How Men and Women Exercise Differently and Why - Term Paper Example

How Men and Women Exercise Differently and Why The article suggests that women have a higher percentage of body fat compared to men, whereby they store more fat in the gluteal-femoral region, and men store more fat in abdominal depot. The article concentrates on the differences relating to regional fatty acid storage, mobilization and oxidation, which contribute to gender-related differences in distribution of fat in the body, thus the metabolism of fatty acids based on gender has distinct regional differences in the control. The article commences by providing evidence concerning vivo, catecholamine mediated leg free fatty acid, which is released lower in women than men. On the other hand, there is a comparison in the release of free fatty acid from the upper body depots, whereby the data corresponds to in-vitro adipose tissues biopsy data. In the next section, the article covers issues related to difference in release of fatty acid by upper body subcutaneous fat depots in both men and women, which is indicated by resistance to antilipolytic effects of meal ingestion in the upper body fat depots in men. In the other section, the article elaborates the indications that basal fat oxidation, which is lower in females compared to males, thus contributing to a higher fat storage in women. The article concludes with a discussion of the postprandial fat storage, which is higher in subcutaneous adipose tissues in women compared to men, in fact, the differences discussed make a significant contribution to disparity in the regional storage of fat between men and women. Moreover, there is substantial evidence indicating that proportion of energy acquired from fat during exercises, which is higher in women compared to men. Journal: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care Date: 2001 Page: 521-526 Volume: 4 Issue: 2 Title of Article: Sex differences in carbohydrate metabolism Authors: Tarnopolsky Mark and Ruby Brent The article covers issues related to sub maximal endurances exercises, whereby female have more lipids and less carbohydrates, which are metabolic substrates than men. The explanation of this observation is indicated in the low exploitation of glycogen in skeletal muscles and lower hepatic glucose production for women compared to men, in fact, this observation explains lesser leucine oxidation that is practical in endurance exercise in women. Moreover, the article indicates evidence from animal and preliminary human study concerning 17-b-estradiol, which determines sex dimorphic response in carbohydrate metabolism during exercise. In the next section, the article elaborates on practical standpoint, whereby creating the necessity for women increasing their intake of dietary energy before the day of sporting event for the purpose of compensating concentration of the muscles glycogen. Moreover, there are differences based on gender relating to carbohydrate metabolism, thereby creating future implications for the lipid metabolism. Therefore, the article covers the response to long-term endurances exercise, whereby women have a proportionate oxidation of more lipids and less carbohydrate compared to men. In fact, this phenomenon leads to a lower utilization of muscle glycogen and reduced production of hepatic glucose in the endurance exercises. However, the mechanism that creates the sex difference is not known, though, there is likelihood sex hormone, 17-b- estradiol and progesterone make a significant contribution. The article concludes by indicating that women are able to consume a greater diet containing carbohydrates compared to men due to the lower habitual energy intake. Therefore, there is a probability that either the energy intake is emanated by carbohydrates for meeting additional energy to be consumed. Nevertheless, there is significant data concern the possibility of sex differences in either performance of metabolic aspects of carbohydrates consumption during the exercise. Journal: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care Date: 2001 Pages: 489-492 Volume: 4 Issue: 3 Title of Article: Evaluation of gender differences in physiology: an introduction Authors: Tarnopolsky Mark and Saris Wim The article evaluates the overall theme of gender difference in physiology, whereby cognizant of a wide scope of the topic limits the ideas to muscle physiology and entire body energy and macronutrients metabolism. The article focuses on exercise discussing a major theme for illustrating the gender differences in the physiology; in fact, the increase in strain is placed on physiological system to respond to physical exercise. Therefore, the article develops a basis of understanding the physiology of exercise, which has a significant implication for the pathological state. For instance, there are exercises that are established through therapeutic modality in coronary artery disease. The article introduces a practical perspective; in a way that issues various issues are considered in the process of undertaking gender comparative studies. In this case, the article compares the average female body fat, which is five to ten percent higher on the lower muscle mass then average men. Moreover, the article has expresses indicators of fitness such as maximal aerobic capacity relative to fat-free mass between comparisons of gender based on absolute maximal aerobic