Biomonitoring for Implications of the Presence of a Significant Pollutant - Assignment Example

Name: Instructor: Course/Class: Date: Question one a) The Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) is define as the underlying lowest tested concentration at which corresponding statistical significant effect is normally observed within the exposed population as compared to a suitable control group. Conversely, IC50 is defined as the median inhibitory concentration 1. The IC50 is at 50% inhibition of the underlying biological variations of interest within the toxicity test and LOEC of copper sulphate is at 10%. b) Preliminary conclusion approximates the concentration to a specified small percent inhibition of 10% that is mainly determined via interpolation. Moreover, the 10% inhibition in development is reasonable point of demarcation amidst acceptable and unacceptable effects. It can be improved by utilization of the regression analysis in estimation of the concentration to 50% inhibition. c) The method offer a relatively representative assessment of effluent toxicity, DO concentrations can easily be controlled and maintained within the test chambers and elevated loading rates. Conversely, it has several disadvantages such as massive quantity of the effluent and dilution water are demanded and it also required complex test equipment Question two a) Biomarker is a cellular, body fluid, muscle, physiological or biochemical alteration within the extant persons that is utilized quantitatively during bio monitoring for implications of the presence of a significant pollutant as well as an early system warning of imminent effets. Two main biomarkers are health biomarker and Exposure biomarker. Health biomarker is normally very sensitive to chemical stress and is indisputably connected to the Darwinian fitness of the organism. Conversely, Exposure biomarker is both delicate and precise to the underlying exposure by either a sole chemical or group of chemicals. b) A hazard is anything that results to harm and in this case study is the chemical trenbolone, which contain androgenic properties and corresponding trace metal copper. Conversely, risk is the probability that the hazard in this case study the chemical trenbolone will cause to the endemic fish populations Question three a) Zinc and silver have diverse effect on the corresponding growth/health of living organisms sin they allow the comparison of the responses amidst different cell preparations over time and laboratory. Question four a) Bioavailability is define as the gradation and rate at which any substance particularly drug is absorbed into the prevailing living system or made available at the underlying site of the physiological activity. It is the maximum quantity of drug that is capable to be absorbed into the body and how swift that prevailing quantity becomes available to the body. Bioavailability aids in standardization and facilitation of comparison of test results of the soil types. Soil type notion is significant in determination of the toxicity of chemicals with the slight escalation of the concept of bioavailability. Only the proportion of entire quantity of chemical within the soil available for uptake by the underlying organism is normally relevance for the risk assessment. Thus, bioavailability aids in the determination of the chemical partitioning of chemicals within the exposure medium coupled with pore-water concentrations. b) Eisenia fetida is the most widely utilized soil invertebrate species in toxicity testing. Thus, it is conventional protocols for the critical and reproductive endpoints. It is also capable of breeding eagerly in culture as compared to other soil invertebrates. Eisenia fetida is also large thus easy to handle. Conversely, it normally demands a pH that range from 6.0 to 7.6 for reproduction that is cumbersome to achieve. Moreover, in chronic studies, numerous grams of the underlying food must be added to the prevailing test to permit the worms to live and reproduce, which possibly affect the soil organic matter content of the soil. This alters the bioavailability of the test compound within the soil. c) The LogKow program approximates the underlying log octanol/ water partition coefficient of the prevailing organic chemicals utilizing an atom contribution method developed at the SRC. The octanol-water partition coefficient is typically a physical property utilized extensively to the description of a chemical’s lipophilic and hydrophobic properties. The underlying ratio of a chemical’s concentration within the octanol- phase to its corresponding concentration within the aqueous phase of the two phase system at equilibrium. Because of the existing values range, the logarithms are commonly utilized. The Log P is normally a fundamental parameter within the numerous quantitative structure activity association that create pharmaceutical,biochemical,toxicological and environmental science Question five Part A Half-life of radioisotope is the time that one half of the atoms take within a radioactive sample to decay. Part B I. Ecotoxicology entails the study of toxic chemicals on the underlying biological organisms in the ecosystem. Its ultimate goal is to predict the impacts of oil spill pollution on the aquatic organisms thus initiating efficient and effective actions to remediate any detrimental impacts. Moreover, in the ecosystems such as oil spillage in the sea, ecotoxicology inform the effective action to restore the ecosystem of the sea services by integrating the impacts of the stressors across the entire prevailing levels of the biological organization from the underlying molecular to the corresponding communities and ecosystem. II. I would take immediate measures to stop spreading on oil within the ocean. Employees ought to place booms around the prevailing tank that is spilling oil. Booms would assist in gathering of the oil off the water. I would also place booms at the entrance of the ocean such as stream and around the seal colonies and seabirds nearby. These booms will aid in absorbing oil any existing oil that might flow around the animals. I would also employ skimmers to remove the oil off the water. Sorbents which are spongy can be utilized in collecting the oil. Moreover, airplane would be administered to drop chemicals to break down the underlying oil in the sea. Burning of the fleshy spilled oil with the existing fireproof booms that have the oil. Employees may also use either high or low pressure hoses to buttonhole the oil that is on the beaches. The vacuum trucks might also be used to shovel and gather oil off the