Propagation of Aquilaria Subintegra - Case Study Example

Proposal For Panting Oudh_Gaharu Trees Name Institution Instructor Course Date Introduction The genus Aquilaria is moistly commonly known in middle east countries for its production of Agarwood. This means that the species from Aquilaria plants are of high economic values hence they are highly exploited in these countries. According to Hilton-Taylor (2002), The continued exploitation of the Aquilaria plants has resulted into its decreasing population in the world. In addition, the uncontrolled harvesting of the Aquilaria plants has also contributed to its rapid declining in the Aquilaria growing nations. This has resulted into the scarcity of the Agarwood as a raw material for the production of different Agarwood end products. The Aquilaria subintegra is a plant species belonging to the genus Aquilaria, which is a resinous plant, found in many parts of the Asian countries including Malaysia, India and Thailand. The species in the genus Aquilaria consists of fast growing trees, which form most of the forests in the Middle East countries, and is used for different purposes. The species from Aquilaria are commonly referred as Agarwood, which is found in many parts of the world especially in Thailand and Malaysia. This plant has a number if names in different countries such as eaglewood and crissana in Thailand. In Malaysia, it is commonly known as Gaharu plant. In the Middle East, the Agarwood plant is commonly referred as Oudh while in china it is called chen-xiang. The Japanese call the Agarwood Jin-Koh. The wood obtained from a health Aquilaria plant is light and pale coloured. When attacked by pests and diseases, the plant produces a resin, which has a dark aromatic smell in response to the infection. The resin from agarwoord in highly valued in many markets of the world such that the planting of the Agarwood trees has been encouraged by different countries in the Middle East. There are different species of the Aquilaria plant namely Aquilaria malaccensis, Aquilaria microcapa, Aquilaria apicultina, Aquilaria acuminate, Aquilaria baillonil, Aquilaria baneonsis, Aquilaria beccarain, Aquilaria brachyantha, Aquilaria crassna, Aquilaria cumingiana, Aquilaria hirta, Aquilaria filarial, Aquilaria grandiflora, Aquilaria khasiana, Aquilaria rostrate, Aquilaria sinensis, and Aquilaria subintegra. Aquilaria subintegra is among the most popular species of Agarwood, which is found in Thailand and some parts of Middle East. This is because the plant has a wide market due to its fast growing rate and its use in perfumes and fragrances. This species is able to adapt to different species in the world including rocky, well-drained areas, sandy areas, and even near swamps. In most cases, the Aquilaria or Agarwood grows at an altitude between 0-85m with an optima temperature of 24 degrees Celsius. Although the plant is common in Thailand, introduction of the Aquilaria subintegra in Malaysia will, ensure that the country is able to enjoy the benefits associated with the growing of Agarwood in the country. The production of Agarwood has been on the rise with many countries setting up plantations in order to grow those plants (Mamat et al., 2010, 165). Purpose and Rationale of Project This research proposal seeks to establish a plantation of Aquilaria subintegra in the country Malaysia. This is because the species Aquilaria subintegra is commonly found in the Thailand region and the climatic conditions in Malaysia are similar to those in Malaysia. This means that there is the possibility or high probability that the species will do better in order to obtain desirable yields. The current project seeks to plant as many plants as possible on a 50-acre piece of land and ensure proper management of the plants to increase the population of the tees in Malaysia. This is because the status in Malaysia is that there is a decline in the population of Aquilaria species in the country such that they are considered to be among the endangered species. The decline in the species is because of overexploitation of the plants, which is used for various commercial purposes. Therefore, there is the need to take measures to increase the declining population of Agarwood in Malaysia and in the world in general. The continued destruction and illegal harvest of the Aquilaria species in the Malaysia forests threatens the exportation and commercial activities of the species as well as the depletion of the Agarwood in the country. This implies that action is required to ensure that there is continued supply of the raw materials of Agarwood products in the Malaysia markets and other markets of the world especially in the Middle East. In addition, there is the need to know much concerning the benefits and trade of Agarwood. Hence, the results of this project will ensure that there is increased production of Aquilaria subintegra in Malaysia and an increased exportation of Agarwood raw materials to the importing nations (Hilton-Taylor, 2002, p. 34). Background Literature Agar wood production has been practiced in Malaysia with other species of Agarwood apart from Aquilaria subintegra. However, the different species of agrawood in the country is endangered with its continued use for different purposes. This means that the trees for the production of different products from Agarwood are becoming costly and the rarity of the agarwwod is due to the high costs of the aqarwood in the country and its continued depletion by the community. According to Persoon (2007), the production of Agarwood from Aquilaria species results from pathological, wounding