Guide to American Indian History - Assignment Example

Guide to American Indian History Nadene: the tern was used by Navajo to mean the people Athapaskan languages: this refers to languages spoken by a number of indigenous people in North America and is mainly composed of northern athapaskan, southern athapaskan, and Pacific Ocean athapaskan. Origins of Navajo and Apache: this is believed to be in northwestern Canada together with eastern Alaska. Navajo: it basically means the cultivated fields Exonym for Navajo: is Tewa word that refers to cultivated fields. Endonym for Navajo: is “the people” or literally “Earth Surface People” Dine, refers to Navajo people Dinetah, the traditional homeland of Navajo people Physical environment: this consisted of the dry and hot plateaus and deserts areas which received unpredictable rainfall and had canyons and sandstone along with shale rock. Earth Surface People: they mainly indicate the ancestors of Navajo people Holy People: these are the ancestors who taught the Navajo people how to live Yei: a group of people who also originated from the earth surface people and mainly created natural objects. Economy: The Navajo people were mainly sedentary pastrolists, as well as farmers and artisans. Matrilocal or bilocal, they are the married couple who lived with the wife’s family Matrilineal descent: this is method of tracing clan membership by following the female line Matriclans: extended family households, they are the multi-generational households that is composed of a husband and wife, together with their adult chidren and their spouses and children, who lives together Territories: these is where small family groups used to live Sociopolitical organization: The Navajo people lived in clans which were widely dispersed and had no chiefs or councils Navajo Tribal Council: it is the system of governance for Navajo nation U.S.-Navajo treaty of 1868, it is a treaty between U.S and Navajo people which allowed the Navajo people to return back to their homeland. Navajo Code Talkers: U.S Marine Corps who used Navajo language as military communication when the military attacked Japanese islands in pacific. Native American Church: it is a Christian church whose origin is the Ute Mountain reservation and most of Navajo Christians belong to the church. Navajo Nation, it is a reservation based Indian nation that is in U.S. that is composed of Navajo people Alcohol: this resulted to a social problem, alcoholism, that was exacerbated by poverty. Mining: this is an economic activity for Navajo people, and mined uranium and coal which later was associated with health risks. Tourism: The tourism in Navajo mainly targeted the four corners, Monument valley, little Colorado river and Tsaile south shore in Lukachukiai , Quiz Explain the historical processes (series of prolonged events) that led the Navajo from the cold north to the Navajo Reservation today? Initially, Navajo the early historic processes of Navajo included maize cultivation, trading, hunting, pottery, weaving. Notably, Navajo transitioned to focus on herding and raiding sheep, horses, and goats at around 1725 (LeBeau 34). Consequently, it is at this time when Utes raided Navajo, and thereby driving them to south from their homeland, Dinetah, in north. When and why is it thought that the Navajo migrated from the north to the Southwest? What historical processes led to the blending of cultures that characterized Navajo culture by about 1725? Navajo migrated from north to south west at around 1600 century. Initially, Navajo the early historic processes of Navajo included maize cultivation, trading, hunting, pottery, weaving. Notably, Navajo transitioned to focus on herding and raiding sheep, horses, goats at around 1725 (LeBeau 67). Consequently, this indicates the factors that initiated blending of cultures that characterized Navajo culture by about 1725. How did the blending of cultures result? The blending of the culture resulted to raiding that drove Navajo to southwest. What prompted Navajo “belligerence” especially against Hispanics, prior to the Long Walk? Navajo belligerence was prompted by the treaty when they returned to their territory. Describe changes in Navajo life after resettlement on the reservation. After reservation, Navajo people started other projects (LeBeau 71). Some of the things that sustained their economy include their hand-made handicrafts together with making of blankets and rugs. Chapter 12 Iroquois: there are mainly defined as the warriors as well as the farmers from eastern woodlands Northeast culture area: this is the northeast area mainly composed of Iroquois. Iroquoian language family, Six Iroquoian Nations: they include the Mohawk, Cayuga, Oneida, Seneca, Tuscarora and the Onondaga The Three Sisters: this term indicate the corn, beans together with squash Longhouses: places where matrilineal families lived. One long house had 20 families Territories: this is the land that is allocated among the matriclans Physical environment: this consisted of the dry and hot plateaus and deserts areas which received unpredictable rainfall and had canyons and sandstone along with shale rock. Sexual division of labor: this indicates the different responsibilities given to men and women Matrilocal: they are the married couple who lived with the wife’s family Matrilineal descent: this is method of tracing clan membership by following the female line Extended family households: they are the multi-generational