Exploring Advancement in Crowd Sensing through Smartphones - Report Example

Crowdsensing is the process that will exploit the application of all technologies such as mobile phone microphones, and internet connections among others to attain unbiased data that can be used in making decisions rapidly and efficiently. The research will exploit and estimate the accuracy of infrared-based pedestrian counters under low and high pedestrian flow conditions while engaging in an experiment to support the information provided in the research.

1. Introduction

Crowdsensing is a word that means sharing the data collected by sensing devices. The devices collect data automatically without the necessity of any human effort. Crowdsensing anise used majorly in Transport & Traffic and organizations by using smartphone sensing devices. The current technical development that exists in crowdsensing has exposed new perceptions for cost-effective methods to manage the traffic congestion in addition to the basic safety in a critical location like an evacuation. Crowdsensing through using smartphones can be a cheap and scalable way to implement static wireless sensor networks for Crowdsensing over a large coverage area.

Mobile sensing is envisioned in domains such as health monitoring, social networking, and transporting. Mobile phones have developed to the central computer and communication devices. The project presents how crowd sensing through infrared technology is the advanced prototype for collecting data. The report shows how mobile sensing applications can be exploited to collect data. The project will justify why mobile sensing is important in managing and collecting data in traffic and other locations.

Crowdsensing using the in rare individuals must have thickest intonating technological devices such as infrared technology. Infrared technology has the capability of allowing people to perform different activities such as recording data regularly. Ruser, et al., (2006) state that infrared technology is used in various crowdsensing situations such as personal computers, and for environmental control systems (382).
       Thus, infrared technology can be utilized for crowdsensing during environmental control challenges among others. According to (Shelke, et al., 2014), infrared technology transmits signals through radiation for data collection, which has high accuracy levels even in a four-way terminal as it collects data from all directions. 

For instance, when there is a public issue that needs to be controlled such as an outbreak, infrared technologies can be applied to assist in managing the problem. Infrared can be used in in areas with a heavy flow of pedestrians and low flow, and yet provide undeviating recordings (Kahler & Arnberger, n.d.). Through implementing infrared devices in irregular areas, the users can record all forms of data. Infrared devices collect data from all directions (Hashimoto, et al., 1997). It is also not limited by the lack of internet among individuals or transport means, as it only needs motion mainly (Garcfa, et al., 2013). Thus, the infrared devices can be used to collect data from all areas of the country while efficiently and reliably informing people of the areas they should avoid and use.

That is; as the infrared technologies can provide real-time information, the information can be used to make decisive decisions that require hastiness (Abuarafah, et al., 2012). Consequently, the environmental issue in question would be managed efficiently. Active Infrared Sensors (Beam counters) The beam counters consume a low amount of power in the batteries and are mainly appropriate for pedestrian counting though majorly developed for detecting pedestrians (Fanping, et al., 2007, 2). The infrared light beam counter includes a transmitter, receiver, and a data logger.

The primary function of the transmitter is to emit an infrared beam where the receiver intercepts the appropriate position. The interception registers a count by the data logger. Thus, it accurately collects data and records all the people or vehicles among others in a selected location. The infrared sensors according to (Ruser, et al., 2006) use light scanners to detect motion of objects or people. Mainly two arrays of receivers and emitters are paired together and mounted on opposite sides such as doorways allowing the motion to be detected.

Thus, the infrared sensors can be used to determine the number of people passing through a doorway or entering a room (Ruser, et al., 2006). The information can then be used for analysis and trends recognition leading to improved decision-making processes. The infrared sensing devices can be used for several activities such as counting pedestrians and customers. They are reliable counting systems and can be used in several terms. For instance, they can be used as optical systems, radar, ultrasound, mechanical, and capacitive.

The infrared sensors are mainly used for counting the people entering and leaving a room (Kerridge, et al., 2003). The statistics from the infrared sensors provide the number of people in a room accurately. Infrared Array The sensor arrays of infrared have the N pairs, which are of directional IR emitters. As Ruser, et al present the pairs are shielded closely by sensitive phototransistors. The configuration of the two N=3 arrays is mounted vertically facing each other to record data accurately.

The distance between the arrays can be big or low as well as the height. The two arrays emit pulses on an 8bit PIC microcontroller (Ruser, et al., 2006). The intensities of the light reflected each sensor in the array depend on the distance and direction of the light source. Once the IR is fixed on the entry of a room, it correctly assesses the motion and movement at the doorway, leading to accurate counts of the people that have used the door (Ruser, et al., 2006, 382). Thus, as (Ruser, et al., 2006) have presented, infrared sensors are the solutions to accurately counting the people within a particular door or area (383).

The automated infrared sensors can also be used to count the vehicles, and pedestrians in different areas (Fanping, et al., 2007, 1). Previous research has lacked to prove the effectiveness of these automated systems on counting the number of people or pedestrians in an area. According to (Shelke, et al., 2014) the IR transmitters and receivers emit infrared radiation (beam signal) as rays. The infrared sensors are linked to high reliability in counting, radiant intensity, and low forward voltage. 2.