and non-pathological processes. This is because the formation of resin in Aquilaria species is due to the infection of the plant by diseases and pests. This means that the resin, which is the most important compound from the Aquilaria plant, is produced in response to diseases infection. In addition, the wounding of the plant increases the production of Agarwood. The infection of Aquilaria by fungus is natural and is not induced by human. However, some factors such as ecological interaction of the fungi and the production of resin are not clearly understood. Factors such as age and the various differences in the trees which results from the variation in environmental conditions and seasonal variations. In addition, genetic variation among the plants affects the productivity of the Aquilaria species. Hence, not all the Aquilaria species have the ability to produce Agarwood. Persoon (2007) argues that about ten per cent of the Aquilaria species have the ability to produce resins and produce Agarwood at a height of 20 centimetres. Moreover, the Agarwood production is dependent on the minimum age of the trees, which is approximately twenty years from planting time. The differences among the Aquilaria plants mean that there is a difference on the quality of Agarwood produced by these plants. Hence, the quality of resin produced by different Aquilaria plants does not necessarily correspond to the diameter, or volume of the timber or even the extent of infection of the trees. Research has been conducted in order to increase the yield in Aquilaria species to ensure higher productivity. According to…. Inoculation of specific chemicals increases the rate of resin formation in Agarwood. Uses of Agarwood The Aquilaria subintegra has a number of uses in different parts of the world. Perfumes: aquilairia Agarwood has been for decades used in the manufacturing of perfumes and other fragrances. In the Middle East both the smoke from Agarwood and the oil extracted from the Agarwood plant are used in the manufacturing of perfumes. According to Jensen (2007), Indians use Agarwood to manufacture Minyak attar, which is a water-based perfume that is rich in Agarwood oil. The perfumes that are made from Agarwood are not purely of Agarwood but instead contain alcoholic or non-alcoholic carriers. These perfumes are also used in making clothes fragrances and included in soaps that are used for toilet purposes. In addition, the oil from Agarwood is used to manufacture hair shampoos. Incense: the incense from the Aquilaria plant is burned in order to produce an aroma that is commonly used in the manufacturing of general perfumes to different religious elements. For example, the Agarwood may be chopped into smaller pieces of wood, which are burnt in a burner, which is specifically made for Agarwood incense. The sawdust from Agarwood is made into coils and sticks which are burnt for indoor fragrances. This is a common practice among religious communities especially in the Middle East countries and other countries such as India. In Taiwan, Agarwood is commonly used for the manufacture of sticks that are burnt to produce aroma during prayer times (Soehartono & Newton, 2000, p. 84). Medicine: Agarwood is believed and proven to have medicinal elements, which are used in curing various ailments. In the middle Asian countries, Agarwood has a long history of medicinal use in treatment of rheumatism and body pains. In the Sahih Muslim, Agarwood is used in the treatment of pleurisy. Chinese traditional medicine recognizes the use of Agarwood for medicinal purposes especially the production of pharmaceutical tinctures and relive body pains. In Malaysia, agarwoord is also used for medicinal purposes where it is used as Kayugaharu lemppong to treat jaundice and stimulation of cardiac palpitations. Malaysia has for a long time traded in Agarwood, which is obtained from different Aquilaria species. However, the most common species of Aquilaria, which is found in Malaysia, is called Aquilaria malaccensis, which is distributed, across the country. The Aquilaria subinetgra is commonly found in Thailand hence its introduction in Malaysia will increase the exportation of Agarwood in Malaysia. In areas such as the peninsular Malaysia, the gaharu products, which are Agarwood products, are the major domestic products ion the domestic trade that include sawdust and woodchips from the Aquilaria trees. In Malaysia, the trees have been locally used for medicinal purposes. However, most of the Agarwood produced in the country is exported to other markets. Despite this, there has been illegal trade and encroachment of the Aquilaria forests in Malaysia. For example, encroachment by Thailand in such for Agarwood has been a major threat to the Aquilaria production in Malaysia (Soehartono & Newton, 2000, p. 89). Aquilaria subintegra Plantation The proposed project is to be undertaken in approximately 50 acres of land that is identified to be having the suitable environmental conditions for the growing of the plants. In collaboration with the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, there will be an environment and costs benefit analysis in the growing of Aquilaria species in Malaysia. The selected species to be planted is Aquilaria subintegra, which will be positively identified by the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia to avoid confusion with other Aquilaria species. Ana analysis of the genetic composition of the seeds from the Aquilaria will be conducted to determine the appropriate genes that can be used in obtaining better yields. The land for the plantation will