The Role of Tourism in Development - Research Paper Example

Abstract The dissertation deals in the discussion of the role of tourism in the development of the country and its impact on the country at the economical level, the cultural level, the social level and the environmental level. The dissertation gives a complete conceptual framework of the importance of tourism industry and what benefits and advantages it generates for the country. An in depth analysis has been conducted on the role of the tourism industry in the developed and under developed countries. Implications and conclusions have been given at the end as to what measures should be taken for the maintenance and constant success for the tourism to run successfully in any country. The Role of Tourism in Development 1. Chapter I Introduction In the recent years the industry of tourism is gaining wide popularity around the world. All around the world countries are now realizing the importance of tourism and the benefits it generates for the country while the tourists visit all the places of tourism. Trend in the international tourism show a very positive trend that the industry of tourism is has the potential to give strong positive results for the country which tends to increase the GDP of the country and improve their economic situation drastically. 1.1 Research questions: The research questions that have been formulated for this study are as follows: - To what extent can tourism impact the economic, environmental and social of the countries? - What role can tourism play in development? - What are the factors that lead to success and sustainability tourism? - What the constraints on tourism development? 1.2 Aims and Objectives The aims and objectives formulated for this study are as follows: - Investigate the different aspects of tourism impacts. - Explain the main goals of tourism development. - Analysis the success factors of tourism development. - Analysis the constraints facing tourism development. 1.3 Structure of Dissertation The following describes the chapter into which the dissertation is divided. Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter gives the purpose and background of this research, highlighting its aims and objectives. Chapter 2: Conceptual Framework of Tourism A review of tourism industry is provide in this section along with its importance and its impact on the country at the social and cultural level, at the economic level, and at the environmental level. Chapter 3: Research Methodology The methodology required for data collection, research methodology, and research strategy. For this research both secondary and primary data collection techniques were adopted while analysing the role of tourism development in the countries. In addition, the method of data collection used, was interviews. Chapter 4: Impact of Tourism on Development In this section, findings from secondary and primary data collection are summarized. It is further divided into different section headings and focusing on all the factors that play their role in the development of tourism in the country. Chapter 5: Implications and Conclusion Conclusion is derived keeping in view the research findings and is supported by theoretical background discussed in conceptual framework of tourism. 2. Chapter II: Methodology The main focus of this research is on the study of the role of tourism in the development of the country, on the economic, social, environmental and culture aspects of the countries that are both developed and under developed. Research is a term that is used in our everyday life but every research needs some strong substance data to support itself (Thornhill et al 2007). Research is considered to be systematic way of collecting data and then conducting its analysis and giving conclusion and recommendations based on the findings (Thornhill et al 2007). Basic research has its main focus towards the expansion of the knowledge processes of businesses while the applied research has its focus towards understanding a particular problem well of the business or any management. This research is more inclined towards both the elements of basic research and applied as it involves in gaining insight of the issue and then understanding its implications and developments. 2.1 Research Strategy The main questions that need to be answered while in the development of its strategy is whether the research is having an exploratory nature, a descriptive nature or an explanatory nature (Thornhill et al 2007). The exploratory research is useful if the problem identified needs a clarified understanding of the (Thornhill et al 2007). The studies of the descriptive nature require the accurate profiles of the people or events for the causal relationship to be developed between the various variables (Thornhill et al 2007). This research attempts to investigate the role of the development of tourism in the developed and under developed countries and what impact it gives on the economical, environmental, social and cultural impacts on the country. Therefore, exploratory research is applied and also some elements of descriptive research also exist. 2.2 Research Methods There are two different types of data collection techniques; qualitative and quantitative (Thornhill, et al (2007). P. 145). This research investigates the role of the development of tourism in the developed and under developed countries and what impact it gives on the economical, environmental, social and cultural impacts on the country. Such collection of data would be categorized as qualitative technique and some parts of quantitative elements as well because graphs and figures will be required for the latest tourism industry trends. Qualitative research has a long history in having distinguished human disciples in the researches conducted in history (Denzin et al 2003). According to Van Maanen (1983), qualitative method is defined as ‘ an array of interpretive techniques which seek to describe, decode, translate and otherwise come to terms with the meaning, not the frequency, of certain more or less naturally occurring phenomena in the social world’ (p. 9). Even so, a combination of two different types of qualitative data collection techniques will be used; Interviews, as primary data and other books, journal, newspaper and websites as secondary data, thus making the collection technique to be multi-method qualitative study (Thornhill, et al (2007). P. 145). 