capacity. This result to a selection of heavier female compared to male, thereby suggesting gender matching consideration and assessment of habitual activity. The article concludes with critical factors considering gender comparative studies in the phase of menstrual cycle in situation where the female is undergoing regular menses versus amenorrhea. In fact, the follicular phase of menstrual cycle, which is approximately fourteen days after the onset of menses, since the estradiol concentrates on starting levels comparable to males and increase up to ovulation. Journal: The Washington Post: Wellness Date: March 1, 2011 Page: 1 Title of Article: How men and women exercise differently Authors: Vicky Hallett The article commences by explaining about woman compared herself with her husband who she claims to be stereotypical, based on her gym behaviors. She has is forced to hoist a dumbbell, and she feels bad about the revelation, whereby every time her husband exercise, there is a chance of outdoing himself, thus resulting to soreness woes and shin splints. Nevertheless, this is blames on the biology, since research by Weight Watchers indicate that there is a controversy relate to male and female attitude towards weight loss. In this case, men have a conviction that exercises is sufficient for slimming, while women believe that there has to be a combination of eating healthier and exercising. Nevertheless, Weight Watchers indicated that according to their survey men are seen to enjoy exercises than women, this does not imply that women are not aware of the need for being physically active. On the other hand, there are generalizations, whereby plenty of outliers are for both sexes, since women clump by cardio machines, chatting and reading magazines, thus reducing the effectiveness of their exercises, while, men like concentrating on the large weights. The article concludes by discussing the changes that takes place concerning the older exercisers being warned by their physicians about altering their routines, while younger exercisers has established their evolving attitudes in the gym. Moreover, there is an intimidation factor relating to understanding of female, whereby they avoid weights in situations whereby they are not adequately oriented. On the other hand, men are different, since they are willing to lift weight even in situations when they are not fully oriented. Journal: Spero News: Science Date: Monday, June 11, 2012 Pages: 1 Title of Article: Women and men respond differently to fitness appeals Authors: Barillas Martin The article indicates that according to a new study, men and women who are overweight have a different response to the advertisements concerning the benefits of exercises. In fact, women are motivated to exercise, while men are motivated by weight loss and health. The article also indicates the study conducted by UM researchers indicating that there is an influence associated with intrinsic motivation for exercising because of reading a page of advertisement. However, the males and females respond differently to the advertisements, according to the study, which was conducted among 160 overweight women and men. The article explains that exercises are prescribed as a way of losing weight, though promoting activities for basic losing weight may not succeed among overweight women. Therefore, the findings in the article indicates that featuring weight loss as reason for exercising creates the possibility of reducing the intrinsic motivation and deteriorating the body image, though this is not the same for men. In this case, there is a need for targeting each sex in order to succeed in motivating men and women to becoming physically active. Nevertheless, it is easier to motivate men to exercise for weight loss and fitness, but women might need more effort in order to create the connection between exercises and fitness. The article concludes by discussing issues related to intrinsic motivation for excursing, which has been identified in previous research, whereby it builds upon the benefits to the obese and overweight women. Therefore, both women and men should understand these benefits in order to be motivated for increase in their physical activities and exercises. Journal: Duke Medicine: News Date: November 3, 2004 Page: 1 Title of Article: Muscle Capillaries Respond Differently to Exercise in Men and Women Authors: Duke Medicine News and Communications The article indicates that women have a lower density of capillaries in their skeletal muscles compared to men, though the density increases with at a higher rate men due to exercises. According to the analysis conducted by Duke University Medical Center researchers, after a study that involved supervising exercise training middle aged overweight men and women for a period of twenty four weeks. The researchers identified a similar rate of increase in the exercise capacity, though the conclusion was that men and women have a different muscle response to exercises. In this case, enhanced density of capillary in skeletal muscles has a superior role in women compared to men for enhancing exercises capacity; hence, article indicates that the capillaries are tiny blood vessels, which carry oxygenated blood to body’s tissues such as muscles. The skeletal muscles and cardiac muscle alters due to exercises. Increased capillary density is contributes significantly to improvement of exercise endurance