Search & Generating Hypothesis/Research Question - Literature review Example

Literature search & generating hypothesis/ research question Name: Course: Instructor: Date: Part 1 Systematic search Systematic searching involves knowing where to access information. It in cooperates, the inclusion and exclusion criteria for study, where unpublished and published data surfaces. It is not all about searching but rather professional effective searching done by qualified persons in a planned and well-ordered manner. (Savoie et al, 2003). Advantages of a systematic search It gives an orderly manner of access to information hence making it easy to plan and work on the same in the research study. (Savoie et al, 2003). Systematic review A systematic review is a decisive appraisal and evaluation of all studies of research that address a specific issue. It involves summing up of the best accessible research on a specific problem using transparent and well-structured methods to locate, evaluate, and blend the results of pertinent research. A systematic review explicitly spells out the methods and procedures in advance to see to it that the entire exercise is open and prone to duplication. (Savoie et al, 2003). Screening for quality is part of a study of systematic review then the findings of a number of research studies combined thereafter. According to Savoie et al (2003), a systematic review must incorporate: 1. A clear exclusion/inclusion criteria 2. A search strategy that is explicit 3. A systematic analysis and coding of included studies. 4. It may include a meta-analysis where necessary and possible. This is the quantitative pooling together of data. Advantages of a systematic review Savoie et al (2003) outlines the advantages as, 1. It helps one to formulate a research question about a given problem 2. Critical in designing an experiment to test a number of possible answers to the research question 3. Once the researcher organizes the data into tables, it becomes easy to analyze and interpret in a statistical manner. 4. It is significant in coming up with solutions on grounds of the data then publish the results of the same. Critical literature review A critical review of literature is an analysis of literature/ published sources on a given topic. It is an appraisal of the literature and gives a comparison, summary, classification, and evaluation. At postgraduate stage, we can incorporate critical reviews of literature into an article, a thesis, or a research report of findings. A researcher can critic the sources of information pertinent to the study conducted and come up with an analyzed piece of review (Chan, 2009). The literature review is usually in the layout of a typical composition made up of three components:  an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. However, it is not a list where listing of summary one after the other becomes a priority like in the case of an annotated bibliography (Marrelli, 2005). Advantages of a critical literature review According to Chan (2009), the advantages of critical review are, Critical reviews of literature promote profound learning, and provide a competent way to evaluate students on their understanding and knowledge of a given topic. They also assess diverse levels of cognitive ability. With appropriate organized and practices, some graduate characteristics such as project supervision and life-long knowledge can acquire and assess Critical reviews of literature also give a theoretical framework for exploration or project planning since graduate students can have an apparent idea of the studies from the field. Reviews also help students to come up with new topics of research basing on existing literatures. It also enhances skills of analysis through identifying the differences in previous literature and theirs. Key databases Table: 1:1 Database Scope Content Years Manual of pediatric therapeutics, Philadelphia 4 Major sections: general principles in formulary, pediatric practice, a review of disorders by organ system, and acute/urgent care 2008- Onwards British medical journal Health, research, education 2000 journals, articles and medical research 1970s onwards Science direct Science, medical and bibliography full text and 5 journals Bibliographical details and the 5 journals published by Feldman. 