2.3 Data Collection Methods 2.3.1 Primary Data For the purpose of this research semi-structured interviews are used, which provides framework whilst allowing flexibility to exploring issues in more detail (Thornhill, et al (2007). P. 312). Such an approach towards interviews provides opportunity to the researcher to probe deeply, open up new dimensions of a problem and to secure vivid, accurate inclusive accounts that are based on personal experiences (Lowe, (2000). P. 73). 2.3.2 Secondary data Secondary data is employed in order to support primary data, as not all required information would be easily available through primary research methods (Sekaran, 2000). During research, such resources were mostly useful because of accessibility, reliability and relevance to the topic (Thornhill, et al (2007). P. 248). 3. Chapter III: Conceptual Framework of Tourism 3.1 Tourism Overview The industry of tourism has shown extremely fast growth but with the credit limit factor in 2008, the profitable figures have dropped down as people have to face the rising cost of living and they are having less money to spend on their leisure activities, many of the tourist companies are facing problems of expanding rapidly. Businesses need to overcome some issues while dealing with the implementation and development of the tourism industries in their countries (Tourism Overview 2010). It has been observed that the oil prices are increasing rapidly and this is increasing the fuel charges for the airline industry which further increases the air fare for the customers. This is making the consumers not to use the air travel mode of transport during the high seasons of tourism. It has also been observed that the pound has been facing a decrease against the euro which highlights the fact that many of the tourists from UK who usually planned short tourist trips are gradually coming to a halt. The London Olympics are taking place in the year 2012 and it is strongly expected that the amount of tourism related jobs will immensely increase. 3.2 Tourism Defined Many definitions of tourism have been comprised by different researchers. Tourism can be defined as an activity of people who like to travel to different places, reside there for few days not more than a year, have a change in their environment, and their main purpose is to have leisure from their work and other purposes (Beaver 2005). In previous years the economy of travel and tourism had been accounted for around 10.6% of world GDP and by the year 2009 the economy has an expected result of US$5,474 billion of generated economic activity (World Travel and Tourism Council 2009). Tourism plays a very critical role in the development of all developed and under developed countries. Its impact on the country’s GDP has a very wide impact on the country to remain financially stable. 3.3 Types of Tourism These are the following types of world tourism that usually take place (Main types of Tourism 2008): 1. Pilgrimage Tourism: the pilgrimages have created many tourist opportunities in the medieval period and today’s modern tourism stand out as an important stream in the field of tourism. 2. Health Tourism: this type of tourism has spas, places that provide the consumer with health related mineral waters, treatment of various diseases. 3. Winter Tourism: the sports being played in winter contribute to the tourism in winter. Ski and Snow festival tours are organized annually for all the winter tourists. The skiing sport is highly popular in the mountainous areas. Many of the tourists attending the winter tourism are participants from the warm countries around the world. 4. Niche Tourism: this category of tourism includes mountain hiking, backpacker tourism adventures, sports travelling for gulf and scuba diving options. This category also includes the tourists who are interested in highly risky activities. 5. The Learning-oriented niche tourism, the bookstore tourism, The Creative tourism, The educational tourism, The Ancestry tourism , The Hobby tourism , The Music and Dance tourism, The Heritage tourism , 6. Other miscellaneous types of niche tourism are given below. The Dark tourism includes traveling to sites which involve death and suffering. The Free Independent Tourism which includes choosing your own mode of transportation and accommodation. The Pop-culture tourism is the tourism for those people who are interested in visiting the sites that have been used ina film or portrayed in a novel. The Shopping tourism promotes shopping festivals such as the Dubai Shopping Festival. The Space tourism is traveling in outer space or on spaceships. The Distinct form ancestry tourism involves genealogical research. The Armchair tourism and virtual tourism do not require traveling physically, but involves exploring the world through internet, books, or TV. 3.4 Places of tourism Maho Bay’s camps and studios in the US Virgin Islands Kingfisher Bay Resort is found at Fraser Island, Queensland Quicksilver Tours, Queensland, Australia “Whale Watch Kaikoura” is an initiative of local Maori people from a small town on the East Coast of New Zealand's South Island. Jordan Tourism Investments, has revitalised the traditional village of Taybeh, in Jordan Uluru and Kakadu National Parks are both owned by indigenous Australians 3.5 The “Afrikatourism” brand has been constructed by the Open Africa Foundation for the welfare of its products and embracing the sustainable development of the country. Important of tourism development 3.5.1 Creating jobs and wealth In 2000, according to research of WTTC/WEFA, it was expected that the industry of travel and tourism will be generating around 11.7 % of GDP and supplying around 200 million jobs and by the year 2010 it was forecasted to be more than 11.7 % and providing around 255 million jobs respectively this current year. The jobs being provided with the implementation and the development of the tourism industry in the country are, jobs related to retail and construction, jobs dealing with the manufacturing and telecommunications sector, as well as joining as representatives in the travel and tourism enterprises. These jobs tend to give employment to women as well as the minorities of the country. Tourism industries van act as effective drivers for developing the regional economies of the country. 3.5.2 Contributing to sustainable development The industry of travel and tourism has a considerate contribution which makes the country, economically, ecologically and also socially sustainable because of the following implications: Tourism has a lower impact on the natural resources and on the environment of the country than the other industries operating within that country. The basis of tourism is to have enjoyment and leisure from the regular routine by visiting the local culture and backgrounds, by observing their heritage, and enjoying the natural environment. Tourism industry can play a vital role in increasing the commitment of the consumers for the sustainable development of the country by applying its various distribution channels to the consumers. The tourism industry also provides a strong incentive economically and that is the conservation of the natural environments and also the habitats of the country which otherwise have strong chances of being damaged by the environment, the process of bio-diversity is maintained in such circumstances. 3.5.3 Providing Infrastructure To have a sustainable economic environment it is necessary to have a proper infrastructure with the combination of the tourism factor. Infrastructure adds on to the quality of the tourism place and also promotes economic viability and growth. Infrastructure should be developed in a way that does not harm the original heritage or culture of the tourist places. 3.5.4 Challenge for future The industry of travel and tourism creates large amiounts of jobs and wealth for the local communities of the organization. This industry has the potential to largely contribute in the economical, environmental, and socially sustainable development of both the developed and underdeveloped countries around the globe. It has a major start up benefit that its running costs are low as compared to the other industries and the development projects are easy to implement as they do not involved much technicalities or complexities. The industry of tourism is expected to grow on the short medium term on a gradual pace in the coming years. 3.4.5 Tourism and development The element of tourism in any country tends to generate many benefits for the country. A lot of secondary effects can be expected for the country. The concept of tourism has been described by a lot of authors that it adds on to the financial stability of the country by large proportions. The country’s economy can be heavily improved because tourism provides new different opportunities for everyone. With tourism being implemented in the country, it tends to generate employment for many of the people both men and women. Opportunities are also provided for the unskilled workers so that they can also be the productive citizens of their country. With tourism being implemented in the country, the country has the chance of earning foreign exchange investments and this tends to highly reduce the economic concerns both regionally and socially. In the year September 2000, around 189 nations had formed a commitment at the summit meeting of the United Nations (UN) for the Millennium Development Declaration. The main purpose of the Declaration was that it focuses on reducing the number of people who are earning less than a dollar a day as their income. The declaration says that it will reduce the population by half by the year 2015. The summit of the UN Millennium consists of eight major commitments that have come to be known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). The goals are as follows (United Nations Development Programme 2009): 1. The eradication of extreme poverty and hunger from all countries. 2. To provide the basic primary education to all citizens of the country. 3. Empowerment of women, and promoting gender equality. 4. Working on the reduction of mortality for the children. 5. Working on improving the maternal health of females. 6. Combating all the dangerous and deadly diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria etc. 7. Ensuring that the country has a sustainable environment. 