be found that the researcher at best fits the grey area. This is because though the researcher has been able to incorporate control variables yet there is no guarantee that the dependent variables are completely explained by only the independent variables that has been included in the research. The shortcomings in the regression equation can also undermine the strength of the statistical analysis. Scholars have found out that internal and external validity of research are inversely related and it is not possible to attain both reliability parameters in a singular research. Rationale behind this paradox is that researches undertaken in a social context have high degree of external validity but it becomes very difficult to control the impact of extraneous variables on the independent variable. On the other hand if the researcher concentrates heavily on the aspect of internal validity then it becomes difficult to implement external validity measures on the result (Campbell, 1986). In this case the researchers have taken measures to account for the internal validity but external validity has not been accounted for. Finally it has been noted from the research that the researcher had relied on Cronbach alpha to determine the reliability of the data collected during the research. Gefen, Straub & Boudreau (2000) had pointed out that the use of Cronbach alpha ensures that the data is internally consistent. Result of Research Researchers Clercq, Sapienza & Crijnsis (2005) had found out that learning effort of a firm and orientation of ownership are strongly correlated with the aspect of internationalization intent of the firm. They had additionally found out that domestic learning is negatively associated with the aspect of internationalization intent. According to the findings of the research knowledge renewal and exploitation of foreign markets reinforces the aspect of internationalization. Perceptions of opportunities by the firms in the international market also provide them with the motivation to expand in the foreign markets. Investment in the domestic learning activities reduces the probability of the firm to invest in international learning activities which in turn impacts their chances of future growth in a negative manner. The researchers have been able to highlight the limitations of their research in a compressive manner that outlines the basic weakness of research. The researchers had depended on self-reported data due to the lack of data in the public domain. The researchers had expressed their views that further research in the related field that uses outside proxies for organizational learning can provide useful insights about the topic (Rosenfeld & Penrod, 2011). Based on the criticism of research methodology it can be argued that the results obtained from the research are moderately strong. This is because there are quite a number of limitations of the regression model as well as the data collection techniques as indicated by the researcher. Self-reported data can be treated to be plagued by problems of honesty in regard to exaggeration and underreporting, memory errors, systematic no-response and so on and so forth (Polit & Beck, 2013). The results from the research can also be doubted because the respondents may have altered the responses in order to become socially acceptable. The researcher could have reached stronger results if the above mentioned difficulties in the research methodologies could be removed. The uniqueness of the paper could have been enhanced if more data was available from public domain. Improving the sample size of the research was another way in which the results of the research could have been improved. Increasing the sample size could have ensured that the characteristic of sample captures the characteristic of the population in a better manner. Research Paper: International expansion of U.S. manufacturing family businesses: The effect of ownership and involvement The paper titled as “International expansion of U.S. manufacturing family businesses: the effect of ownership and involvement” is essentially a quantitative researcher where the researcher have used statistical techniques to measure the results and reach conclusions from them. Sample The sample chosen in the paper studying the role of ownership in the expansion of family firms was comparatively larger and comprised 409 members among which 174 members were family firms. The researchers have used power tests to determine the size of the appropriate samples to reach conclusion. However, one problem was persistent within the sample. The sample did not represent the population uniformly because there was underrepresentation of family firms from all the sections of the U.S.A. economy. Improper selection of sample in the data can be related to the idea of bias of the researcher. Methodology The paper published by Zahara had also taken a quantitative meta-analytic approach to reach the research conclusions. Researchers had pointed out that one of the major limitations of the meta-analysis approach is that it greatly limits the independence of the researcher in terms of the theoretical background. A major limitation of this approach is that researcher cannot use any new theoretical insight about the related topic beyond factors that have already been studied by other researchers (Smith, Avis & Assmann, 1999). This implies that the researcher cannot study factors that have no reference point in the past. Even though researchers make new discoveries in the research they will be unable to confirm the results unless other researchers have similar work in this ground. The use of multiple regression models in determining the result could also be observed in case of research paper published by Zahra. This paper had however tested for the problem of multicollinearity in the research making multiple linear regressions an appropriate method to conduct the research process. The