between men and women. The article indicates that gender increases their VO2 after the programs of the exercise, whereby men increase 30.6ml/kg/min, 1 to 35.8 ml/kg/min 1 and women increased from 24.5 ml/kg/min1 to 29.1 ml/kg/min1. The article concludes with explaining about statistical analysis conducted by researchers in order to control gender, whereby they identified that the density of capillary to be affecting peak VO2 irrespective of gender. They also identified factors that benefit men such as enzymes, which increase the process of oxidation and mitochondria in the cells. Furthermore, oxygen increases the VO2 scores, thereby creating a chance for additional analysis. Journal: Journal of Applied Physiology Date: September 1, 2002 Pages: 1075-1083 Volume: 93 Issue: 3 Title of Article: Smaller muscle ATP reduction in women than in men by repeated bouts of sprint exercise Authors: Mona Esbjörnsson-Liljedahl, Kristina Bodin and Eva Jansson The article indicates that there are assumptions indicating that high-energy phosphates in the muscles after sprints are lower in women compared to men, where a study involving fifteen participants who are healthy and physically active, and at the average age of twenty-five years. There were blood and muscle samples were obtained after sprinting for a period of twenty minutes, and the muscles were analyzed for high-energy phosphates, background products and glycogen. There was a lower accumulation of glycogen, blood lactate and plasma catecholamine in women than men during the exercise, hence a smaller ATP reduction in women compared to men in repeated sprints, which are created in the process of recovery period between the exercise and the recovery of ATP through IMP in the recovery process. The article concludes with a reflection of the main ideas in the study, whereby issues related to recovery in bouts of sprits during the period between induction and smaller reduction of ATP and insignificant accumulation of IMP in women compared to men. In fact, the gender related difference was identified in the muscle fibers and it appeared to be generated in the recovery process between the bouts of exercise. Furthermore, the article suggests that recovery of ATP through IMP is faster in women than in men; hence, repeated sprints induce smaller glycogen in type one fiber in women compared to men. In this case, the gender-connected differences in response to metabolism contributes to faster functional recovery in women compared to men during exercises. Journal: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab Date: 17 July 2000 Page: E898-E907 Volume: 280 Title of Article: Substrate utilization during endurance exercise in men and women after endurance training Authors: Carter, Sherry Lee, Rennie Courtney and Tarnopolsky Mark The article investigates the effects of endurance during training on the entire body substrates, glucose and glycogen during exercises in male and female. The article explores a study, which involves substrates oxidations that are determined before and after seven weeks of endurance training on a cycle ergometer performed at same absolute and relative intensities. Therefore, glucose and glycogen were traced and used in calculation of respective substrates trace, flux, while endurance training resulted to an increase in peak for males and female. Moreover, female indicated a reduced respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during pre-training and post-training compared to men in the exercises, while the rate of glucose appearance and disappearance were similar in both female and male. However, there is no difference in Glycerol at the ABS or REL during the intensities of post-training exercise compared to pre-training. The article concludes with ideas related to appropriateness of female oxidation, whereby more lipids and less carbohydrate in exercise compared to males, and this is co-temporal with the higher glycerol Ra in females. The article identifies that there is a shift towards an increase in utilization of fat and reduction in CHO utilization at the same ABS intensity of exercise. Nevertheless, there are no increases in the utilization of fat during training at the same REL intensity of exercise, though there is a decrease in plasma glucose uptake during exercise after training during both ABS and REL exercise intensities. Lastly, the female are identified to have an increased rate of lipolysis and utilization of proportionately more fat during endurance exercise compared to males, despite the state of training. Journal: McMaster University Medical Centre Date: 2003 Pages: 39–46 Volume: 51 Issue: 1 Title of Article: Females and males: should nutritional recommendations be gender specific? Authors: Tarnopolsky Mark The article entails a discussion concerning physiological research that indicate that women oxidize proportionately more lipids and reduced carbohydrates and proteins compared to men in the process of endurance exercises. There are implications of gender differences in the metabolism on nutritional recommendations, which are considered by the sports nutritional literature, in fact, the nutritional recommendations and prescriptions of exercise training depend on the data collected with male and subjects that are extrapolated to women. Moreover, the article explores three areas that have few studies concerning gender differences in nutritional recommendations