Basketball Teams Attendance Statistics - Term Paper Example

Nonparametric Hypothesis Testing Paper Amy R. Jones Andre Holmes Clarice Moore Jacqueline R. Borrum Krunal Chanhan Millie Taylor Teresa Skelton Michael Larkin University of Phoenix RES 342 Zamir Deen, Ph.D. June 30, 2008 Abstract In this paper, nonparametric tests will be applied to either support or refute the hypothesis. The stated hypothesis is that major league baseball teams that perform well have higher attendance. The abundance of data related to this topic allows for a thorough investigation and evaluation of the subject. The hypothesis stands the test of the data application especially when using the nonparametric system of testing. The nonparametric test uses seemingly unrelated but similar data to evaluate the hypothesis. The nonparametric system uses five steps to test the hypotheses, which are: 1. State the hypothesis, 2. Check assumptions, 3. Calculate the test statistics, 4. Evaluate the statistics, and 5. Interpret the results. These five steps lead to a logical conclusion which will support the original hypothesis. Baseball Data Spreadsheet Figure 1. 2007 Attendance Home Road Overall RNK TEAM GMS TOTAL AVG PCT GMS TOTAL AVG PCT GMS TOTAL AVG PCT 1 Washington 8 704,722 88,090 110 8 554,741 69,342 101 16 1,259,463 78,716 106 2 NY Giants 8 629,848 78,731 100 7 486,477 69,496 98.2 15 1,116,325 74,421 99.2 3 NY Jets 8 616,855 77,106 97.9 8 558,846 69,855 98.2 16 1,175,701 73,481 98 4 Kansas City 8 614,217 76,777 96.6 8 529,454 66,181 96.1 16 1,143,671 71,479 96.4 5 Denver 8 612,893 76,611 101 8 526,919 65,864 94.9 16 1,139,812 71,238 97.9 6 Carolina 8 587,221 73,402 100 8 539,533 67,441 99.9 16 1,126,754 70,422 100 7 Cleveland 8 584,006 73,000 101 8 526,080 65,760 97.8 16 1,110,086 69,380 99.7 8 Baltimore 8 569,226 71,153 103 8 542,974 67,871 95.9 16 1,112,200 69,512 99.5 9 Buffalo 8 568,437 71,054 88.8 8 572,533 71,566 98.9 16 1,140,970 71,310 93.6 10 Miami 7 496,659 70,951 94.3 8 577,126 72,140 99.6 15 1,073,785 71,585 97.1 11 Green Bay 8 566,443 70,805 117 8 554,332 69,291 98.7 16 1,120,775 70,048 107 12 Houston 8 564,159 70,519 102 8 515,869 64,483 93.5 16 1,080,028 67,501 97.5 13 New Orleans 8 560,036 70,004 95.9 8 533,508 66,688 98.1 16 1,093,544 68,346 97 14 Tennessee 8 553,144 69,143 103 8 545,777 68,222 96.9 16 1,098,921 68,682 100 15 New England 8 550,048 68,756 101 8 559,318 69,914 97.6 16 1,109,366 69,335 99.3 16 Atlanta 8 547,167 68,395 96 8 518,456 64,807 95.1 16 1,065,623 66,601 95.6 17 Seattle 8 545,551 68,193 102 8 541,812 67,726 99.2 16 1,087,363 67,960 101 18 Philadelphia 8 545,357 68,169 103 8 582,430 72,803 102 16 1,127,787 70,486 103 19 San Francisco 8 544,226 68,028 96.9 8 553,615 69,201 99.6 16 1,097,841 68,615 98.2 20 Cincinnati 8 526,320 65,790 100 8 556,988 69,623 96.4 16 1,083,308 67,706 98.3 21 San Diego 8 524,019 65,502 91.9 8 551,866 68,983 99.9 16 1,075,885 67,242 95.8 22 Tampa Bay 8 522,530 65,316 99.5 8 537,314 67,164 97.8 16 1,059,844 66,240 98.6 23 Jacksonville 8 522,410 65,301 88.5 8 544,420 68,052 97.9 16 1,066,830 66,676 93.1 24 Arizona 8 516,646 64,580 102 8 555,781 69,472 100 16 1,072,427 67,026 101 25 Dallas 8 508,278 63,534 96.5 8 579,470 72,433 99 16 1,087,748 67,984 97.8 26 Minnesota 8 506,046 63,255 98.8 8 559,085 69,885 99.3 16 1,065,131 66,570 99 27 St. Louis 8 504,354 63,044 96.5 8 535,328 66,916 99.2 16 1,039,682 64,980 97.9 28 Chicago 8 497,267 62,158 92.9 8 544,335 68,041 101 16 1,041,602 65,100 97.1 29 Pittsburgh 8 496,675 62,084 95.5 8 564,632 70,579 101 16 1,061,307 66,331 98.4 30 Detroit 8 490,436 61,304 94.3 8 545,355 68,169 102 16 1,035,791 64,736 98.1 31 Oakland 8 472,876 59,109 93.8 8 560,974 70,121 98.8 16 1,033,850 64,615 96.4 32 Indianapolis 8 458,437 57,304 95.1 8 551,161 68,895 98.8 16 1,009,598 63,099 97.1 (ESPN 2008) NFL Attendance Statistics Figure 2 NBA Attendance Chart Figure 2 2007-08 Attendance