use of linear regression models have often been criticised by researchers. For instance it has been argued that non-linear regression models can generate statistically stronger results because of the fact that they use iteration method to reach conclusions about the research while linear regression conducts the analysis in a singular step. Reliability and validity of research This researcher has used the work of other researchers through secondary sources to establish the validity of the research. The researcher has not focused deeply on the idea of internal and external validity of the research. The generalization of the results can be doubted as sample for the research was only collected from an isolated geographic region. Problems of result generalization mean that external validity of the research is not strong enough. The researcher had introduced control variables in order to ensure the internal validity of the research. The incorporation of control variables indicate that the researcher have considered the issue of controlling the impact of extraneous variables to reach the conclusion. The sample for the research was collected from authentic sources which makes the data reliable. Based on figure 1 it can be argued that the research results can be best categorized in the grey area. This is because the researcher has been able to ensure robust measures for internal validity but same cannot be commented about the construct validity of the research. Regarding the reliability of the data it can be commented that the researcher had not applied the method of Cronbach alpha. The validity of the research has only been enhanced by comparing it with the studies of other researchers. Researchers have pointed out that the assumptions considered by the researcher have a profound implication in the way in which the results can be interpreted. Scholars have pointed out that one of the most popular techniques to ensure instrumental validation is to see that measure development is separated from the issue of validation. Most of the researchers have found an easy way to generate a single dataset by indentifying items that and correlating it to the desired outcome. It has been confirmed that though this process improves the instance of validity this method makes the research results unacceptable. In other words it means that the research results may hold true only for the particular data set yet same cannot be commented about cross-validation sample. It can be argued that this research paper may not be good for cross-validation as the researcher has not commented anything about this topic. Result of Research The results from the paper shows that family ownership has a direct impact on the willingness of internationalization of family owned firms. Findings from the research suggest family business owners have an urge to enlarge their family business for their offspring. It is this willingness of the managers to expand internationally that allows them to take greater risks in the expansion ventures. The impacts of altruism have been found to be a dominant feature of the family firms. This research is also constrained by a number of limitations. The results obtained from the study cannot be generalized in the true sense because the sample size is small and not fully representative of all the economic sectors in which the business operates. The results from the research has however implications for the managerial practice of family-based firms. Validation of the research can be questioned because changes in the sample data can lead to different outcomes. Though the statistical analysis is robust but lack of generalization renders the results weak. Better representation of data in the sample could have improved the results. The research topic essentially involves exploring into the attitude and belief of the researcher. This implies adopting a mixed methodology could have improved the research triangulation. Researchers have claimed that a mixed methodology allows the researchers to obtain better understanding about the attitude and beliefs of the respondents compared to a quantitative approach. According to the findings of Tasakkori & Teddlie (1998 cited in Mutch, 2009) if the researcher is able to adopt a mixed approach not only in the data analysis and methods but also in the nature of the research then the results from the research can be improved. The research undertaken by Zahara can be termed as a mixture of confirmatory and exploratory one which wants to capture aspects like ownership and involvement in quantitative terms. However, the researcher has shied away from conducting any in-depth interviews or semi-structured interviews and kept the research strictly a quantitative one. Summary This paper has dealt with the research methodologies that have been adopted in the research works of two independent authors in two independent research scholars. This paper has particularly focused the methodology section of both the papers. There is a commonality in the research approach of both the paper in the sense that both of them use a quantitative approach to reach the conclusion. It can be concluded that the paper titled as “The Internationalization of Small and Medium-Sized Firms” by Clercq, Sapienza & Crijns primarily suffers from the drawback of its data collection technique in the sense that the data are self-reported. The researcher has also been unable to incorporate a satisfactory sample size that has made the results less robust than what it could have been. The researcher has also been unsuccessful in applying external validity to the results. In case of the paper titled as “International expansion of U.S. manufacturing family businesses: the effect of ownership and involvement” by Zahra though the sample size is quite relevant yet it does not represent a full uniform structure of the population. 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