be cleared and adequately prepared while the seedlings will be well preserved under appropriate conditions to avoid breakages and destructions. The seedling from Aquilaria subintegra will be planted on the 50 acres piece of land at a spacing of about three feet from each other. This is the recommended spacing of the plant, which allows proper nutrient absorption, and easy management of the Aquilaria plants. The nature and age of the seedlings that are planted determines the rate of survival of the plants. Hence, the seedlings will be preserved for a period of one year before they are transferred to the planting field to ensure a high ate of survival. It is estimated that seedlings that are one year old have a survival rate of 95 per cent. The Forest Research Institute of Malaysia carries out research and development in different plant species and the environmental conservation and analysis to determine the best forest management systems and practices in the country. In this project, the institute will be used to provide information on the best management and care practices that will ensure proper management of the seedlings and the plantation to ensure the desired yields (Persoon, 2007, p. 25). Propagation of Aquilaria subintegra The plantation of Aquilaria will be through vegetative propagation of the plants especially through the use of cuttings of different parts of the plant. The use of vegetative propagation and cloning of Aquilaria species offers a good means to enhance the yield of the plant and the quality of the plant in different topical forests. This is because there have been efforts to increase the quality and productivity of Agarwood production in the Aquilaria growing countries including Malaysia. There are a number of approaches that can be used to enhance productivity such as grafting, stem cutting, suckering, and other in vitro techniques such as meristem proliferation and organogenesis. However, the use of stem cutting is seen as the most effective and most viable way in propagating the Aquilaria subintegra. However, the use of stem cuttings is costly and requires the use of electricity. This means that the costs of electricity should be budgeted for in the financial assessment of the project. This is because stem cuttings require a favourable environment that will enhance the formation of roots and minimize the physiological stress of the cuttings. In addition, the stem cuttings should be provided with the relevant humidity, optimal temperatures and maintenance of a good vapour pressure around the cuttings. In managing the stock, there is the need to apply fertilizer, prune the seedling and manage the light teaching the cuttings in order to avoid excessive light. In some cases, the application of artificial hormones such as auxins may be used to enhance productivity of the plants. Management of the Plants The seedlings of the plants will be planted in a controlled area preferable in tea factors where they can be easily managed. In order to have adequate seedling for the 50 acres, over 200000 seedlings will be planted in different nurseries under shades in tea plantations. In these nurseries, the seedlings will be provided with the desirable habitat and drainage, which will enable them to grow healthy. According to Compton (2004), the gaza plants will be used to provide natural shades for the seedlings. In order to provide adequate sunlight, bamboo trees can also be used to cover the seedlings instead of gaza shades. This is because the seedlings require enough sunlight sop that they can mature faster and healthier. Before the seedlings can be planted in the nurseries, there is the need to conduct proper discussions with security personnel who will ensure that there is adequate security on the seedlings top ensure that they are not stole or destroyed. In addition, further reach is required to determine the suitability of the area so that the seedlings are not planted in a water logged are or an area where there are pest and disease. This implies that the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia will provide the required information. Although the survival rate of the seedling is not as high as that of the plant itself, heavy rainfall is likely to affect the survival of the seedlings. The seedlings will be left in the nursery for a period of our months before they can be transferred to the planting sites. The plantation itself will be under strict surveillance t by managers of the project to ensure that all plants are safer (Compton, 2004, p. 23). Environmental factors In order to establish a good plantation of Agarwood plant, there is the need to determine the favourable environmental conditions that will allow the plants to survive and mature to offer the desired yields. This means that with the help of the Forest Research institute of Malaysia, project managers will identify a suitable location that has the favourable environmental and soils factors that will allow the growing of Aquilaria subintegra in Malaysia. The soil in which the plants are planted should be analysed for different nutrients and compounds that are necessary for the growth of Aquilaria subintegra. The soil analysis is done before the planting of the tree and after the planting of the trees. This is to compare the soil composition if the place from where the seedlings were obtained and the new planting area. In case there are differences in the soil composition, then certain soil compounds or fertilizers can be used to enrich the soil for better survival of the seedlings and the young plants. The climatic adaptations of the plants include the