Human Reproductive Biology Question - Assignment Example

Human Reproductive Biology Question Assignment Question The abnormalities or defects that a child might be born with can either be structural developmental or functional. The good examples of birth defects include Autism, Down syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome (Kids health 1). Consequently, there has been no documented cause of Autism but it is believed to be caused by the abnormality in the brain function or its structure. Moreover, the Down syndrome is caused, and the fragile X syndrome is cause genetic variability and the environmental factors like toxins. Children affected with fragile x syndrome have god prominent foreheads (Kids health 1). Autism affects children and makes them disinterested playing certain games and communication and learning problems. The tests available for screening include Blood test. On Autism, there is no medical test for autism and only physicians can determine the signs related to the abnormality. Additionally, down syndrome can be diagnosed through screening and diagnostic tests. Finally, the Fragile X syndrome can be diagnosed through The FMR1 DNA Test. Question 2 There are several factors that bring about infertility and include ovulation disorders and defects in the womb and fallopian tubes in women and infertility in men (NHS Choices 1). Ovulation problems can be treated. The treatment includes ovulation induction with clomid and other fertility drugs (NHS Choices 1). In men, infertility can be cured through treatment of any infections on the sperm ducts. Question 3 The Birth control methods include the Oral contraception Pills, use of Condoms and contraceptive injection. The Mini pills are about 95% effective if used well but are less effective than other birth control methods (Web MD 1). The major advantages of contraceptive pills include; they are the most effective reversible contraceptives, they regulate well the menstrual cycle, they reduce the menstrual cramps, decrease risk of the iron deficiency anemia, prevent the occurrence ectopic pregnancy (Web MD 1). The disadvantages of Mini Pills include; Heart attack, High blood pressure, depression, headaches, and decreased ability to have orgasms. Oral pills do not offer any protection to STDS. The other birth control method is the use of Condoms. If used properly they, are more effective, they help prevent pregnancy and STDS. They are also effective to use for unplanned sex, and there are no medical side effects on the use of condoms. The main disadvantages of condoms they cause allergies in some people and condoms may split if not used properly. They also offer protection against STDS. Injection is effective if used well, only used once after 12 weeks, safe to use while breast-feeding. The disadvantages include interrupted periods and weight gains. They do not offer protection to pregnancy (NHS Choices 1). Question 4 Sexually transmitted diseases include HIV and Aids, Syphilis, Gonorrhea. The immediate Symptoms for HIV and Aids include flu like symptoms and swollen glands. However, serious symptoms may not appear until years later. On the other hand, the symptoms of syphilis include painless sore on that may appear and disappear (Mediline Plus 1). It also causes swelling on the nearby lympnodes. Gonorrhea has varied symptoms in men and women. In men, they cause a painful urination while in women they cause increased discharch from the vagina, discharge between periods and pain during urination (Mediline Plus 1). To date, Aids has no cure but there are medications that reduce Aids related complications. Gonorrhea can be treated using antibiotics. Furthermore, syphilis is treated using penicillin injection (Mediline Plus 1). Sexually transmitted diseases can be prevented by avoiding sex vaccination and proper medical treatment. Question 5 The path taken by sperm in the human body is a well defined process. The process of sperm production begins in some ducts known as seminiferous tubules. In the tubules, a number of stages take place. Specifically, the process of sperm production occurs in the lower parts of the tubules (Raj 1). In the process, sperm, that are being generated, are offered nourishment as well as protection from the body immune system. Once mature, sperm moves to the upper region of the tubules (Raj 1). From this region, immature sperms move into the epididymis. The region plays a significant role in sperm formation. It acts as a storage area as well us completion of sperm development. Hence, sperm in this region are completely mature. Afterwards, sperm moves into vas deferens and later into the ejaculatory duct. However, before ejaculation, a number of changes take place. The seminal vesicles and prostrate gland secrets fluids into the back of urethra (Raj 1). Secretions play a significant role. Secretion from vas deferens and prostate provide nutrients essential to the seminal fluid. Moreover, seminal vesicle provides nourishments and crucial substances for the sperm such as fructose. Finally, the ejaculates leave the system through urethra through a series of mechanism (Raj 1). Question 6 There are phenomenal things that take place from fertilization to birth. After the fertilization, a number of changes begin to occur. First, the egg or known as a zygote begins to undergo division as it moves along the fallopian tube on its way to the uterus for implant. In the first four weeks, fetal growth is evident (DeVault 1). There is development of spinal cord, sensory system, food