Australian Multiculturalism - Case Study Example

Name Class Unit Introduction Australia being a multicultural society has adopted multiculturalism policies that have given people the freedom to practice and enjoy their own culture and religion. Multicultural community in Australia is a valuable commodity that must be promoted and embraced in order to achieve maximum prosperity. Moreover, it continues to enrich Australia social, economic, cultural and political sectors. Australia enacted multiculturalism policies that promote understanding, respect and friendships among different racial and ethnic groups hence combating prejudice that lead to racial discrimination. Multiculturalism is perceived as one of Australia greatest success stories and acts as a pillar of national unity. It allows Australians to celebrate their traditions and values hence promoting a fair and just society where rights, equality and freedoms of all people are recognized and respected. This position paper will discuss Australia as a successful example of multiculturalism and outline challenges being experienced. Background of multiculturalism in Australia Australia is both a multicultural and an immigrant nation. Multiculturalism in Australia was devised to respond to the increase of ethno-cultural diversity of Australian society that resulted from mass immigration following the World War II (Elsa, 2010, p.1). Before multiculturalism policies were adopted in 1970, Australia practices assimilation policies (between 1940s and 1950s) that required new inhabitants arrivals to learn English, adopt Australian cultural practices and become similar to Australia born population as quickly as possible. By late 1960s, Australia government had moved toward the policy of integration replacing assimilation after reflecting on the challenges faced by new migrants and acceptance of the possibility that migrants could integrate successfully into its society without losing their national identities (Elsa, 2010, p.2). Developments from other countries receiving immigrants become a growing acceptance of broader expression of multiculturalism within the Australian society in late 1970s. Multiculturalism was introduced in 1973 but it has since then underwent vigorous changes. The 1989 National Agenda shifted the emphasis of three key areas of multicultural policy. These changes moved the emphasis of multicultural polices from migrant oriented to more inclusive focus. It emphasized on; cultural identity that encouraged migrants to maintain their cultural practices and encouraged Australians to understand each other and share their heritage, social justice that placed emphasis on migrants rights who faced challenges when seeking services and economic efficiency that worked on the challenges that migrants faced In their workplace. Multiculturalism has hence developed to what its today (Elsa, 2010, p.9). Multiculturalism a success in Australia Multiculturalism policy served the post war needs of Australia. Even though ethnic and cultural identities were tolerated, they did not affect economic legal or political institutions of Australian society. Multiculturalism entrenched the basis of social formations and established English as the national language without debate. It created the assumption that immigrants would integrate into Australia society as per their relationship of dominance of one group over the others (Alper and Hurriyet 2007, p.9). Multiculturalism is one of Australian greatest success stories since its inception. Australia’s deliberate strategy towards multiculturalism since its inception and implementation over the past 45 years has enabled it prosper economically and socially through contributions of its diverse migrants. It’s a source of unity, strength and opportunity in Australia. Rather than cementing division between people of different origin, it is perceived to join the whole community to work together in promotion of fundamental principles and values shared by Australian society. It ensures inclusive citizenship, respect for the rule of law, democracy, opportunity for all, gender equity, tolerance, the right for participation, English as a shared language for all, commitment to human rights and respect for the first people of Australia (Mda 2011, p.8). It brings oneness for all people of Australia. Cultural diversity is one of Australia’s greatest strengths and assets. Diversity of skills, expertise, knowledge, and experience has strengthened Australia economic development, business, trade, tourism and art. Multiculturalism has enhanced creation of global economic links and relationships by developing export markets thus enhancing creativity and innovation through access to wide range of cultural perspectives and diverse skills. Moreover, multiculturalism has led to introduction of new services and goods and increased economic growth (Mda 2011, p.7). Australia refugees and migrants have had considerable economic contributions in terms of outwards remittance in support of families and communities in developing countries. In 2006 alone, over US$2.815 billion was remitted. Contrary to earlier critics, multiculturalism has strengthened social fabric and social cohesion. It has brought a sense of security in people’s new adopted environment. People feel the desire of being full members of Australian society and hence the ability to participate as full members quickly. Through multiculturalism, Australia has been able to maintain it social cohesion under stress. For example, the gulf war of 1991 united all Australians (Martina & Melissa 2011). Through multicultural policies, many refugees and migrants have been motivated to integrate into Australia community in adopting and sharing its values and beliefs. They are eager to work hard in contribution in giving back to their new country. Moreover, many migrants and refugees dedicate their considerable time to volunteer in activities within their communities while maintaining their jobs and studying in order to create better lives for their families. Survey conducted in Australia indeed show that an estimated 30% of people born oversea participate in formal volunteering while the number of those participating in informal volunteering is unable to be measure (Australia community 2013). Australia multicultural society has created a rich and vibrant cultural life. This has made possible innovative approaches to theatre, music, dance and cuisine. This is attributed to diverse cultural backgrounds residing in Australia. Diverse cultural differences provide for specific cultural knowledge, fostering of connections between CALD communities and non-governmental organizations, increased cultural awareness and contribution of diverse perspective to organizations (Australia community 2013, p.18). Multiculturalism is encouraged by community organizations, employers industries, local governments and wider community in working together in promotion of supportive and welcoming environment to migrants and refugees. This has enhanced achievement of productive diversity through employment creation opportunities. For example, Rockhampton has experienced notable demographic changes by