Home Road Overall RNK TEAM GMS TOTAL AVG PCT GMS TOTAL AVG PCT GMS TOTAL AVG PCT 1 Detroit 41 905,116 22,076 100 41 726,310 17,714 92.1 82 1,631,426 19,895 96.3 2 Chicago 41 901,502 21,987 101.3 41 711,494 17,353 90.3 82 1,612,996 19,670 96.1 3 Cleveland 41 839,074 20,465 99.5 41 737,681 17,992 93.3 82 1,576,755 19,228 96.5 4 Dallas 41 831,738 20,286 105.7 41 726,365 17,716 92.8 82 1,558,103 19,001 99.3 5 Utah 41 816,211 19,907 100 41 705,851 17,215 90.6 82 1,522,062 18,561 95.4 6 Golden State 41 804,864 19,630 100.2 41 707,485 17,255 90.4 82 1,512,349 18,443 95.4 7 Portland 41 801,566 19,550 97.8 41 684,703 16,700 87.8 82 1,486,269 18,125 92.9 8 Miami 41 798,004 19,463 99.3 41 717,647 17,503 90.8 82 1,515,651 18,483 95.1 9 Toronto 41 796,835 19,435 98.2 41 682,791 16,653 85.8 82 1,479,626 18,044 92 10 New York 41 782,993 19,097 96.6 41 714,605 17,429 90.2 82 1,497,598 18,263 93.4 11 LA Lakers 41 778,877 18,997 98.5 41 765,522 18,671 98 82 1,544,399 18,834 98.2 12 Boston 41 763,584 18,624 100 41 780,728 19,042 98.4 82 1,544,312 18,833 99.2 13 San Antonio 41 761,149 18,564 100.3 41 736,135 17,954 94.2 82 1,497,284 18,259 97.2 14 Phoenix 41 755,302 18,422 96.8 41 739,907 18,046 94.8 82 1,495,209 18,234 95.8 15 Washington 41 736,391 17,960 86.9 41 687,749 16,774 87.2 82 1,424,140 17,367 87 16 Houston 41 718,524 17,524 94.7 41 718,638 17,527 91.9 82 1,437,162 17,526 93.3 17 Denver 41 711,962 17,364 90.9 41 742,739 18,115 94.7 82 1,454,701 17,740 92.8 18 Orlando 41 709,346 17,301 100.3 41 719,161 17,540 89.9 82 1,428,507 17,420 94.8 19 LA Clippers 41 692,408 16,888 89.1 41 681,775 16,628 87.3 82 1,374,183 16,758 88.2 20 Atlanta 41 667,518 16,280 86.9 41 690,251 16,835 87 82 1,357,769 16,558 86.9 21 New Jersey 41 641,921 15,656 78.3 41 722,027 17,610 91.5 82 1,363,948 16,633 84.8 22 Milwaukee 41 639,421 15,595 83.3 41 686,290 16,738 86.1 82 1,325,711 16,167 84.7 23 Philadelphia 41 609,675 14,870 72.7 41 706,433 17,230 89.1 82 1,316,108 16,050 80.7 24 Charlotte 41 603,403 14,717 77.4 41 709,067 17,294 89.3 82 1,312,470 16,005 83.4 25 Minnesota 41 593,537 14,476 76.2 41 688,863 16,801 88.2 82 1,282,400 15,639 82.2 26 New Orleans 41 581,432 14,181 82.4 41 693,118 16,905 88.1 82 1,274,550 15,543 85.5 27 Sacramento 41 580,178 14,150 81.7 41 705,597 17,209 89.7 82 1,285,775 15,680 85.9 28 Seattle 41 547,556 13,355 78.2 41 703,518 17,158 89.5 82 1,251,074 15,257 84.2 29 Memphis 41 523,578 12,770 69.4 41 696,385 16,985 89.1 82 1,219,963 14,877 79.4 30 Indiana 41 501,092 12,221 66.6 41 705,922 17,217 88.5 82 1,207,014 14,719 77.9 (ESPN 2008) NHL Attendance Chart Figure 3 2007 Attendance Home Road Overall RNK TEAM GMS TOTAL AVG PCT GMS TOTAL AVG PCT GMS TOTAL AVG PCT 1 Montreal 41 872,193 21,273 100 41 694,589 16,941 91 82 1,566,782 19,107 96 2 Detroit 41 822,706 20,066 100 41 693,246 16,908 92 82 1,515,952 18,487 96 3 Tampa Bay 41 814,944 19,876 101 41 688,429 16,790 90 82 1,503,373 18,333 96 4 Toronto 41 798,981 19,487 104 41 703,606 17,161 91 82 1,502,587 18,324 97 5 Ottawa 41 794,271 19,372 105 41 695,018 16,951 90 82 1,489,289 18,162 97 6 Calgary 41 790,849 19,289 112 41 696,198 16,980 92 82 1,487,047 18,134 102 7 Philadelphia 41 790,591 19,282 98.9 41 683,015 16,658 91 82 1,473,606 17,970 95 8 Buffalo 41 766,290 18,690 100 41 722,863 17,630 93 82 1,489,153 18,160 97 9 Vancouver 41 763,830 18,630 101 41 702,771 17,140 94 82 1,466,601 17,885 98 10 Minnesota 41 757,280 18,470 102 41 691,841 16,874 92 82 1,449,121 17,672 97 11 NY Rangers 41 746,200 18,200 100 41 731,401 17,839 97 82 1,477,601 18,019 98 12 Dallas 41 734,508 17,914 96.7 41 685,952 16,730 92 82 1,420,460 17,322 94 13 Colorado 41 722,127 17,612 97.8 41 707,214 17,249 94 82 1,429,341 17,430 96 14 San Jose 41 714,316 17,422 99.6 41 667,524 16,281 89 82 1,381,840 16,851 94 15 Carolina 41 712,861 17,386 92.8 41 696,317 16,983 91 82 1,409,178 17,185 92 16 Los Angeles 41 691,229 16,859 