Performance-Based Navigation - Research Paper Example

Performance Based Navigation TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 What is Performance Based Navigation? 5 The FAA’s Roadmap for Performance Based Navigation 5 What Is RNAV? 6 What Is RNP? 6 Next Generation Performance Based Navigation 7 Next Generation Implementation Plan 2008 8 It is expected that till 2025 the air traffic in U.S. will be double. Now the present air traffic control system assumed that it is not able to handle bulk of air traffic. To manage such type of growth Next Generation Implementation Plan 2008 is introduced. 8 FAAs Next Generation Implementation Plan and Process 8 Next Generation Goal: RNAV and RNP Evolution Through 2025 9 Global Support 10 Next Generation EARLY OPPORTUNITIES 10 Benefits 11 BENEFITS OF RNP-AR OPERATIONS 11 Safety Benefits 11 Environmental Benefits 12 Noise Reduction 12 Summary 13 References 14 1.Air Traffic Management Section. (2008). International Civil Aviation Organization Air Navigation Bureau (ANB). Retrieved on: July 22, 2008. Retrieved from: http://www.icao.int/pbn/ 14 2.Air Transport Association of America. (2008). performance-based navigation. Retrieved on: July 22, 2008. Retrieved from: http://learningcenter.airlines.org/Pages/performance-based%20navigation%20.aspx 14 3.US department of Transportation. (2006). Roadmap for Performance based navigation. Washington, DC. 14 Abstract We have never seen in the history more busy cities as we see now. Due to that we see the skies with many different types of aircraft. As the aviation industry trying their level best to meet up the society’s incessantly altering requirement for air travel. We see around us that the air travel is becoming to be a basic part of our lifestyle. Our skies are probable to find still too busier more than the next two decades, these are some estimates. How will the aviation society be able to meet the increasing load of increasing air travel? By connecting the emerging advancement in aircraft knowledge, aerodynamics, and flight deck avionics. These are few factors which are increasing at an extraordinary speed. These advancements guide us to ground-breaking uses of new technologies to fulfill the needs of the public for a comfortable, safer and more efficient/effective air transportation system. We will discuss performance based navigation and its issues in the details. One of the most far-reaching achievements is to more carefully and resourcefully use this apparently vast area. Improving the method that aircraft can navigate is getting better today and in the future. The FAA is improving the way aircraft can able to find the way our full skies by creating and improving new flight paths. This generates the new navigation principles, and changing the National Airspace. This entire new plan that changes all these things is called Performance Based Navigation. Intended to argument that the competence, capacity and the ability for the safety of modern aviation. Performance Based Navigation is a newly introduced method that utilizes onboard avionics to find the way with better accuracy and correctness. By this approach, the rising order for air travel can be met and safer and more efficient travel can be achieved. With Performance Based Navigation, aircraft utilizes more advanced flight administration systems, heads-up display systems, and better satellite and ground systems to calculate position, speed of plane, and other very important navigation information. PBN approach almost automates the aircraft’s completely direction-finding function from departure to landing. This approach works in the following way [1]: To start with, we would be able to find two key elements linked with Performance Based Navigation. The 1st is Area Navigation, known as RNAV, and the 2nd is called Navigation Performance, recognized as RNP. With RNAV, pilots will not find the zigzag path from one ground navigation station to the other. In its place, they can have flight to a direct path to their destination, which consequent in condensed flight distances and fuel costs. We get with RNP, the new concept known as “containment” which allows aircraft to fly on path with more accuracy and precision. The resources that are with RNP, more “lanes” can be generated into the same incomplete airspace, and creating additional capacity where we need it. Both RNAV and RNP are the essential components of Performance Based Navigation, enhancing the Nation’s air traffic management system into the future. What is Performance Based Navigation? Performance Based Navigation is a structure for major navigation performance requirements that can be functional to determine the air traffic route. Performance Based Navigation contains two important things, first one is Area Navigation (RNAV) and second one is Required Navigation Performance (RNP) specifications.  Performance Based Navigation offers a basis for designing and executing the automated flight ways and also provides facility of airspace design and obstruction permission. If at one time the necessary recital level is implemented, then the aircraft have its own ability to find out whether it can securely get the particular act and meet the requirements for any operation. The Federal Aviation Administrations wanted Navigation Performance agenda to get the better performance principles for U.S. airspace that will let the aircraft to get the benefits for installed on-board technology and to smash down from the usual rigid ground based direction finding system. With this change in the performance enabled direction-finding system, aircraft will have the facility to fly flexibly, point to point routes dependably and correctness. These all take us to less fuel consumption and grater levels of protection. Old direction-finding systems have been accepted in U.S. airspace for many years, but a mixed equipage surroundings is setting up challenges for now and in the future [2]. The FAA’s Roadmap for Performance Based Navigation