following; altitude around 1000m, minimum rainfall of between 1500-7000m, annual temperature of a minimum of 26 degrees Celsius, duration of dry season is about four months, light soil texture, and acidic to neutral soil (Akter, & Neelim, 2008, p. 14). Agarwoood formation under natural condition Agarwood can form in the tree through different ways namely natural and artificial inducement. In natural formation, the Agarwood informed as result of wounding of the plant. When the plant is wounded, it starts to form what is known as the callus tissue, which tries to heal the wound. The callous tissue is a morphological barrier or reaction that forms when a tree is injured. When the callous tissue fails to form, the wound form a resinous tissues referred as the Agarwood. The Agarwood is a chemical barrier, which grows larger and larger with time. This means that the longer the tress lives the larger the Agarwood is formed. Infection of the wounded part of the tree by fungi is possible leading to the formation of resin. Hence, infection of the wounded part by fungi increases the rat of resin formation in Aquilaria plants. The infection leaves the wound open leading to formation of more resins in order to form a healing barrier to the wound. Different studies have shown that the white part of Aquilaria trees have smaller cells, which are living, cells which are crucial in resin formation. Artificial inducement in Agarwood formation According to Liu et al (2013), the artificial mechanisms of artificial inducement in Agarwood formation are not clearly understood by the Aquilaria farmers in most parts of the world including Malaysia and Thailand. Despite this lack of artificial knowledge, there are two main groups of artificial inducement methods that are known. The first methods involve a different type of wounds while the second one involves removal of braches from the plant. In the different kind of wounds, farmers and researchers have tried making wounds at different location of the plant in order to determine which part of the plant produces the largest amount of resin formation in the trees. During induction of Agarwood, the inducer is injected to the xylem of the tree using an Injection. This means that the inducer can be transported to the whole parts of the plant in less than three hours from the time of injection. This result to the formation of resinous internal wounds in the bark of the tree, which is later, harvested. In addition, the inducer is transported to the roots of the tree leading to the formation of resinous roots (Liu et al., 2013, p. 3089). Harvesting of Agarwood The harvesting of Agarwood depends on the age and maturity of the plants as well as other factors that determine the formation of resin in the plants. The Aquilaria plant takes around 20 years in order to mature. In cases where the plants are grown for the production of resins, farmers will have to wait for the years to mature after twenty years. This is because the best resin is produced when a 4-inch thick and 20 year old Aquilaria plant is infected by fungi. Trees that are mature enough have the ability to produce about one kilogram of Agarwood. During harvesting of Agarwood, the plant is cut down and split into several pieces in order to reveal the resin, which is extracted and used for different purposes in different parts of the world. However, the age of the Agarwood is not important in determining the quality and amount of resin that is obtained from there plant. The factor that determines the amount and quality of the Agarwood is the extent of infection of the plant. This implies that, although the whole tree is cut down in order to obtain resin, only a smaller part of the tree is used in the extraction of resin. The low value white woods of the trees are the parts that are used for the extraction of resin. The parts, which are harvested from the plants, include the stems of the tree and the roots. The shorts logs of tree obtained from the Agarwood tree are split into smaller pieces, which are treated with agar wit to obtain resin. In addition, chromatographic techniques are also used in the extraction of various [products from the Agarwood. Agar oil is among the products, which is extracted from Agarwood and is of great economic value. Agar oil is extracted through various methods (Aktern& Neelim, 2008, p. 6). Extraction Agar Oil The oil from Agarwood is also referred as Oudh Oil, which is extracted from the plants using water distillation process. The extraction process can be divided into three stages. The first stage involves pre-treatment of the Agarwood. This involves soaking the small pieces of Agarwood in a suitable hydrogen concentration at an agitated speed. The size of the chips, solid liquid ration and the PH of the liquid affects the pre-treatment stage. The second stage involves the distillation stage in which the contents from the pre-treatment stage is passed through water steam at a given temperature and pressure. This is later passed to the last stage where the oil is extracted using the solvent process (Chen et al., 2011, p. 4886). Financial Information Costs According to Akter & Neelim (2008), In order to establish a plantation of Aquilaria, species there are different financial costs that are involved in order to make it successful. For example, the project is lily to spend money in order to acquire the seedlings and maintain then in the nurseries. The cost of the seedlings into project includes the costs of transporting the seedlings, preparing the land where the seedlings ware supposed to be planted. In addition, there is the need to budget