91.1 41 678,162 16,540 91 82 1,369,391 16,699 91 17 Edmonton 41 690,399 16,839 98.5 41 700,229 17,078 93 82 1,390,628 16,958 96 18 Pittsburgh 41 673,395 16,424 96.9 41 729,425 17,790 96 82 1,402,820 17,107 96 19 Columbus 41 672,443 16,401 90.4 41 665,404 16,229 88 82 1,337,847 16,315 89 20 Anaheim 41 670,916 16,363 95.3 41 688,019 16,780 91 82 1,358,935 16,572 93 21 Atlanta 41 665,417 16,229 87.5 41 690,411 16,839 90 82 1,355,828 16,534 89 22 Florida 41 630,183 15,370 79.8 41 679,357 16,569 89 82 1,309,540 15,970 84 23 Nashville 41 625,649 15,259 89.2 41 651,985 15,902 85 82 1,277,634 15,580 87 24 Phoenix 41 614,519 14,988 85.6 41 679,566 16,574 90 82 1,294,085 15,781 88 25 Boston 41 605,352 14,764 79.3 41 736,701 17,968 95 82 1,342,053 16,366 87 26 New Jersey 41 581,225 14,176 74.5 41 710,380 17,326 94 82 1,291,605 15,751 84 27 Washington 41 571,129 13,929 74.6 41 712,583 17,380 93 82 1,283,712 15,655 84 28 NY Islanders 41 528,331 12,886 79.1 41 704,460 17,181 92 82 1,232,791 15,034 86 29 Chicago 41 521,809 12,727 62.1 41 684,155 16,686 91 82 1,205,964 14,706 76 30 St. Louis 41 513,345 12,520 59.6 41 686,467 16,743 92 82 1,199,812 14,631 75 ESPN 2008 This is the original data that was used to formulate the original hypothesis. This data was compiled in order to track the most important statistics and figures from the given baseball season. During the season many teams who were in the hunt for a playoff spot set record attendance numbers. These are also the charts of the attendance figures for the NFL, NBA, and the NHL sports leagues. The applying of nonparametric tests of the hypothesis that major league baseball teams that perform well have a higher attendance total than those who perform poorly results in the support of the aforementioned hypothesis. This data when taken into the context of the nonparametric test tends to lead the examiner with the same results and conclusion. The hypothesis stands on the merits of its assumptions when other variables are factored into the equation. When the results of the data are compared with data collected from other sources. The other major sports leagues also support this assumption. Whether the National Football League, National Basketball Association, or the National Hockey League, the teams that perform well have higher attendance and fan support. The higher attendance rate also results in increased merchandise sales, better television ratings and better endorsements for the premier players of that particular franchise. Star players on better performing teams will enjoy the benefits of being associated with a successful franchise. A marquee player who contributes to a team’s success can then command a larger salary during the off season, especially if it the success occurs during the final years of his or her contract. The nonparametric data that was used to test the hypothesis were to compare the attendance figures of all the playoff teams from the year of the data with their attendance in the years preceding the course of the study. In the years preceding the study, the teams that did not do as well as they did in the playoff years had significantly lower attendance in those years. Even teams with a historically loyal fan base experienced a significant decrease in attendance when they were not in the hunt for a post season playoff spot. Five Steps Hypothesis Test Statement of Hypothesis – That major league baseball teams that perform well during a particular season have higher attendance. Evidence and statistics will be introduced that will lend credence to this hypothesis. The spreadsheet from which the data used in support of this hypothesis is displayed in the abstract of this paper and contains all relevant information. The criteria from the spreadsheet that were used to determine the success or failure of a baseball team’s season were: 1) Overall Wins 2) Home-Runs 3) Total Runs Scored 