8. Working on having a global partnership for the development and success of the country. All these Millennium Development Goals have been endorsed by the United Nations and has been accepted by all the participating countries for this summit (World Tourism Organization 2009). The World Tourism Organization immensely promotes the business of tourism and it says that tourism acts as an instrument of prosperity, it helps the country to achieve and have development sustainably and also it helps in the reduction of poverty (Schellhorn 2007). There has been immense literature on the concept of tourism and by now it is crystal clear to everyone that the business of tourism and the reduction of poverty from the under developed countries are strongly linked to each other. Around the world many donors, various governments of the different countries, all organizations linked with conservation and wildlife, and all the different organizations related directly to tourism have denoted that the process of initiating tourism in the country will immensely reduce the poverty level of the country (Scheyvens 2007a). The industry of tourism can considerably allow potential advantages to the country by bringing in with itself appropriate development methods to improve the local communities position and status (Nowaczek, Moran-Cahusac, & Fennell 2007; Scheyvens 2002). According to Scheyvens (2002) it is extremely important to constantly research in the tourism industry for the development of the countries all around the world both socially and economically. The tourism industry is considered the world’s largest industry and it is has its long term growth impact in all the third world countries of the world. In many instances, the concept of tourism being implemented in the country may not be the right solution for the purpose of development but according to research many developing countries are in the favor of implementing tourism in their country so that they achieve their set goals which they have laid down for the improvement of lifestyle for the local communities by providing them with employment (Nowaczek et al. 2007; Scheyvens 2002).. 4. Chapter IV: Impact of Tourism on Development 4.1 Introduction. The impact of tourism on development has a wide number of factors associated with it. Tourism plays its impact on the various factors such as having an economic impact on the country, or the environmental impact, or the social and cultural impact on the country. All these factors are highly important for sustaining the positive tourism level in the country. If these factors are not maintained there are high chances that the tourism industry may not prove to be successful in the country. 4.2 Economic Impact The revenues earned from tourism can be used for the maintenance of all the protected and conservative areas of wildlife. The revenue generated can also be used for improving the structure of the roads, telecommunications, systems of sanitation of the country so that the lifestyle of the local population can be immensely upgraded with all the revenues generated from tourism (Ceballos-Lascurain 1996; Neto 2003 scited in Mendoza 2006). . 4.3 Social and Culture Impact The social and cultural impact of tourism depicts that it assists in the improvement of facilities that are provided by the government of the country. The cultural heritage of the country tends to be protected and people from all over the world come to view the social and cultural heritage of the country. With the help of the tourism the country also gets a good chance of promoting their culture around the world. 4.4 Environmental Impact. Tourist’s developments usually tends to start with the development of hotels, restaurants, and other lodges where the tourists can stay when they come to visit the country. A lot of good restaurants need to be build so that good food can be enjoyed by all the tourists. According to (Schellhorn 2007) there have been a large number of countries who have worked upon implementing the tourism projecvts in their country basing their strategies on a dual method which helps to reduce the poverty of the country and also improves and supports the conservation efforts of the country. Many developing countries such as Malaysia and many others, support and implement tourism in their country because the concept of tourism acts as a very helpful and developing tool for providing employment to the citizens of the country, it helps to improve the balance of payments of the country, it also immensely boosts up the foreign investments in the country making the country more competitive in the industry of tourism, and also it regionally, socially, and economically supports in the development of the country (Schellhorn 2007). 4.5 Constrains of tourism development A number of constraints and criticisms are present with the implementation of tourism in a country for the sole purpose of achieving development and conservation in the country. For instance, there is an urge for the poor and third world countries to open up the tourism industry in their countries, some critics have commented and considered that this is done mainly to exploit the labor as they are cheaply available in all the third world countries, it is also considered that the third world countries are selling out their resources in the natural environment form to the external tourist operators for their own interest rather than the interest of the third world country (Schellhorn 2007). There is no doubt in this that the third world countries are offering cheap labor because of their working conditions and their financial state. The labors have no choice but to go for cheap rates or else they won’t be getting employment, and so it is said that the tourism extent tends to remove the poverty from the regions of the host country (Pluss and Backes 2002 cited in Scheyvens 2007a). Several doubts exist about the potential of the local community in being positively involved in the business of tourism and being benefitted by the tourism industry being operated in the country. Many of the workers in the under developing countries are possessing lack of education and their literacy rate is not very high, this becomes a hurdle in the business operation activities which requires immense amount of marketing skills and other skills to manage the daily operations of the business (Scheyvens 2002). There may also exist the lack of contacts in networking with the global tourism enterprises present worldwide (Scheyvens 2007a). There are many authors that have shed light on the fact that it is still a doubtful phenomenon that the implementation if the tourism industry may improve the investment