2005 onwards Environmental health news Research on health, environment and diseases 1 journal on autism and Vitamin D 2013- Table: 1:2 Search profiles for Vitamin D deficiency in Saudi women due to lack of exposure to sunlight Scope ………………………………………………………………………………………… Health impacts: Physical health, disease infection Empirical and conceptual studies: Academic literature basing on research on Vitamin D deficiency in veiled women ………………………………………………………………………………………….. Date: 2001 onwards- ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Language: English ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Type: Academic research Sources: Academic and policy databases, websites of government departments …………………………………………………………………………………………………... Country: Saudi Arabia, USA, UK, New Zealand …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Keywords: Vitamin D, serum, supplements, phophatase, Plasma, Baseline, Supplementation, Concentration, Nutrient, hydroxyl-vitamin, ultra-violet ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Source: Ahmad, A, 2013. Saudi gazette, Vitamin D deficiency threatens 80% of Saudi females, Accesses 17 April 2013 from: http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=20111028111308 …………………………………………………………………………………………………. Part 2 Introduction The research question is whether veiled women in Saudi Arabia have Vitamin D deficiency based on less exposure to sunlight. The researcher used various concepts in this study. They include deficiency, autism, syndrome, and hypertension. Vitamin D plays a crucial function in a number of disorders. Now scientists are investigating whether the vitamin from the sun has autism implications. With the rates of autism climbing and levels of vitamin D waning because less exposure to sunlight and at times no exposure of some parts of the body to the sun, there is a possible link into it according to scientists (Cotrell, 2005). According to a study conducted in Saudi Arabia, young adults suffering from autism were found to have minor amounts of vitamin D in their blood than those without autism. “Many studies have a associated vitamin D to conditions related to immunity such as autoimmunity and allergic reaction,” quoted Laila Y. AL-Ayadhi, a neurophysiology professor and one of the recent study’s lead researchers at King Saud University (Belli, 2013) The role of Culture in Vitamin D deficiency among Saudi Women Saudi women spend their days either indoors or, when outdoors, covered in black garments from head to toe. They also have veils. We wish to establish whether they experience Vitamin D deficiencies. The body in humans manufacture vitamin D only when exposed to the rays of the sun. Most Saudi women do not get a chance of exposure to sunlight because of the veils and the black garments covering their entire body. The culture keeps these women away from sunlight forever leading to lack of exposure to sunlight (O’Shea, 2006). There are three major classifications of Vitamin D. One of the classifications entails people exposing their skin to direct sunlight or ultraviolent rays from the sun. The produced vitamins by the skin is then rendered active due to metabolic processes taking place in the kidney and liver. Sufficient exposure of the skin to sunlight helps a person to synthesis all the vitamin D generated through the skin. In addition, the synthesis of vitamin D is facilitated by nutrients in the body such as nutrients from food. On the other hand, deposits of Vitamin D in food are found in small quantities as compared to that produced by sunlight. Vitamin D3 can be obtained from foods such as herring, North Sea salmon, mackerel, and tuna. However, not many foods contain vitamin D deposits; this is witnessed in New Zealand. Lack of sunlight or ultraviolent rays incapacitates the skin to properly synthesis vitamin D in order to ensure a health body. Vitamin D is also formed due supplementation in the body to sufficient levels (O’Shea, 2006). Description of how the research was conducted Vitamin D deficiency among King Saud University female students The customs of the society in Saudi result to women less exposed to sunlight. This has led to a suspected effect of contracting rickets and other Vitamin D deficiency syndromes (Fonseca et al, 1984). A Saudi doctor recently warned that Saudi women, especially the veiled ones, suffer from lack of Vitamin D. these problems cut across both women and school girls. Dr Ataallah Al-Rehaili, chairperson of the Saudi Association for Metabolism and Endocrinology noted that a study carried out by a team of professional researchers at King Saud University showed that 80 percent of veiled Saudi female students suffer from vitamin D deficiency (Sperling, 2008). Vitamin D deficiency causes liver and kidney diseases and loss of hair in girls and women, muscle weakness, bone pain, sleeplessness, weak memory, palpitations and general weakness. Still without symptoms, lack of Vitamin D is a great risk to health. In a lecture at a forum in Riyadh, the doctor stated that lack of or less exposure to sunlight can cause critical health hazards since sunlight produces more than 90 percent of vitamin (Ahmad, 2013). Dr. Al-Rehaili