for the costs of fertilizers and other compounds that are necessary in ensuring the survival of the seedlings in the planation. The labour costs in the project will include the costs of preparing the nurseries and plantation. It is also necessary to estimate the financial costs that will be incurred during the lifetime of the plantation for the period before the plantation will be able to give in returns from exportation of the raw materials in different countries. For example, of the lifetime of the plantation is estimated to be 15 years there is the need to calculate the cost of maintaining the plantation for the 15 years. Therefore, the project managers will conduct a feasibility analysis to evaluate the feasibility of the agar plantation to determine the administrative costs, maintenance costs and capital expenditure (Mamat et al., 2010, p, 163). Revenues The Aquilaria subintegra matures fully after 20 years but can start generating revenue as early as ten years. This means that the revenue will be calculated from a cycle of ten years of planting the plants. It is estimated that 60 Per cent of the trees that will be planted in the Agarwood plantation are likely to produce resin and other raw materials for making Agarwood products. It is estimated that one hector of land can accommodate 900 plants hence about 550 plats are able to produce resin. This means that one hectare is able to produce about 500 kilograms of Agarwood. The total estimation from the 50n hectares will be calculated and determined. It should be considered that Aquilaria plants produce different grades of Agarwood such as grade A, B and C. this implies that the revenue from the plantation depends on the grades produced from the plants. Grade A is the highly valued Agarwood while grade C is the less valued. Hence, the financial analysis from the plantation is able to determine the extent of returns from the project (Mamat et al., 2010, p. 166). Figure 1. tables showing items and estimated profits. International trade and target market for Agarwood The trade of Agarwood dates back in the thirteenth century in which India and Malaysia were the largest producers of Agarwood. In the year, 1997 there were around 7000 tons of Agarwood that was traded in the international trade. The Aquilaria plantation in Malaysia is targeting market in which Agarwood products are commonly used. The most targeted market is Taiwan. For a long time Taiwan has been the largest consumer of different species of Aquilaria products. Data from Taiwan’s customs statistic indicates that Taiwan market is among the largest consumers of different forms of Agarwood products. The products imported in Taiwan market include timber, Agarwood chips, and Agarwood oil. Between 1995 and 197 the Taiwan market was approximately 402 tons. These products originated from Malaysia. Indonesia, Colombia and Vietnam. The mostly imported species of Agarwood in Taiwan is Aquilaria malaccensis. However, there has been an increasing demand for other species o Agarwood making the country target market for Agarwood. In Taiwan, Agarwood is used to make perfumes and incense. The importers of Agarwood in Taiwan import it in order to manufacture incense sticks that are commonly used by Muslim in prayers and during religious functions. In addition, the Agarwood is used to manufacture incense that is used in traditional festivals and traditional ceremonies where they are believed to bring good luck and safety in the ceremonies. Taiwan also imports Agarwood in ode to make liquor products. These products are licensed by the Taiwan tobacco and liquor corporation. The liquor products include those recipes that contain Agarwood aromatic compounds and medicinal functions in the liquor products. Incense manufacturers on India also form a better target market for the Agarwood produced in Malaysia plantation. Akter & Neelim (2008) argues that Indians use Agarwood a one of the important ingredients in manufacturing of incense. Apart from India and china, Japanese are a target market for the importation of Agarwood for the production of incense. During ceremonies, Agarwood is cut into smaller pieces, which are called babibunsoku. These are used to produce different fragrances during ceremonies. This means that the Agarwood, which will be produced from the plantation in Malaysia, can be exported to the Japanese market where it is used to make babibunsoku. The global target market for Agarwood for the manufacture of perfumes includes India and china. According to Akter & Neelim (2008), Indians use Agarwood to manufacture Minyak attar, which is a water-based perfume that is rich in Agarwood oil. The perfumes that are made from Agarwood are not purely of Agarwood but instead contain alcoholic or non-alcoholic carriers. These perfumes are also used in making clothes fragrances and included in soaps that are used for toilet purposes. The different products that are made in japan that can attract the exportation of the Agarwood from Malaysia include different kind of fragrances and incense products namely Sho-kho, Naru-kho, and Sen-kho. According to Jensen (2007), there are different types of fragrances that are made from different types of Agarwood. These market are among the best market where the plantation famers in the proposed plantation. Targeted market, which buy or import Agarwood in order to make medicinal products include china, India and japan. Chinese traditional medicine recognizes the use of Agarwood for medicinal purposes especially the production of pharmaceutical tinctures and relive body pains. In these countries, Agarwood is combined with