FAA presents a road map for Performance Based Navigation which is given below: Evaluating the growth of Performance Based Navigation, its different criteria and principles. Finding out new airspace, evaluating these for the nearest path and processing improvements in the approaching. Giving operators the benefits related to obtainable and future capabilities, who have invested. Setting up the aim of dates for the opening of direction finding system mandates for chosen events and airspace. Elaborating new and better applications of Performance Based Navigation for short time and also for the far-term, setting up a matching and incorporating with the other capabilities in the direction of understanding of Next-Gen goals. What Is RNAV? Area Navigation (RNAV) makes it possible for the aircraft to fly on any preferred sky path inside the coverage of ground, or spaced based direction finding system, contained by the restrictions of the ability of the self restricted systems, or a mixture of above two techniques. With the RNAV aircraft have better admission and litheness for point to point working [1]. What Is RNP? Required Navigation Performance (RNP) is RNAV that is with the accumulation of an onboard recital monitoring and chinning abilities. An important feature of RNP operations is the aptitude of the aircraft navigation system to check the direction-finding system routines that it gets and notifies the group of working persons on this project. If the obligation is not fulfilled through out the operation then this onboard monitoring and chinning ability increases the pilot’s state of affairs consciousness and can facilitate to abridged obstruction authorization or faster route spacing without involvement by air traffic control. Definite RNP operations necessitate highly developed facts of the on-board direction finding system operation, standard guidance and team actions. These techniques must take delivery of acceptance that are identifying as particular Aircraft and Aircrew Authorization Required (SAAAR), comparable to accepted necessary actions for operations to demeanor Instrument Landing System Category II and III approaches. Next Generation Performance Based Navigation Next Generation evolves promises like those comprehensions in the Roadmap for Performance Based Navigation will be included into the Next Generation accomplishment Plan. These new advancements in the aircraft abilities and air traffic control system methods may add up to cut down disconnection and sustain the change from rules based methods to performance based operations, together with RNAV and RNP. The Federal Aviation Administration needs direction finding system presentation plan comes into being for the performance principles for U.S. airspace that will let you to make an aircraft to take benefits of installed on board technology. Next Generation Implementation Plan 2008 It is expected that till 2025 the air traffic in U.S. will be double. Now the present air traffic control system assumed that it is not able to handle bulk of air traffic. To manage such type of growth Next Generation Implementation Plan 2008 is introduced. According to this new Next Generation plan which is an alteration of the National Airspace System (NAS), together with our national system of airports, which is now using 21st century technologies to make sure the future security, and the ability of the better environment are met. Next-Gen will be found out through synchronized hard work by the Departments of Transportation, FAA, NASA, and Defense. Here also the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. The Next-Gen dream was made by the Joint Planning and Development Office, which provides the facilities for inter agency collaboration. FAAs Next Generation Implementation Plan and Process The Next-Gen accomplishment Plan have a firm, completely funded promises to implement new equipped abilities, establishing the new airport system/infrastructure, and increasing the protection, security, and making the environmental more better. The plans organization procedure make it sure that there will be services provided by an unambiguous near term dates. The FAA and its associates are also have the responsibility for the research in new directions, policies and necessities growth, and other actions, to make the judgment of the viability and the reimbursement of extra planned system those change and could be able to deliver in the mid term (2012-2018). The aim of this plan is to twist these things into commitments, and to direct them into utilize. The Next-Gen accomplishment Plan was properly called the Operational Evolution Partnership. This name alters with this version to elucidate its principle. Next Generation Goal: RNAV and RNP Evolution Through 2025 Both, RNAV and RNP form the basis of Performance Based Navigation. RNAV’s are new highways in the skies, given the extra ability to the journey. RNAV and RNP are opening new and better options and offering best solutions for air haulage transversely in the U.S as well as in the world. RNAV and RNP are the accomplishment plans, which are explaining the feature of the FAA’s Roadmap for presentation Based Navigation. This Roadmap can able to find out the difference among Performance Based Navigation and other up-and-coming technologies, such as ADSB, data link, enhanced vision systems, and advanced air traffic flow organization systems. All these together, can offer you even better reimbursement. This can be achieved by making partnership with the key government agencies in the Joint Planning and Development Office and also with aviation-community in the U.S. and abroad. FAA is going to establish these plans progressively and with determination to make the 21st century and Next Generation Air Transportation System realism. Our sky is an incomplete reserve, and as air journey remain to be a very important part of our way of life and our financial system. So we must learn how to run it more wisely. Using RNAV & RNP, the