10 Medical Article summaries - Assignment Example

?Staphylococcus Aureus: They are facultative anaerobic bacteria and are usually found as commercials. Staphylococci are gram positive bacteria that are spherical in shape and are arranged in irregular grape like clusters. They have the ability to grow in many types of media under aerobic atmosphere. It is usually present in the normal flora of skin and mucous membrane of the oral cavity .It is also a member of the respiratory tract. It has been observed that it can ferment carbohydrates producing light yellow pigments. Staphylococcus infections are very common among humans .Its severity can range from minor food poisoning or skin infections to life threatening infections such as septicemia. It can easily invade breached skin or tissues causing infection. Staphylococcus aureus infections are responsible for causing a number of inflammatory diseases in humans. It has also known to cause food poisoning and skin infections. BhakdiS, Tranum-Jensen J. Alpha-toxin of Staphylococcus aureus.Microbiol Rev. 1991; 55:733.  [PubMed] Entamoeba Histolytica is a dysentery causing protozoan parasite that spreads by the fecal oral spread. Amebae invade the crypts of colonic glands and burrow down into the sub mucosa. The organisms then fan out laterally to create a flask shaped ulcer having a very little infiltrate within it. In about 40% of patients with amoebic dysentery parasites penetrate portal vessels and embolize to the liver to produce solitary or less often multiple discrete hepatic abscesses. Some patients may present with amebic liver abscesses without a clinical history of dysentery and with intestinal lesions a scant inflammatory reaction is present at the margin. Occasionally amoebic abscesses bare encountered in lung, heart, kidney and even brain. Some abscesses remain long after the acute illness has passed. Nitroimidazole Action in Entamoeba histolytica: A Central Role for Thioredoxin Reductase. Cholangitis is the term used for acute inflammation of the wall of bile ducts, almost always due to bacterial infection of the normally sterile lumen. It can result from any lesion obstructing bile flow, most commonly choledocholithiasis .Other causes include tumors, indwelling stents or catheters. The bacteria most likely enter the biliary tract through the sphincter of Oddi. Ascending cholangitis indicate the presence of bacteria in the biliary tree and these bacteria usually belong to gram negative aerobes such as Klebsiella, Clostridium and bactericides etc. Cholangitis usually produce fever, chill, abdominal pain and jaundice. Its most severe form is suppurative cholangitis, in which purulent bile fills and distends bile ducts. Because sepsis is the dominant risk in cholangitis patients prompt diagnosis and intervention are imperative. Keith D. Lindor, M.D. for the Mayo Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis–Ursodeoxycholic Acid Study Group N Engl J Med 1997. Escherichia Coli: Acute bacterial prostatitis is caused by Escherichia coli and other gram negative rods. In these cases organisms may reach the prostate by direct extension from the urethra or urinary bladder or by vascular channels from more distant sites .Chronic prostatitis may follow obvious episodes of acute prostatitis or it may develop insidiously without previous episodes of acute infection. In some cases of chronic prostatitis bacteria similar to those responsible for acute bacterial prostatitis can be isolated. Such cases are designated as chronic bacterial prostatitis. Iran J Microbiol. 2012 September; 4(3): 102–117. Treponema Pallidum are spirochete that cause syphilis. It is a fastidious spirochete whose only natural hosts are humans. The usual source of infection is an active cutaneous or mucosal lesion in the patient at an early stage of syphilis. The organism is transmitted from such lesions during sexual intercourse across minute breaks in the skin or mucous membranes of the uninfected partner. In cases of congenital syphilis T. Palladium is transmitted across the placenta from mother to fetus, particularly during the early stages of maternal infection and once introduced into the body the organisms are rapidly disseminated to distant sites by lymphatic and the blood stream. Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2007) 127, 2345–2350; doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700888; published online 7 June 2007 Salmonellosis is the proper word used for infection caused by salmonella bacteria and is the most common foodborne illnesses. Food poisoning which is a form of acute gastro enteritis is the most common infection that affects people widely all over the world and according to FDA estimates around 400 deaths occur per year due to food poisoning and the cases that have been reported are around 2 to 4 million. There is currently no vaccine available for salmonella infection but antibiotics and consumptions of fluid to prevent dehydration are the main line of treatment. Epidemiology of Seafood-Associated Infections in the United StatesClin. Microbiol. Rev. April 2010 23:2 399-411 N. Gonorrhea provides an intense suppurative inflammatory reaction. In males it is manifested most often as a purulent urethral discharge, associated with an edematous congested urethral meatus .Gram negative diplococcic many within the cytoplasm of neutrophils are readily identified in gram stains of purulent exudate. Ascending infection results in the development of acute prostatitis epididymitis and sometimes orchitis. Abscesses may complicate severe cases. Urethral and endocervical exudates tend to be less conspicuous in females although acute inflammation of adjacent structures such as Bartholin’s gland is fairly common. Braz. J. Microbial. vol.38 no.2 Sao Paulo Apr. /June 2007 Human Papillomavirus Infection is the cause of a number of proliferations in the genital tract including condyloma acuminate, some precancerous lesions and some carcinomas. In males condyloma acuminate usually occur on the coronal sulcus or inner surface of the prepuce, where they range from small to large papillary proliferations. In females they commonly occur in the vulva. Janet M. Torpy, MD; Alison E. Burke, MA; Richard M. Glass, MD JAMA. 2007; 297(8):912. doi:10.1001/jama.297.8.912. H5N1 Virus: The virus that is responsible for causing bird flu is H5N1.It is a type of influenza virus which is very infectious in nature and affects birds by causing respiratory disease in them which is also known as bird flu or avian influenza. This virus is highly pathogenic in nature. Pathogens are basically disease causing agents. Bird flu refers to strains of influenza that usually target domestic and wild birds .Due to its contagious nature, this virus is easily transmitted from one bird to another. Various researches have shown that this virus is transmitted to a human if he or she somehow comes in contact with the infected poultry, consumption of raw meat of birds who had avian flu or by coming in contact with surfaces which were contaminated by excretion and secretion of an infected bird as it is a zoonotic disease. Everything You Need to Know About the Next Pandemic, Mark Siegel. Salmonella is a rod shaped gram negative, non-spore forming, and facultative bacteria. It is not visible to the naked eye as it has 0.7 to 1.5 µm, lengths from 2 to 5 µm and it also consists of a flagella. They belong to chemoorganotrophs who obtain the energy by oxidization and reduction reactions. Most of their species have reported to produce hydrogen sulfide as various experiments approved this when its culture was grown and detected on mediums such as TSI. Salmonella affects the cold blooded as well as warm blooded animals including humans. It lives in the intestines of humans and is transmitted to humans or animals when they consume the food contaminated with animal feces. A fair number of cases of transmission have also been attributed to exposure to pets infected with the microbe. Chapman, Ben. Salmonella Paratyphi B outbreak in Western North Carolina. 27 April 2012. Online. 27 April 2012. Read More