Assessment for Urinary System - Assignment Example

Assessment Assessment for Urinary System Describe the structure of the kidney and identify the roles of the component parts (2.2) Kidney is themajor part of human urinary system. The functional unit of kidney is nephron. Human kidney consists of the following components: Nephron: It is the functional unit of human urinary system. It consists of glomerulus present in a cup like structure known as Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct (MARIEB, 2006). . Apart from this, there is a vasa recta that particularly supplies the loop of Henle. Nephron produces and helps in the formation of urine. Renal Cortex: It forms the outer part of the kidney and mainly consists of cortical nephrons those ultra-filters the blood and forms urine. Renal Pyramids: They form the outer section of the medulla of the kidney. The base of the pyramids is towards the cortex and the apex is towards the renal pelvis. It contains the juxta-medullary nephron. It also helps in the urine formation. Renal papillae: It is present at the apex of the pyramids. It furthers helps in the passage of the urine formed and transports it to the renal pelvis. Renal columns: These are the spaces present between the renal pyramids. Minor and major calyx: The structure leading the renal papillae is the minor calyx and after it, major calyx is present. A kidney contains 8-12 calyxes. It helps in the transport of the urine from the filtering portion of the kidney towards the collecting part of the kidney. Renal pelvis: When major calyxes combine they form renal pelvis. It is the major collecting portion of the kidney. Here, all the urine formed is collected so that it may be passed to the ureter. Ureter: The out flow tract of the kidney by which the urine is transported to the bladder is called as ureter. Ureter is the first tube of human urinary system (GANONG, 2005). (2) Illustrate and describe the gross anatomy of the urinary system. (2.1 ) Human urinary system is the excretory system. Grossly, it consists of the following structural components: Kidneys: A pair of bean shaped kidneys is situated retroperitoneal, supported by fat. The right kidney is slightly at the lower level as compared to the left kidney. The convex surface of the kidneys is towards the lateral sides of the body whereas the concave part which contains the hilum is towards the medical part of body facing each other. Small triangular and crescent shaped adrenal glands are present at the upper poles of the kidney. Renal artery, renal vein and ureters are the structures that pass through the hilum of the kidney. Ureters: Ureter are the this tubes that runs from each kidney and starts from the hilum and goes down towards the bladder and enters the bladder from the posterior surface. Ureters are the thin tubes that help in the passage of urine form the site of formation to the site of storage. There are certain curves in the ureter for the easy flow of the urine and also the passage of the other structures passing nearby. Bladder: A contractile bag like structure called as bladder is present in the lower abdomen, anteriorly superior to the uterus in females. It is the storage hub of urine in the human urinary system. It is a flexible bag and the major muscle of contraction is detrusor muscle. A smooth triangular area is present on the posterior surface known as area of trigon. There is a sphincter at the lower end which controls the out flow of the urine and open when desired and also helps to prevent the regurgitation of the urine in the bladder after micturition. Urethra: Urine from the bladder is excreted out from the body by the help of urethras which is shorter in females and longer in males. At the neck of bladder, prostate gland is present in males. (3) Illustrate and add an account of the ‘mechanics ‘of actions of the tubular system. (2.3). Tubular system of the kidneys consists of the nephron tubules. These are proximal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules. To illustrate the mechanics of this tubular system, have a look of this figure: Blood enters from the afferent arterioles and leaves the glomerulus after filtration through efferent arterioles. The loop of Henle have an additional supply of blood vessels called as vasa recta from which further exchange of the salts takes place. Tubular system plays role after the filtration of salts, ions and urea from the blood. The tubules play the following roles: Proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs the required nutrients and substances mainly potassium ion, NaCl, amino acids, bicarbonate ions, glucose and water. Secretion of hydrogen ions, uric acid and drugs occur at PCT. Uric acid and drugs are excreted by secretion into the tubules rather than the filtration in the glomerulus. Loop of Henle controls the concentration of urine. Distal convoluted tubule: regulates the concentration of the sodium, potassium and maintains the pH of the body by reabsorbing bicarbonate ions, hydrogen ions, NaCl and water. Here potassium and hydrogen ions are also secreted (TORTORA & GRABOWSKI, 2003). Collecting duct regulates water content and sodium by reabsorption. (4) Describe the role of the Kidney in the balance of water, salt and pH (1.2) Kidney helps in the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. Water balance is achieved by simply intake of the water by food and drinks. Consumption of salt and water is by the behavioral mechanism of thirst and salt cravings. Water excretion is directly controlled by the hormone called as anti-diuretic hormone or ADH. This hormone acts only when there is a need of water retention. Salt balance is also by the dietary intake of salts whereas the hormonal balance of salts is by aldosterone. During hot weather, there is a requirement of water retention and excretion of salts; here the ADH is released that acts on the tubules for the water absorption. Meanwhile, the secretion of aldosterone is inhibited so that less sodium is absorbed and more is excreted to reduce the salt content of the body. In this way, concentrated urine is produced and vice versa for the cold weather. pH of the body is maintained by the appropriate secretion of the ions like sodium ion, bicarbonate ions and etc. This is mainly by the major buffers of the body for example the bicarbonate buffer. (5) How has medical technology contributed towards kidney replacement? (2.4 Kidney is the outdoor of the body that helps in the release of many harmful agents of the body. But there