FAA is establishing new and safer highways in the sky to more safely and professionally use this partial resource. We call this resource as National Airspace System. Global Support The aviation society is going to put stress on the reimbursement of Performance Based Navigation by the implementation of RNAV & RNP which is based upon air traffic routes and utensil actions. In March 2007, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has finished the Performance Based Navigation Manual, which is concerned with the partnership with technological and prepared experts from more than a few countries. The ICAO Performance Based Navigation Manual extended predictable global coordination of RNAV and RNP supplies. It is most important apprehension of the aviation partnership community worldwide to encourage global consciousness and considerate of the new instruction booklet. FAA and the European association for the security of Air direction-finding, with the ICAO Performance Based Navigation Program Office, are giving you seminars all the way through the ICAO Regions. Next Generation EARLY OPPORTUNITIES The JPDO and its associate departments and agencies are putting their focus on aims for approaching reimbursement. On January 16, 2008, US Transport Secretary Mary Peters has challenged the Senior Policy Committee to build up a speeding up plan for Next Generation aerospace technology. The SPC were determined to go forward on a set of forthcoming activities. This scheme will disclose on the rise technologies in refuge, shelter, qualifications and on the whole good organization, comprise up-linking endure data in a in a straight line to the aircraft which will consent to simultaneous announcement manufacture and improved safety[3] Benefits RNAV and RNP stipulation will smooth the progress of more well-organized propose of airspace and events which cooperatively result in enhanced protection, right of entry, aptitude, preventability, equipped effectiveness, and environmental effects. Distinctively, enhanced admittance and litheness for point-to-point operations help out improve consistency and diminish cut downs by important more exact incurable area actions. They also supply fuel and emissions money. The below figure shows the reimbursement for fuel and emissions reserves that gives benefit with RNAV at OEP airports (MITRE, September 2007) Figure 1 Saving of fuel [source--> www.Federal_aviation.us.com ] BENEFITS OF RNP-AR OPERATIONS Safety Benefits Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) follows a very poor approach to control the system that causes the airliner hull loss. RNP-AR operations are established with lateral (LNav) and vertical (VNav) direction finding system and autopilot joined. This approach gives more help in making it sure that the fall, deceleration and approach are well handled which more minimize the danger of CFIT. The use of automation gives you the facility to practice to be fly with superior speed that can consistently be gotten by hand flown visual approaches. Environmental Benefits The release of carbon dioxide (CO2) is unswervingly comparative to the fuel consumed. If we consume 200Kg of fuel than 620Kg of CO2 will be emitted. By reducing the fuel consumption we can reduce the CO2 monition. By decreasing the fuel burn from shorter exit and approach paths, and also for optimized descent, will cut down the emission of CO2. The utilization of elastic (reduced) energy when flying RNP-AR departures minimizes NOx production that is harmful for environment. The RNP-AR technique is implemented at flight idle power, to have a steeper angle of move toward until near to the ground, to reduce level off on descent and organize landing gear & flaps afterward than old techniques. Noise Reduction The RNP-AR technique is implemented at the time of flight inactive power, have a steeper angle of technique for that time till the plane is not close to the ground. These changes minimize the level of noise created on a RNP-AR technique as matched to any old technique. Aircraft engine noise is relatively equal to the power setting to the fourth power. A little minimization in the power provides you a very large amount of decrease in noise. By flying around obstacles to a certain extent than over them, RNP-AR exit can provide the ease to reduce the power usage at departures time and therefore produce fewer noise [3]. Summary The Next Generation Implementation Plan was properly known as the Operational Evolution Partnership. China and the U.S. are two countries with the biggest motivators of these systems in the world, with an open chance to construct a dream for the future. Global coordination and interoperability are the main keys to the future united ness of our global aviation system. FAAs Next Generation execution Plan explains this agencys path to Next Generation. The Next Generation execution Plan has a solid, fully-funded promise to new ready abilities, new airport transportation, and bitterness in the safety, security, and environmental performance. This plans organization procedure make it sure that there will be given by a proper near-term dates. The FAA and its associates are also taking the liability for the research, policy and supplies production, and other actions, to evaluate the probability and advantages of extra proposed system changes that could be given in the mid-term (2012-2018). The objective of this preparation is to twist these plans into commitments, and to direct them into use. References 1. Air Traffic Management Section. (2008). International Civil Aviation Organization Air Navigation Bureau (ANB). Retrieved on: July 22, 2008. Retrieved from: http://www.icao.int/pbn/ 2. Air Transport Association of America. (2008). performance-based navigation. Retrieved on: July 22, 2008. Retrieved from: http://learningcenter.airlines.org/Pages/performance-based%20navigation%20.aspx 3. US department of Transportation. (2006). Roadmap for Performance based navigation. Washington, DC. Read More