including: (CHO) nutrition, protein requirement and creatine (CrM) supplementation. The study explored in the article indicates that women do not load carbohydrates in order to respond to the increase intake of dietary carbohydrate, by expressing a percentage of total intakes of energy. Therefore, if women consume carbohydrates relative to the total fat-free-mass, there would be a significant increase of the muscle glycogen content, though this is half of the magnitude identified in men. In addition, the article indicates that women have the ability to oxidize more exogenous carbohydrate during endurance exercises than men, in fact, this consumption after exercise reduces the loss of proteins, thus enhancing the re-synthesis of glycogen and endurance in both men and women. The article concludes with a discussion that seeks to apply the ideas gathered from the study to sports, whereby the requirements of the elite male athlete are identified to be about the double of the elite female athlete. Women are seen to have an increased fat-free mass after a loading compared to men, though they have similar increases of intra-muscular creatine and concentration of phosphocreatine. Journal: Livestrong.com Date: Jun 14, 2011 Page: Title of Article: Why Do Men & Women Lose Weight Differently? Authors: Dakota Milo The article suggests that when a man and woman commence a weight loss program together, there are higher chances for a man to lose weight faster with less effort. Men are known to make special effort of burning their calories than women who are engaged in working out. There are advantages of weight loss advantages, which owe the biology and several psychological differences between the sexes. The article indicates some of the factors such as metabolism, whereby men are considered to lose weight at a faster rate of metabolism leading to a higher percentage of muscles. Therefore, metabolism rate is higher among men compared to women, thus they burn calories in active or inactive state. The other issues covered in the article relates to the lifestyle of men compared to women, whereby the men are more active than women are; hence, women burn fewer calories than men do. There are differences, which are attributed to a lower level of metabolism rate, whereby women do not move around like men. The other factor relates to perception of men and women, whereby it differs in accordance to their body image and efforts to weight loss. Furthermore, women are known to overestimate their weight and diet efforts, thus they consider themselves overweight than men. The article concludes with the last factor, which is the control of appetite, whereby women possess less self-control compared to men in relation to the cravings. In this case, women are more fixated on the thoughts concerning their favorite meal compared to men, and this is the reason why women are slow in losing weight. Works Cited Blaak Ellen. "Gender differences in fat metabolism". Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 4(1): 499-502, 2001. Available at: http://sriechman.tamu.edu/649/Gender/Gender%20fat%20metabolism%203.pdf [Accessed on November 6 2012] Barillas Martin. "Women and men respond differently to fitness appeals.” Spero News: Science Monday, June 11, 2012. March 1, 2011. Available at: http://www.speroforum.com/a/ENMYEOONLG14/72843-Women-and-men-respond-differently-to-fitness-appeals [Accessed on November 6 2012] Carter, Sherry Lee, Rennie Courtney and Tarnopolsky Mark. "Substrate utilization during endurance exercise in men and women after endurance training." Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 17 July 2000, 280 (1): E898-E907. Available at: [Accessed on November 6 2012] Duke Medicine News and Communications. "Muscle Capillaries Respond Differently to Exercise in Men and Women.” Duke Medicine: News. November 3, 2004. Available at: http://www.dukehealth.org/health_library/news/6597 [Accessed on November 6 2012] Dakota Milo. "Why Do Men & Women Lose Weight Differently?" Livestrong.com. Jun 14, 2011. Available at: http://www.livestrong.com/article/397136-why-do-men-women-lose-weight-differently/ [Accessed on November 6 2012] Mona Esbjörnsson-Liljedahl, Kristina Bodin, and Eva Jansson. "Smaller muscle ATP reduction in women than in men by repeated bouts of sprint exercise". Journal of Applied Physiology. September 1, 2002 , 93(3): 1075-1083, Available at: http://jap.physiology.org/content/93/3/1075.full [Accessed on November 6 2012] Tarnopolsky Mark. "Females and males: should nutritional recommendations be gender specific?" McMaster University Medical Centre. 51(1): 39–46, 2003, Available at: [Accessed on November 6 2012] Tarnopolsky Mark and Ruby Brent. "Sex differences in carbohydrate metabolism". Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 4 (2): 521-526, 2001. Available at: http://sriechman.tamu.edu/649/Gender/Gender%20Carbs%207.pdf [Accessed on November 6 2012] Tarnopolsky Mark and Saris Wim. "Evaluation of gender differences in physiology: an introduction". Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 4 (3): 489-492, 2001, Available at: http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=2221 [Accessed on November 6 2012] Vicky Hallett. "How men and women exercise differently". The Washington Post: Wellness. March 1, 2011. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/01/AR2011030102973.html [Accessed on November 6 2012] Read More