other ingredients to make concoctions that are used to relieve pain and cure various ailments of the body in human beings. In the international market, the price of Agarwood varies depending on the grade of the Agarwood produced by the country and also on the quality of the product (Akter & Neelim, 2008, p. 20). Fig. 2. Table showing different volumes and pices of agarwood However, there is no international standard that is used in the classification of Agarwood in the international market hence, each of the exporting countries have different grading systems before they export the Agarwood products. In most of these countries, the Agarwood is graded according to the concentration of resin. This implies that the higher the resin concentration, the better the quality of Agarwood. Agarwood beads are mostly used by those communities that practice Buddhism. This means that the target market for Agarwood beads will be those countries that have a large number of Buddhists. Agarwood beads are used by Buddhist for religious purposes. They are used in the making of rosary, which is mostly used in meditation and inner peace purposes. These countries include Taiwan, china, India and most of the Buddhism practising countries in the middle east (Compton, 2007, p. 56). Conclusion Aquilaria species ate well known for the production of resin products including Agarwood. The financial benefit that results from the plantation of Agarwood in different countries has resulted in the exploitation of these plants for the production of different Agarwood products. The continued exploitation of the Aquilaria plants has resulted into its decreasing population in the world. In addition, the uncontrolled harvesting of the Aquilaria plants has also contributed to its rapid declining in the Aquilaria growing nations. This has resulted into the scarcity of the Agarwood as a raw material for the production of different Agarwood end products. In fact, among the different species of Aquilaria, about six of the species are threatened with extinction. This means that there is the need to initiate projects that will ensure a continued supply of Agarwood raw material in the importing nations so as to continue enjoying the benefits of the Agarwood. Agar wood production has been practiced in Malaysia with other species of Agarwood apart from Aquilaria subintegra. However, the different species of agrawood in the country is endangered with its continued use for different purposes. This means that the trees for the production of different products from Agarwood are becoming costly and the rarity of the agarwwod is due to the high costs of the aqarwood in the country and its continued depletion by the community. The production of Agarwood from Aquilaria species results from pathological, wounding and non-pathological processes. This is because the formation of resin in Aquilaria species is due to the infection of the plant by diseases and pests. This means that the resin, which is the most important compound from the Aquilaria plant, is produced in response to diseases infection. In Malaysia, the most commonly grown Aquilaria species is Aquilaria malaccensis. The current project proposed the planting of Aquilaria subintegra plantation in Malaysia in ode to increase the exportation of the Agarwood in the international market. In order to ensure quality production of Agarwood, the project will include the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia so as to get the best agar seedling and management practices. The targeted market for the Agarwood produced include Taiwan, India, japan and china which use the Agarwood in production of different products including perfumes, incense, and for medicinal purposes. References Akter, N., & Neelim, A 2008. Agarwood Plantation at BRAC Tea Estate: Introduction, Environmental Factors and Financial Analysis, BRAC Research Report, pp. 1-23. Chen, H.; Yang, Y.; Xue, J.; Wei, J.; Zhang, Z 2011. Comparison of compositions and antimicrobial activities of essential oils from chemically stimulated agarwood, wild agarwood and healthy Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) gilg trees. Molecules, vol.16, 4884–4896. Compton J. (2007). Trade Matters: Regulating a Legal and Sustainable Agarwood Industry. Conference Booklet. Second International Agarwood Conference and Workshop. Bangkok and Koh Chang, Thailand. Compton, J 2004. Final Draft Report to FAO TCP/PNG/2901, Eaglewood Management Project. TRAFFIC, Southeast Asia. Hilton-Taylor, C 2002. 2002 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Jensen, A 2007. Ecological, socio-economic and trade aspects of conservation of Aquilariaspp. and agarwood in Lao P.D.R. Conference Booklet. Second International Agarwood Conference and Workshop. Bangkok and Koh Chang, Thailand. Liu, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, Z., Wei, J., Meng, H., Chen, W., Feng, J., Gan, B., Chen, X., Gao, Z., Huang, J., Chen, B., & Chen, H 2013. Whole-tree Agarwood-Inducing Technique: An Efficient Novel Technique for Producing High-Quality Agarwood in Cultivated Aquilaria sinensis Trees. Molecules, 18, pp. 3086-3106. Mamat, M., Yacob, M., Fui, L., & Rdam, A 2010. Costs and Benefits Analysis of Aquilaria Species on Plantation for Agarwood Production in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 162-174 Persoon, G.A 2007. Agarwood: the life of a wounded tree. IIAS Newslett, vol.45, pp.24–25. Soehartono, T., & Newton, A 2000. Conservation and sustainable use of tropical trees in the genus Aquilaria I. Status and Distribution in Indonesia. Biological Conservation, vol.96, pp.83-94. Read More