4) Strikeouts by Pitchers 5) Final Standing Check Assumptions – The assumption when checked in light of all available information appeared to be valid. All pertinent information and statistics were taken into account for the purposes rendering an unbiased and factual hypothesis. The hypothesis was checked against current and past attendance figures for the teams that were considered to be the most successful according to the survey. Attendance figures were also gathered for the years directly prior to and directly subsequent to the year of the survey. These figures were part of the nonparametric test given to the hypothesis. Calculate Test Statistics – According to the statistics, the teams that performed well saw a significant increase in attendance. There were underperforming teams that experienced temporary increases in attendance. These temporary increases can be attributed to the signing a marquee player or building a new facility, but ultimately attendance settled back to normal levels when the team returned to a dismal or mediocre win – loss record. The means used to calculate the statistics were taken as the attendance figures were examined over a course of a few years rather than just taking one year as the normal occurrence. Evaluation of the Statistics – Under close evaluation and intellectual scrutiny, the statistics become clear and reinforces the hypothesis. The hypothesis is further supported by taking into account historical attendance figures and making them part of the analysis. A thorough evaluation is necessary to get to the basic premise of the hypothesis. The hypothesis is either proven correct or proven incorrect by the statistics, so an any evaluation of the raw statistics must be done without any skew that would unfairly move the results of the research in one way or the other. In the final evaluation of these statistics, the hypothesis comes into clearer focus as being factual. Interpretation of the Results – The only logical interpretation of these results is that the hypothesis is correct. According to both the statistical information from the data set and other sources, the hypothesis stands true. Major league baseball teams that perform well in any given season have higher average and total attendance. This hypothesis is supported by nonparametric information on attendance and performance statistics from other professional sports leagues; specifically the NFL, NBA, and the NHL. These corollary statistics provide material and concrete evidence that the hypothesis is correct. The results are no secret that success brings about a bandwagon effect that fosters a sense of pride and contagion in the fans of a sports team. Teams are able to stoke the fervor and team spirit when they give their fans a reason to come out to the stadium and support their team. Conclusion The hypothesis has been examined and evaluated and has stood up to the rigors of the nonparametric five step test. The five steps gave the hypothesis a more solid ground to stand on because it strengthened the argument in favor of the hypothesis. Any valid hypothesis will stand the test of the five step process and will be found to be right or wrong in the light of further evidence. References Lind, Marchal, and Wathen. (2008). Statistical Techniques in Business & Economics, 13th edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Retrieved June 22, 2008,  from http://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd//UBAM/RES341/DataSets/RES341r4MLB.htm ESPN.COM. (2008). NBA Attendance Figures Chart. Retrieved June 25, 2008, http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/attendance ESPN.COM. (2008). NHL Attendance Figures Chart. Retrieved June 25, 2008, from http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/attendance?year=2007 ESPN.COM (2008). NFL Attendance Figures Chart. Retrieved June 25,2008, from http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/attendance Read More