capital of the community or that the local community may not be aware of the infrastructure required for the development of tourism in the country. (Campbell 1999, Gartner 1996, Tosun 2000, cited in Nyaupane, Morais, & Dowler 2005). At times in various countries there exist many cultural restraints from the local community which acts as an obstacle in the planning, development and managing of tourism in the country (Nyaupane et al. 2005). In countries where the economy is highly impacted by the political structures, the community may be resistant to take the initiative to open up the tourism enterprise as they may consider it is the government’s task to develop the tourism industry in the country for the economic welfare of the country and the citizens. There also exist many underlying assumptions that once the tourism industry is under operation the revenues being generated from the potential streams may halt the local communities’ access to the natural resources which was in their use on a free basis. In practices, however, it is observed that the local communities often tend to retreat to the secondary positions offered to them and this way the attempts to protect the environment may be reduced (Nowaczek et al. 2007). Also, it is considered that many of the communities existing are entities with homogeneous backgrounds having common interests but in reality they consist of versatile interest groups. Many of the stakeholders, which have made their investments in the projects of tourism, are not given complete access to the political and economic resources of the country. The more financially stable and powerful group will tend to impose their decisions and interests in the development process of tourism in the country (Nowaczek et al. 2007). The elite business classes tend to dominate and monopolize all the benefits generated from tourism as their investments is extremely large and their rights increase by having more shares in the tourism (Mowforth and Munt 2003 cited in Scheyvens, 2007a). According to the authors, Weaver and Elliot (1996 cited in Schellhorn, 2007), they have observed in their research that the development of tourism in the country offers more benefits and advantages to the people who are able to grasp the opportunities because of their economic and financial power, the poor people obviously are not hat stable and do not have economic power that is why they do not get much benefit at all from the development of tourism. In a study conducted in the year 1997, it was a study of the Taman Negara national Park which is one of the most important tourist destinations existing in Malaysia. A German development agency by the name of GTZ discovered that around 90% of the revenues generated from the Park are not invested back in the Park maintenance or improvement of the facilities in the Park. The increasing cost of living and the effects and impacts of environmental harm that is linked to tourism may have a strong negative impact on the local population. According to Cochrane (2007), as he writes into the Asian context says that the tourism revenues are hardly channeled back to the source where it came from be it conservation or any place else which is a very alarming situation for the country to take notice of immediately. In the short term period, the small scale tourist enterprises may not earn a lot of revenue. The financial stability for the tourism industry may tend to arise in the long term when all their facilities are firmly maintained and they tourism places do not lose their charm 5. Chapter V: Implications and Conclusion For the promotion and the development of sustainable tourism in the developed and under developed countries it is necessary to initiate an influence on the consumer behaviour. The consumers should be insisted for the willingness to pay extra for the environment’s protection and for the consumption of environment friendly products. For the promotion of broad based sustainable development of the tourism industry in the country it is an utmost necessity to safeguard the belongings of the local cultures existing in the country and also working towards protecting the tourist environment by all means. This way if the tourism place is preserved in its original form then there are chances of having more consumers visiting their places as it has preserved the originality of the heritage. The coastal impact of tourism should always be maintained and be improved on a regular basis. The tourism in the coastal areas tends to provide the essential life for the local communities existing on the coastal line. Their bread and butter may be depending on the success rates of the tourism taking place on the coastal lines. The Travel and tourism industry seems to have a lot of benefits for the country’s GDP and also on the welfare of the citizens of the country. The industry has many advantages over other sectors of industry such as: more jobs tends to be created and therefore increasing the wealth of the communities; Sustainable development is achieved in the country if the industry of tourism is promoted; the costs of starting up the industry for tourism is quite low; wide ranges of area and places can be chosen for the purpose of tourism; is the tourism industry has a strong future and its has a strong growth impact in all the countries where this industry is operating; and the country needs to protect all it natural resources and environment for achieving long term benefits from tourism. If carefully planned and a complete in depth insight of the community, there is still a lot of scope and opportunities for the tourism industry to generate revenues for the country which will cause the country to be sustainably developed in all the third world countries (Butcher 2007; Scheyvens 2007a). 6. References Butcher, J. (2007). 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