households that is composed of a husband and wife, together with their adult children and their spouses and children, who lives together Matrilineages: councils of men who had power to invest and renew political leaders Matriarchal: means a stronger control by women Warfare: this defined the major part of an Iroquois life Explain the situation. What place was the focus of dispute? Who owned it in 1990? Give three reasons that support the Mohawk claim to this place. Why were the Mohawk upset about the land in 1990? The two articles describe a land dispute that existed between Mohawk people and Oka town. The town of Oka were planning to develop a golf course together with expand residential development on a land that had been used by Mohawk traditionally. What actions did the Mohawk employ in their 1990 protest? Do you think they did the best thing, given the circumstances? Why, or why not? As part of protest, against the court decision of allowing golf course construction continue, the Mohawk community members erected a barricade to block any access to the area (Burns 5). Moreover, another group of Mohawk blockaded the Mercier Bridge consequently sealing off all key access points. Inherently, the action was appropriate since the land that was in question was theirs and the community was not involved, nor was they compensated in regard to projects that were taking place. Describe the responses of the local citizens to this protest. Do you think they did the best thing, given the circumstances? Why, or why not? The bridge and road blockage resulted to frustrations in traffic, and this made some group of Chateauguay residents began constructing unauthorized as well as unplanned highway in Kahnawake reserve. Moreover, others burned an effigy belonging to one of Mohawk warrior (Burns 19). Essentially, the residents of Chateauguay had no choice but to look for other ways such as constructing new highways to ensure that they can access other areas. What was the final resolution of the conflict? Did the Mohawk regain the land, or not? Who decided? Do you think they made the right decision, given the circumstances? Why, or why not? As part of resolution, the Mohawks bargained for an end of protest, and finally, although the Mohawk felt betrayed, they later dismantled their guns and laid their arms down. Chapter 13 Eastern Cherokee: Cherokee people who lived in the eastern Oklahoma Southeast culture area, Iroquoian language family: This include Iroquoian; Cherokee language has multiple dialects Exonym: this is from the Choctaw-French word “Tsalagi” Five Civilized Tribes: they are the native tribes composed of Cherokee, creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Seminole. Indian removal act of 1830: an act that authorized American Indians to be forcefully relocated from Mississippi into another Indian territory. Physical environment, Great Smoky Mountains – rugged mountains, dispersed flat land suitable for agriculture, great forests with abundant game, plenty of fresh water in rivers and streams, cold winters, beautiful summers sedentary farmers, those who depended on corn, beans, and squash, plus hunting deer, bear, bison, elk, and turkey Sexual division of labor, this indicates the different responsibilities given to men and women Matrilocal: they are the married couple who lived with the wife’s family Matrilineages: councils of men who had power to invest and renew political leaders Matriarchal: means a stronger control by women Territories: they were mainly autonomous villages Sociopolitical organization: Cherokee lived in settled villages, while the villages were autonomous from each other, governed by council of elders Stickball: was a social/competitive game, that is, “the little brother of war” Warfare was mainly the retaliatory raids British political influence, Great corn ceremony: A religious ceremony mainly done for corn Cherokee Nation of 1827: the Cherokee people who lived in Mississippi before the forceful migration. Trail of Tears: the forceful migration of Cherokees to the west, where over 4000 of them died and only a few were able to escape. Booger Dance: a dance that was done in anti-clockwise direction, and was done to defend the community from smallpox epidemics Cherokee people today: the current living Cherokee people who are under the federal government since the Cherokee nation was dissolved to the federal system. Essay Cherokee was a member of the Five Civilized Tribes which emerged in the nineteenth century and was composed of Cherokee, creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Seminole (Foreman 3). Inherently Cherokee was the largest tribe in southeast. More importantly, in 1830, the Indian removal act was passed by congress and it authorized forcible relocation of the American Indians who lived east of the Mississippi. In 1827 Cherokee Nation was in a position to draft a constitution that was modeled in United States together with executive, judicial along with legislative branches. However after some few years about 16000 Cherokee were relocated westward forcibly to Indian Territory through a migration called trail of tears (Foreman 67). Notably, the Indians were their enemies, and the Cherokee went even to a point of using masks that represented their enemies in their dances such as booger dance. During Mississippian culture period, the Cherokee local women came up with different varieties of corn. Eventually, corn became one of the celebrated crops by the