are many pathologies of the kidney that compromises this precious function of the kidney leading to renal failure. This is a very critical condition of the patient that immediately requires dialysis in which the nitrogenous wastes are removed from the body. But this is a temporary management of the failure. There used to be no cure for this condition. Medical technology then introduce the kidney transplant technique in which donor’s matched kidney is introduced into the recipient’s body by compromising the immune system of the recipient. This is the only permanent cure of the end kidney failure. So, medical technique has really helped in curing this hopeless condition. (6) Describe the process of homeostasis systems and negative feedback. (1.1). Homeostasis is the maintenance of internal environment of the human body from the harms and fluctuations in the external environment. Kidney plays major role in the homeostasis of the body. The process of the homeostasis consists of: Sensor: it is the function of the sensor to detect the change in the external environment. It is one mainly the senses. Control center: The control of optimum internal environment is the responsibility of the control center. Any change reported by the sensor to the control center is then interpreted by the control center and further orders are generated to maintain the constant internal environment. The control centers are mainly the brain and spinal cord. Effectors: they are the outputs of this system. They obey the orders by the control centers and it mainly includes the glands and the muscles. Homeostatic systems are mainly by the negative and positive feedback. 1. Negative feedback is the system which causes the variable to change in the opposite direction to initial position and to the set point. 2. Positive feedback causes increase in the variable to produce an amplified product. Negative feedback is the most common process in the homeostasis of the body. This is explained by the diagram: Control of body temperature, fluid electrolyte balance, body fluid balance and many other are maintained by the homeostasis. (7) Describe the effect that varying the amounts of sodium and potassium have on the internal environment of the body on a cellular level. How does the body exhibit control of these substances through feedback of symptoms in other body systems? (1.3) Conduction of a nerve impulse is mainly by the ion exchange. Sodium and potassium ions play the major roles in this conduction at cellular level. The voltage across the membrane at resting and conducting time is only because of the change in the concentration of potassium and sodium ions present inside and outside the cell. Decrease in the concentration of these ions leads to abnormal or simply no nerve conduction, no muscle contraction, and no cardiac impulse conduction. To treat this condition, urgently intravenous supply of potassium and salts is introduced to meet the need. These ions also play major role in depolarization and repolarization of the cells, nerves and the cardiac muscle fibers. And without this, there will be malfunctioning of the organs that leads to serious effect. Hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia and hyperkalemia are the major conditions that leads homeostatic disturbances, hypo and hypertension and heart conduction abnormalities along with the muscular and nerve conduction defects (MARTINI & OBER, 2006). . (8) If a sample of urine was from a diabetic, what would be detected in the urine in comparison to normal levels? Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which body is unable to control and maintain the normal glycemic requirement of the body and Diabetic nephropathy is one of the three major complications that occurs in one third of all the diabetic persons. Diabetic urine contains three major components that are absent in the urine of a normal human being. These three constituents are: Sugars Proteins Ketone bodies All these above mentioned diabetic urine constituents are absent in the normal urine analysis. Diabetics are predisposed to urinary tract infection specially the females, so there may be increased white blood cells or pus cells in the urine of a diabetic as compared to the normal urine analysis (THIBODEAU & PATTON, 2003). . (9) Interpret the results of urine tests by applying reasoned anatomical and physiological knowledge. The interpretation is a followed: Presenting factors Normal urine indicators If present what would this be an indicator of? Colour Straw coloured liquid E.g. Colour of the urine may changes. For example if the sample was dark amber it would indicate jaundice or any liver problem. If the sample was clear or cloudy, it would indicate WBCs, pus cells, bacteria, fat, digestive fluids and many more. If the sample was red it would indicate haematuria and RBC in the urine. Odour Slight odour Foul smelling in urinary tract infection Fruity odour in DM, ketosis, starvation. Maple syrup urine disease Protein ≤150 mg/d Increase may shows kidney stones, inflammation of the renal structure, renal failure, degenerative kidney disease, multiple tumours. pH 4.5-8.0 Greater than 7 shows Fanconi’s syndrome, urinary tract infection, metabolic or respiratory alkalosis. Below 7 is fever, PKU and acidosis. Glucose ≤130 mg/d High sugar shows diabetes mellitus, Cushing syndrome, impaired tubular reabsorption, shock, cancer. Specific Gravity 1.0005-1.035 mg/dl Low specific gravity in diabetes insipidus, acute tubular necrosis, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis. High specific gravity in shock, nephrotic syndrome, dehydration, liver disease, congestive heart failure. Ketones Absent Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, prolonged diarrhoea, vomiting Leukocytes Negative Infection of the urinary tract and others. ReferencesTop of Form MARIEB, E. N. (2006). Essentials of human anatomy & physiology. San Francisco, Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. Top of Form TORTORA, G. J., & GRABOWSKI, S. R. (2003). Principles of anatomy and physiology. New York, Wiley. Top of Form GANONG, W. F. (2005). Review of medical physiology. New York, McGraw-Hill Medical. Top of Form MARTINI, F., & OBER, W. C. (2006). Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology. San Francisco, CA, Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Top of Form THIBODEAU, G. A., & PATTON, K. T. (2003). Anatomy & physiology. St. Louis, Mo, Mosby. Bottom of Form Bottom of Form Bottom of Form Bottom of Form Bottom of Form Read More