beaches. Nevertheless, the method applied in cleaning of the oceans relies on the weather, type and the quantity of the oil spilled. It also rely on the type of sea animals within the location III. There will be immediate measures to stop spreading on oil within the ocean. Place booms around the prevailing tank that is spilling oil to aid in collecting oil off the water. Place booms at the entrance of the ocean and around the seal colonies and seabirds to aid in absorbing oil any existing oil that might flow around the animals. Skimmers would be employed to remove the oil off the water with Sorbents in collecting the oil. Moreover, airplane would be administered to drop chemicals to break down the underlying oil in the sea. Burning of the fleshy spilled oil with the existing fireproof booms that have the oil. Seal colonies and seabirds would be cleaned after the oil spill by taking them to cleaning center. Oil would be flushed from the eyes and intestines of the seabirds. There would be also assessment of their broken bones and cuts. They would then be subjected to stomach-coating medicine to avoid more oil from entering stomachs. This will be followed by warming and placing them in a serene place Sea otters must also be taken to the prevailing cleaning facility and washed by warm water to break down the oils then given medications. They would then be felt to dry. After drying they are examined to make sure that they are free from maladies and broken bones. Question six a) Biomagnification is the process of escalating concentration of toxic chemical within the tissues of the organism at sequentially elevated levels within the underlying food chain. It normally makes animals at the higher level of food chain to suffer from the tenacious toxin than the corresponding animals in the lower levels. The examples of chemical that demonstrate biomagnification process are tenacious organochloride insecticides and their corresponding metabolites collecting up a food chain. b) i) Atrazine is a renowned discerning systemic triazine herbicide which is utilized as a pre- and post-emergence herbicide for the grass and corresponding broadleaf weeds within the sorghum, maize, and sugarcane crops. Atrazine is also utilized in the creation of pine and eucalypt plantations and on the underlying triazine-tolerant canola crops. Atrazine possess relatively lower acute toxicity, nevertheless, lofty acute toxicity has been ascribed to the metabolites of atrazine particularly within the female animals. The underlying acute toxicity of desethyl- and desisopropylatrazine is twice whilst the severe toxicity of diaminochlorotriazine (DACT) and hydroxyatrazine. It is associated with cause of tumor and cancer that major concern by the public health effect and Environmental Protection Agency ii) Agent Orange is found in the dioxin family together with TCDD which is extremely toxic compound. It is formed as a byproduct of waste incineration, paper, chemical and pesticide manufacturing that are very toxic. Thus, the public health effect of the underlying dioxin in regard to the Environmental Protection Agency normally compares it to the pesticide DDT because it is the promoter of liver and corresponding skin cancer. c) The major examples of generation pesticides are Chlorinated hydrocarbons and Organophosphates. They have diverse properties that are they are persistent and capable of breaking down thus do not bioacummulate. Moreover, their underlying toxicity to underlying mammals fluctuates amidst the insecticides. Question seven .a) The Microtox® Basic Test is utilized in measuring of the toxicity within influent streams and the corresponding in-plant process streams, in which the underlying toxicity levels are relatively enough for computations of the EC50’s. Moreover, the Microdot® Comparison Test is utilized for effluents in which the toxicity prevailing levels of computations of the EC50’s. With the underlying baselines and corresponding toxicity variations is determined, it is conceivable to associate influent and effluent variations, pinpoint sources of the toxicity and development of practical methods to deal with such conditions. Subsequent to the treatment system is characterized and improved, frequently scheduled Microtox® Comparison Tests or ought to be performed to increase assurance that the eventual effluent will pass supervisory compliance test. b) The Microtox test is capable of monitoring discharges from offshore installations at source. It also offer essential screening tool for gaining comprehension of the underlying toxic interactions of the prevailing oilfield chemicals that is utilized in the mixture of oil and gas activities. Moreover, the basis of laboratory studies of Microtox test is utilized in monitoring performance of packages designed to offer antimicrobial guard. The Microtox test is relatively swift, simple and affordable thus appropriate for a quality control of chemical before the utilization in the offshore. Conversely, Microtox test can only be utilized where offshore fittings with limited space, facilities and mechanical maintenance. Thus, it cannot be used in larger space in determination of marine toxicity test processes. c) In case of the toxicity, the Council would consider installing attractive system of offshore having limited space, facilities and practical maintenance that are capable of marine toxicity test processes. Question eight a) Red tides, violent storm, flooding and blooms normally render seafood unsecure to consume, even though it is cumbersome to tell the whether a particular batch harbors toxins results to the food poisoning. Coral trout and shellfish were thus the source of the illness of the customers. This is because shellfish normally accumulate single-celled marine creatures commonly known as dinoflagellates within their digestive system. Dinoflagellates produce dangerous toxins that might have resulted to the nausea, headaches and convulsions of the customers. b) The diners could sue the owner of the restaurant because they decided to prepare them coral trout and shellfish that we caught during the flood and red tides. So they might have been aware of the effect of such food. The restaurant could have tested the shellfish to determine whether they contain any toxic. c) The owner of the restaurant could have tested the food prior to cooking them via utilizing a new kind of marker by the San Diego, a chemist in University of California. The marker makes it easier to detect the level of toxins in the food. Nevertheless, they could not do it frequently since they didn’t have the new marker. Read More