system, as well as heart and lungs. In the 8th week, facial forms are evident, arms and legs are active, and crucial organs in the body begin to function. In the 12th week, the fetus is about three inches long and weighs about 1 ounce. At this time, there is finger and toes movement as well as some expressions. It is also possible to determine the sex of the baby at this time (DeVault 1). In the second trimester, a number of changes are also evident. In this time, the baby kicks. A heartbeat is also evident and can be heard with a stethoscope. There is also the development of hair, eyelashes and eyebrows (DeVault 1). There are further changes in the third trimester. At 28 weeks, the fetus is vigorous and breathing activities occurs (DeVault 1). By 36 week, the baby size increases to about 19 inches and weight rise to about 6 pounds (DeVault 1). However, the rate of activity reduces as the fetus gains immunity from mother. The last process involves birth. Question 7 Pregnancy has a profound impact on mother’s body. One of the common changes that are evident is acquiring of weight. The weight gain is also likely to trigger retention of fluid and lead to swelling of limbs and other areas such as face (Krucik 1). Various physiological changes also occur in the body. Some of changes are hair loss. Moreover, hair growth may occur to others areas such as face. There are also significant changes in the breast. Mostly, the areola is darkened (Krucik 1). Breasts may also show increased softness and feeling (Krucik 1). There are also changes observed in the cervix. There is thickening of tissues in the cervix and increase in firmness (Krucik 1). Majority also experiences a change in the skin pigmentation and appearance. Question 8 Breastfeeding has been shown crucial to the baby and mother. Breast-feeding helps the baby in various ways. Breastfed babies are offered protection from various diseases such as diarrhea, ear infections, and constipation. Such babies have also been shown to have a low probability of developing type 2 diabetes, as well as eczema (NHS1). Breastfeeding is also beneficial to the mother. It lowers the risk of getting some cancers such as breast cancer. Moreover, it helps in increasing social interaction between mother and child (NHS 1). Question 9 In this class, I have learned a number of things. First, I have learned that hormones play a significant role in the body. Secondly, I have learnt that reproductive organs play a significant role in human survival. I have also gained insight into challenges that occur in the reproduction process in human. Question 10 I believe nothing was omitted in class as we covered human reproduction. All the eras were covered well in class. Just a little emphasis on reproduction can be done in women. Question 11 There are various options for pin control during delivery. One of the options is an epidural block. It helps in lowering pain in lower body without any effect to labor (Mayo Clinic Staff 1). It can also be used continuously in the labor process. However, it can cause an effect on one side of the body in comparison to the other (Mayo Clinic Staff 1). The other is spinal block. The advantage is that it provides complete pain relief and has no effect on the baby. However, the challenge is that it may cause a decrease in blood pressure. It also leads to discomfort. The other is the use of narcotics. The pros are that it decrease pain perception and promote rest (Mayo Clinic Staff 1). The disadvantage is that it does not provide complete reprieve to pain. It may also lead to distress to baby and mother (Mayo Clinic Staff 1). Works Cited DeVault, Norma. “Stages of Baby Development From Conception to Birth.” Livestrong.com. Web. 15 January 2014. < http://www.livestrong.com/article/200966-stages-of-baby-development-from-conception-to-birth/>. E Med Experts. Birth Control Pills Advantages and Disadvantages. Emedexpert.com. Web16th Jan 2015. Web.16 Jan 2015. . Healthline. Syphilis. Healthline.com. Web.16th January 2014.. Kids health. Birth Defects. Kidshealth.org. Web. 16 January 2015. Krucik, George. “What Bodily Changes Can You Expect During Pregnancy?” Healthline.com. Web. 15 January 2014. < http://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/bodily-changes-during#HormonalChanges1>. Mayo Clinic Staff. “Labor and delivery: Pain medications.” Mayoclinic.org. Web. 15 January 2014. < http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/labor-and-delivery/in-depth/labor-and-delivery/art-20049326>. Mediline Plus. Trusted Health Information for you. Nih.gov. Web. 16 Jan 2015. < http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gonorrhea.html>. NHS Choices. Condoms. Nhs.uk. Web 16th Jan 2015. < http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception-guide/pages/male-condoms.aspx>. NHS Choices. Gonorrhea Treatment. Nhs.uk. Web 16th Jan 2015. < http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Gonorrhoea/Pages/Treatmentpg.aspx>. NHS. “Pregnancy and Baby.” Nhs.uk. Web. 15 January 2014. < http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/why-breastfeed.aspx#close>. Raj. “Normal Process of Sperm Development.” Mtaccstudent.com. Web. 15 January 2014. < http://www.mtaccstudent.com/Articles2/Sperm%20Development%20-%20male%20reproductive.htm>. UCSF Medical Centre. Aids Treatment. Ucsfhealth.org. Web 16 Jan 2015. http://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/aids/treatment.html. WebMD. Birth Control Pills. Birth Control Health Centre. Webmd.com. Web16 Jan 2015. . Read More