noted that the susceptibility of darker skinned people to diseases caused by Vitamin D deficiency is high. According to a report by Mohammed Ardawi and colleagues made from King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah, lack of vitamin D or its deficiency a phenomenon referred to as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D or chemically written as (25[OH]D) amounts was found to be below 50 nmol/l for Saudi Arabian men (Ahmad, 2013). This study indicates that deficiency in vitamin D in Saudi Arabian is not only found in veil women, but also in men. This occurrence of deficiency of Vitamin D is prevalent for many women in Arabic countries including Saudi Arabia (Sedrani, 2011). This astonishing phenomenon is attributed to lack of enough skin exposure to sunlight. This problem is due to dress codes in the culture of these countries. Lack of enough vitamins has supposedly led increased cases of hypertension among Saudi Arabian women (Stolzt, 2006). Hypertension is a major cause for heart failure in the world today. The only remedy to the problems facing the Saudi Arabian women would be changing their dress codes and ensuring that they expose their skin to enough sunlight (Laura, 2005). Limiting the skin to sufficient sunlight will only lead to low formation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the body, which is a regular phenomenon with Saudi Arabian adults, particularly for those laving problems of obese and overweight. Most Saudi Arabian veiled women are at risk of experiencing deficiencies in vitamin D and related ailments. This problem is chiefly as a result of limiting cultural and religious practices which reduces skin contact to sunlight (Fatimah, 2011). Vitamin D deficiency among elderly women The loss of bones and bone fractures can be as a result of deficiencies in vitamin D, therefore categorizing vulnerable people marks a critical phase to ensuring improved public health and clinical success (Debryune et al, 2008). This study is intended in establishing the prevalence in the deficiency of vitamin D among aged women as supposed to studies examining the same phenomenon for Saudi Arabian women. It inspects lack and poor exposure to sufficient sunlight as well as related risk factors (Carton et al, 2007 & Zaidi, 2012). Malabanan (1998) carried out a laboratory investigation that measured concentration levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, unbroken osteocalcin, 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D, ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone among women. The study comprised of about one-third majority of disabled women residing in the society, concerned 70-80 years old women in the women’s aging and study II, and two-thirds of enabled women living in the society of Baltimore (Graef et al, 2007). The study identified four type of physical disability in women. 371 women in this study fell under 0 or 1classification of disability and another 682 women 2 and above classification of disability, 6.2 and 12.6 percent respectively, showed the symptoms of deficiency of vitamin D. Under strict examinations, the deficiency in vitamin D risk factors inclusive, black race, increase in age, decreased education, elevated triceps, winter season, skin-fold thickness, increasing level of disability, high body mass index, and prominent creatinine concentration (Fedman et al, 2005). In compulsion with other various models, black race was found having a strong relationship with deficiency in vitamin D when regulated with other risk factors (Malabanan, 1998). Keywords: concentrations, disorder, disability, and Deficiency The occurrence and level of deficiency in Vitamin D among Arab-American women To determine the level and control of the deficiency of vitamin D among Arab-American origin women in the principal, many populated Arab-American origin society in the America and to seek for associations with the dress code, food, and the admonistation of vitamin supplements and Vitamin D oriented foods (Guzel et al, 2001). 