Five Steps Hypothesis Test

• Statement of Hypothesis – That major league baseball teams that perform well during a particular season have higher attendance. Evidence and statistics will be introduced that will lend credence to this hypothesis. The spreadsheet from which the data used in support of this hypothesis is displayed in the abstract of this paper and contains all relevant information. The criteria from the spreadsheet that were used to determine the success or failure of a baseball team’s season were:
  • Overall Wins
  • Home-Runs
  • Total Runs Scored
  • Strikeouts by Pitchers
  • Final Standing
    
    
• Check Assumptions – The assumption when checked in light of all available information appeared to be valid. All pertinent information and statistics were taken into account for the purposes of rendering an unbiased and factual hypothesis. The hypothesis was checked against current and past attendance figures for the teams that were considered to be the most successful according to the survey. Attendance figures were also gathered for years directly prior to and directly subsequent to the year of the survey. These figures were part of the nonparametric test given to the hypothesis.
• Calculate Test Statistics – According to the statistics, the teams that performed well saw a significant increase in attendance. There were underperforming teams that experienced temporary increases in attendance. These temporary increases can be attributed to the signing of a marquee player or building a new facility, but ultimately attendance settled back to normal levels when the team returned to a dismal or mediocre win-loss record.  The means used to calculate the statistics were taken as the attendance figures were examined over a course of a few years rather than just taking one year as the normal occurrence.
• Evaluation of the Statistics – Under close evaluation and intellectual scrutiny, the statistics become clear and reinforces the hypothesis. The hypothesis is further supported by taking into account historical attendance figures and making them part of the analysis. A thorough evaluation is necessary to get to the basic premise of the hypothesis. The hypothesis is either proven correct or proven incorrect by the statistics, so any evaluation of the raw statistics must be done without any skew that would unfairly move the results of the research in one way or the other. In the final evaluation of these statistics, the hypothesis comes into clearer focus as being factual.
• Interpretation of the Results – The only logical interpretation of these results is that the hypothesis is correct. According to both the statistical information from the data set and other sources, the hypothesis stands true. Major league baseball teams that perform well in any given season have higher average and total attendance. This hypothesis is supported by nonparametric information on attendance and performance statistics from other professional sports leagues; specifically the NFL, NBA, and the NHL. These corollary statistics provide material and concrete evidence that the hypothesis is correct. The results are no secret that success brings about a bandwagon effect that fosters a sense of pride and contagion in the fans of a sports team. Teams are able to stoke the fervor and team spirit when they give their fans a reason to come out to the stadium and support their team.

Conclusion

            The hypothesis has been examined and evaluated and has stood up to the rigors of the nonparametric five-step test. The five steps gave the hypothesis a more solid ground to stand on because it strengthened the argument in favor of the hypothesis. Any valid hypothesis will stand the test of the five-step process and will be found to be right or wrong in the light of further evidence.

Read More