people in different religious ceremonies such as the green corn ceremony. Cherokee people were also involved in casino, which made them experience positive changes. Actually, with time the Cherokee nation was dissolved by the federal government (Foreman 89). Notably, it is clear that the modern Cherokee Nation has experienced tremendous growth, equality as well as prosperity. Chapter 14 Great corn ceremony: A religious ceremony mainly done for corn. Life cycle ceremonies: ceremonies that were celebrated yearly Great Sun: this is a Natchez chief who inherited his position from his mother’s family Natchez: A treaty tribe that was federally recognized creek nation which has a sovereign traditional government and a member of Five Civilized Tribes. Indian removal act of 1830: an act that authorized American Indians to be forcefully relocated from Mississippi into another Indian territory. Linguistic isolate: the term indicates that there is no other language family associated with Natchez Exonym for Natchez: French interpretation of their settlement called “Naches” Endonym for Natchez: Thecoel Dutchman Antoine S. Le Page du Pratz, known for describing the dog feast at a time when Natchez were fighting to control their lands. Chiefdom, this were the territories that were managed by the chiefs in Natchez history Mound-building society, this is part of the culture for the Natchez people. Class distinctions: these are classes that were mainly based on the place of origin physical environment, composed of swamps, floodplains, and forests of the Mississippi River Valley, humid and hot, deep fertile soils, productive forests of pine, hickory, and other hardwood trees, plenty of rainfall and fresh water in rivers and streams Economy: natchez people were mainly sedentary farmers Sexual division of labor: this indicates the different responsibilities given to men and women Grand Village: this was the principal village (think of it like a capitol city) War Chief: this is one of the warriors who led the rest of them Essay It is in 1684 that I was born, and grew up to become a successful farmer mainly growing corn, beans, along with the squash. Essentially, at the time, the harvest was good and we gladly celebrated various ceremonies such as the green corn ceremony, and life cycle ceremonies. During the time, we had a chief, referred to as the great sun, who had inherited his position from his mother’s family (Barnett 56). Actually, although my wife and I are Natchez, we come from different moieties. One of the memorable events that happened in my life is the struggle that emanated when the European arrived in 1720s. The English agents made us be against the French, and this resulted to war. Unfortunately, the French defeated us and, consequently, we had to join the other tribes, who included the creeks, Cherokees and the Chickasaws. This was actually followed by the Indian removal act of 1830 was passed by congress and which authorized forcible relocation of the American Indians who lived east of the Mississippi (Barnett 71). This was the act that made us be relocated. Chapter 15 Casinos: this is a Native American gaming that capitalizes on gambling 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act; this is a congress act that has kept tribal sovereignty to keep Native American games such as Casino. Foxwoods Casino: these are the largest casino in USA and were opened in 1992 with about 7200 slot machines Tribal sovereignty: this is power giving to tribal activities through an act of congress such that these activities can only be regulated by federal government and not state government. Museum of the American Indian: A museum dedicated to the preservation, study, and exhibition of the life, languages, literature, history, and arts” of indigenous peoples and cultures of American Indians Type 2 diabetes: an ailment that develops due to high carbohydrate diet, lack of exercise, and genetics and can lead to kidney failure, heart failure, amputations, blindness History of land losses: losses that came from application of Euro-American laws and legal concepts – tribal concepts not seriously considered “Vanishing Indian”: term that indicates that the Indian culture is approaching extintion Tribalism: a unique sense of in-group identity, which distinguishes the lifeway of one tribe from another Cultural preservation and revitalization programs: programs aimed at promoting local languages and cultures. Federal recognition: refers to the official identification of tribes by federal government and such can receive customary federal benefits Federally unrecognized tribes: tribes that are not officially known by federal government are about 4% of Indians in U.S., therefore do not receive customary federal benefits National Indian gaming Commission; is a commission under IGRA mandated to regulate gaming activities that are conducted on Indian lands. Pan-Indianism is a philosophy that promotes unity among the American Indian groups regadless of their tribal affiliations. Works cited Barnett, James. The Natchez Indians: a history to 1735. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2007. Burns, John. Fury Rising in Quebec over Mohawk Standoff. The New York Times. 22nd Jul. 1990. Web. Foreman, Grant. The five civilized tribes-- Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989. LeBeau, Patrick. Term paper resource guide to American Indian history. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2009.  Read More