18 years and above older Arab-American women who attended a cultural market held on April 7 and 14, 2007 were cross examined in this study. Respondents/ interviewees interviewed by bilingual English- and Arabic-speaking follower using a semi-structured consultation to evaluate demographic variables; dress; medication use; medical history; clinical symptoms associated with vitamin D deficiency (e.g., joint or bone pain, muscle weakness); and nutritional ingestion of vitamin D from fortified orange juice, vitamin supplementation and milk. The researcher drew blood samples drawn to determine concentrations of serum calcium, parathyroid hormone, creatinine, phosphorous, alkaline phosphatase, and Vitamin D (Sizer et al, 2012). The researcher categorized respondents into 2 groups based on whether the veiled-females and unveiled ones then further sub-divided into 3 groups on the roots of vitamin D intake from supplemented diet such as vitamin D oriented orange juice or milk, and vitamin pills: veiled, unveiled and engulfing supplements, and veiled and ingesting no supplements. A total of 87 women were in participation. There was a constant level of concentration of Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, with the unveiled group registering a maximum level of inter-quartile range of 8.5 ng/mL or 5.75-13.5 ng/mL, then veiled women came second, followed by vitamin D supplemented category with an inter-quartile range of 7 ng/mL or 4-11.5 ng/mL. The veiled group, un-supplemented category recorded a 4 ng/mL or 2-6.8 ng/mL inter-quartile range. 25-Hydroxy-vitamin D concentrations were found to be lower in unaware women America and in individuals with low education levels (Alpers, 2008). Vitamin D oriented orange juice use proved to be having an improved positive analytical effect on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations than vitamin pills and milk and may present as an alternate marker for vitamin D awareness (Whitney, 2007). Deficiency of vitamin D in South-eastern America Supplementing vitamin D may be considered essential for most subgroups in America whose ingestion and status seem inadequate, though the impacts for many dosage, or whether managing calcium independently or combine will have any uncertainty on vitamin D metabolic levels. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation on the availability of vitamin D metabolites plasma were tested in a pilot chemo-prevention test of biomarkers for the risk of colorectal adenoma. A total of 92 elderly women and men living in the South-eastern America were randomized to an amount 800 vitamin D3 measured in IU, and 2000 mailgrams of calcium, for both, or in placebo for 6 months. We then analysed the baseline vitamin D status and post intervention. An evaluation of the regulated plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1, 25 (OH) 2D and 25(OH) D) levels were carried out through intervention bunches using linearly broad forms (Feldman, 2011). 82 percent of the population under study were identified lacking vitamin D plasma levels at the baseline, minimal concentration experiential with African- American contributors. Vitamin D supplements either containing calcium or plasma levels on average by 25 to 26 nmol/L were detected. This study indicated that half of the people analysed showed enough plasma classes after the period of six months of 800 IU of vitamin D3 daily. The presence of calcium alone did not control plasma levels (Becker, 2001). Significance of the study The study aims at identifying whether lack of exposure to sunlight among Saudi women causes Vitamin D deficiency. Knowledge gap Studies have been conducted to determine the effect of Vitamin D deficiency among th elderly, female students and women of Southeastern USA. This proves that there is a knowledge gap in this study field. Theory The researcher aimed at identifying the causes of lack of exposure to enough sunlight among women in Jeddah. This study seeks to establish whether vitamin D deficiency can be caused by lack of enough sunlight for Saudi Arabia’s veiled women. Research question The research question is; does lack of exposure to sunlight cause Vitamin D deficiency among veiled women of Saudi Arabia? Inclusion and exclusion The inclusion included data from government medical databases and other medical journals. The exclusion criteria included research studies among the elderly, women of Southeastern USA, and students of King Saud University. Deficiency in vitamin D, sometimes referred to as an avoidable syndrome, forms a significant problem in public health for elderly disabled women residing in the community; it was also established that African origin women stood a high risk when compares to white women. Keywords: Nutrient, hydroxyl-vitamin, ultra-violet, exposure, vitamin Table: 1:3 Table showing literature search results Databases Original wave Final wave Manual of pediatric therapeutics, Philadelphia 4 journals 2 journals Science direct 5 1 British Medical journal 2000 250 Social epidemiology: It’s importance to the topic Epidemiology looks at the issues that a specific disaster causes to a health of people. It concerns itself with analysing the effects of such an epidemic to health. For instance, lack of exposure to sunlight causes Vitamin D deficiency not only in veiled women but in human beings at large. It is significant in the topic because lack of exposure to sunlight causes an epidemic/ disease (Becker, 2001). Hypothesis Lack of exposure to sunlight causes Vitamin D deficiency among veiled women all over the world, Saudi Arabian women inclusive. This is due to the culture that does not allow them to expose most parts of their body. They also keep indoors most of the time. Conclusion Vitamin D deficiency, as analyzed through 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, is common in a sample of Arab-American veiled women in Dearborn, Michigan. The findings categorize a considerable health issue in the prevalent Arab-American population in the United States (Lerner, 2012). Keywords: Vitamin D, serum, supplements, phophatase Veiled women in Saudi Arabia due to lack of enough exposure to sunlight experience Vitamin D related syndromes since sunlight is the main source of the nutrient. This is because most of their body that is covered all day long due to cultural alignment. In the south- eastern states of America population, half of the study people under 800 IU vitamin D3 daily indicated 25(OH)D plasma levels of ≤75 nmol/L after the period intervention, behind advanced vitamin D amount supplies anticipated by several groups. More study should be a priority in order to establish the best dosage of vitamin D to develop plasma status for many of the people at risk (Chen, 2007). Keywords: Plasma, Baseline, Supplementation, Concentration, plasma. The presence of vitamin D in the consumption of food is a critical aspect. A significant feature in the synthesis of vitamin D is that it forms part of endogenous processes given enough ultraviolent rays, also referred to as ultra violent B (UVB) radiation. An ultra violent ray (UVB) does not fall under true vitamins, but rather as a steroid fluid. The facts presented above for the hypothesis is derived from women living in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in a study conducted during the 2009 summer (Prasad, 2012). Lack of exposure to sunlight causes Vitamin D deficiency among veiled Saudi Arabian women. Reference List Ahmad, A, 2013. Saudi gazette, Vitamin D deficiency threatens 80% of Saudi females, Accesses 17 April 2013 from: http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=20111028111308 Alpers, D. H. 2008. Manual of nutritional therapeutics. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Becker, K. L. 2001. Principles and practice of endocrinology and metabolism. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Belli. B. 2013.Environmental health news, Scientists investigate possible connection between autism and vitamin D. Print Beckett, G. J.2010. Clinical biochemistry. Chichester, West Sussex, UK, Wiley-Blackwell. Chan C.2009. Assessment: Literature Review, Assessment Resources@HKU, University of Hong Kong Carton, J., Daly, R., & Ramani, P. 2007. Clinical pathology. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Cottrell, S., 2005, Critical Thinking Skills, Palgrave: Basingstoke; ISBN: 1-4039-9685-7 Chen T.C, Chimeh F, Lu Z, et al. 2007. Factors that influence the cutaneous synthesis and dietary sources of vitamin D. Arch Biochem Biophys;460:213–7. Debruyne, L. K., Pinna, K., Whitney, E. N., & Cataldo, C. B. 2008. Nutrition and diet therapy: principles and practice. Australia, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning Fatimah Y, 2011. Vitamin D status and Breast Cancer in Saudi Arabian Women: case control study Feldman, D., Glorieux, F. H., & Pike, J. W. 2005. Vitamin D. Amsterdam, Elsevier Academic Press. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780122526879. Feldman, D., Pike, J. W., & Adams, J. S. 2011. Vitamin D. London, Academic Press. Fonseca, D. B, Dandona, P., Mohiuddin, J.,Weerakoon, J. W., Freedman, V.& Healy, T.1984. Is a normal plasma calcium in an Asian vegetarian really normal? Evidence for frequent autonomous parathyroid hormone secretion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism Graef, J. W., Wolfsdorf, J. I., & Greenes, D. S. 2008. Manual of pediatric therapeutics. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Guzel R. E., Kozanoglu, F. Guler-Uysal, S. Soyupak, And T. Sarpel. 2001. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 10(8): 765-770. doi:10.1089/15246090152636523. Published in Volume: 10 Issue 8 Hall, B. K. 2005. Bones and cartilage developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology. San Diego, Calif, Elsevier Academic Press. Lawrence, M. (2013). Food fortification: the evidence, ethics, and politics of adding nutrients to food. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Laura V.2005. Vitamin D deficiency in Arabian women and children: time for action. In: Kinger ITrends in Lifestyle and Health Research. Nova Science Publishers; p. 163-174. Lerner, V., & Miodownik, C. (2012). Vitamin D deficiency. New York: Nova Science Publishers Marelli, A. F. 2005. The Performance Technologist’s Toolbox: Literatures Reviews. Performance Improvement, 44, 7, 40-44. O'shea, S. 2006. Sea of faith: Islam and Christianity in the medieval Mediterranean world. New York, Walker. Prasad, K. N. 2012. Radiation injury prevention and mitigation in humans. Boca Raton, Fla, CRC. Savoie I, Helmer D, Green C.J, Kazanjian. A, 2003. Beyond Medline: reducing bias through extended systematic review search. Int J Tech Assess Health Care.19:168-178 Sedrani, S. H. (2011). Study of vitamin "D": Status and factors leading to its deficiency in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia: King Saud University. Sizer, F. S., Piché, L. A., & Whitney, E. N. 2012. Nutrition: concepts and controversies. Toronto, Nelson Education. Sperling, M. 2008. Pediatric endocrinology. Philadelphia, PA, Saunders/Elsevier. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9781416040903. Stolzt, V. D. 2006. New topics in vitamin D research. New York, Nova Science Publishers. Whitney, E. N. 2007. Nutrition for health and health care. Australia, Thomson/Wadsworth. Zaidi, S. 2010. Power of vitamin D. Denver, Colorado, Outskirts Press. Read More

Key databases Table: 1:1 Database Scope Content Years Manual of pediatric therapeutics, Philadelphia 4 Major sections: general principles in formulary, pediatric practice, a review of disorders by organ system, and acute/urgent care 2008- Onwards British medical journal Health, research, education 2000 journals, articles and medical research 1970s onwards Science direct Science, medical and bibliography full text and 5 journals Bibliographical details and the 5 journals published by Feldman.

2005 onwards Environmental health news Research on health, environment and diseases 1 journal on autism and Vitamin D 2013- Table: 1:2 Search profiles for Vitamin D deficiency in Saudi women due to lack of exposure to sunlight Scope ………………………………………………………………………………………… Health impacts: Physical health, disease infection Empirical and conceptual studies: Academic literature basing on research on Vitamin D deficiency in veiled women ………………………………………………………………………………………….. Date: 2001 onwards- ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Language: English ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Type: Academic research Sources: Academic and policy databases, websites of government departments ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Country: Saudi Arabia, USA, UK, New Zealand …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Keywords: Vitamin D, serum, supplements, phophatase, Plasma, Baseline, Supplementation, Concentration, Nutrient, hydroxyl-vitamin, ultra-violet ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Source: Ahmad, A, 2013. Saudi gazette, Vitamin D deficiency threatens 80% of Saudi females, Accesses 17 April 2013 from: http://www.

saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=20111028111308 …………………………………………………………………………………………………. Part 2 Introduction The research question is whether veiled women in Saudi Arabia have Vitamin D deficiency based on less exposure to sunlight. The researcher used various concepts in this study. They include deficiency, autism, syndrome, and hypertension. Vitamin D plays a crucial function in a number of disorders.

Now scientists are investigating whether the vitamin from the sun has autism implications. With the rates of autism climbing and levels of vitamin D waning because less exposure to sunlight and at times no exposure of some parts of the body to the sun, there is a possible link into it according to scientists (Cotrell, 2005). According to a study conducted in Saudi Arabia, young adults suffering from autism were found to have minor amounts of vitamin D in their blood than those without autism.

“Many studies have a associated vitamin D to conditions related to immunity such as autoimmunity and allergic reaction,” quoted Laila Y. AL-Ayadhi, a neurophysiology professor and one of the recent study’s lead researchers at King Saud University (Belli, 2013) The role of Culture in Vitamin D deficiency among Saudi Women Saudi women spend their days either indoors or, when outdoors, covered in black garments from head to toe. They also have veils. We wish to establish whether they experience Vitamin D deficiencies.

The body in humans manufacture vitamin D only when exposed to the rays of the sun. Most Saudi women do not get a chance of exposure to sunlight because of the veils and the black garments covering their entire body. The culture keeps these women away from sunlight forever leading to lack of exposure to sunlight (O’Shea, 2006).

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