welcoming large waves of refugees and migrants. Migrants are flocking Rockhampton for its employment opportunities as employers are actively encouraging, fostering and supporting them. Local networks are employing migrants as part of mutual beneficial agreements. They find migrants workers more loyalty to their companies and hence feel a real need for workers (Australia community 2013, p.18). Through multiculturalism, community engagement and partnerships have been achieved. COM4unity is an example of how community coordination, engagement and understanding towards youth have turned challenges into problems. For example in space of two years, crime in Blacktown fell and employment opportunities improved as a result of strengthened social cohesion. Blacktown is a melting point of 150 different cultures with the largest population being the youth. Initially, the dense population attracted high crime rates and violence. There was tension between African and Pacific Islander communities. Differences in the two groups led to creation of COM4unity initiative that enabled residents of Blacktown to solve their own problems. Through COM4security, dance group switch projected was created that allowed formal space for existing musical and dancing talents of local youths to be appreciated rather than frowned upon. Moreover, COM4security also introduced other initiatives such as sports and employment workshops and training for the young energy. This enabled cohesion and togetherness to Blacktown (Australia community, p.19). Social cohesion and social mobility as a measure of multiculturalism, Australia performs very well internationally. Contrary to most parts Europe, riots are not a frequent occurrence in Australia. While migrants disadvantage are entrenched in countries such as France, Germany, and Netherlands, children of immigrants in Australia outperform children of native born Australian in terms of jobs and education. Moreover there is broad acceptance of diversity by Australian public (ABC 2013). Multiculturalism is a successful vice in Australia. Dandy & Pe-Pua (2010) notes that according to opinion polls conducted in Australia, many people welcome the contributions of people from different diversity and acknowledged that their contributions have in large contributed to the success of Australia. For example, the Australian published the finding of a news poll survey on 3rd may 1997 that required people to give their views if multiculturalism has been good or bad. The respondents considered that multiculturalism was 78% good. In another poll survey by Sydney Morning Herald conducted in 5th may 1996, 70% of the respondents were not of the issue that multiculturalism should be abolished. Multiculturalism is successful policy in Australia. This is evidenced by self-employment and small business owned by migrants and refugees in Australia. Parekh (2002) notes that many post war immigrants have been noted to be self-employed or have created small businesses. According to 2006 census data, the extent of self-employment 15% of Australian ancestry is self-employed. This was in comparison with 22% of people with western and southern European ancestry. For example 24% of Greek background and 25% of Middle Eastern background were self-employed. Many well-known entrepreneurs with their inspiration rags to riches stories have indeed inspired many migrant business starters. Their success is attributed to the well-defined polies of multiculturalism in Australia Parekh (2002) attributes the success of multiculturalism in Australia is attributed to federal system sharing responsibilities of cultural diversity policies with the states and territories under commonwealth. Territory governments and state have adopted multicultural policies by establishing government bodies that deal with ethnic and cultural issues. For example, the state and territory address initiatives that deal with promotion of social cohesion, economic benefits of cultural diversity, cross cultural awareness training, community development among other initiatives that promote multiculturalism. Moreover, introduction of programs by local government throughout Australia have recognized that its client are of diverse group. To further boost multiculturalism, cross cultural training courses are increasingly used today for economic and social reasons. Multiculturalism in Australia is a success as immigration and cultural diversity have improved productivity and efficiency of its economy. The selective immigration to Australia implies that migrant population is never a representative of either the sending or receiving countries. Australia diversity has enabled Australia to compete market itself globally thus fostering economic growth, employment and improved living standards. Migrants link Australia to wealth of business and personal contacts in countries of their origin when Australia wants to do business. For example, by multiculturalism, Australia has a significant advantage over Asia in terms of economic opportunities which would not have been readily available if Australia had remained a closed society (Bertone & Leahy 2003). Challenges to multiculturalism Despite the success of multiculturalism in Australia, there are some challenges that slow it down. Initially, all new migrants enjoyed all right and privileges of membership of Australian community. This was a positive decision that enhanced social cohesion. However, federal government policy of denying new settlers in New South Wales land access and social security benefits has been extended from the previous six months to current two years. This new policy risks creation of a second class of Australian citizens. Moreover, this new regulation will not only undermine the future of multiculturalism in Australia but also the stability of society (Martina & Melissa 2011). Current climate on multiculturalism is an ambiguous one that has been faced by bi-partisan support for ‘Multicultural Australia’ by both the government and the opposition. There are wavering opposition and government responses toward key issues relating to multiculturalism that face the country. Rights for asylum seekers, policy of detention and targeting of particular communities in fight against terror are examples of issues gaining bipartisan support from government and opposition (Alper & Hurriyet 2007, p.10). Though multiculturalism has enhanced cohesion and diversity in Australia, racism and discrimination are of major concern. Racism and discrimination have been raised by regional reports to be profound challenges. Research finding shows that around 85% respondents of a poll conducted believe racism as a current issue in Australia. Moreover 29% of respondents have experienced form of race-hate talk with 11% experiencing race based exclusion from their workplaces. Hence racism remains a defying factor to multiculturalism in Australia despite its significant success (Kevin et al 2011, p.5). Conclusion Multiculturalism remains to be a unifying factor in Australia. It will continue to be defining feature of Australia national identity and contribute substantial benefits for all despite the under laying challenges. Moreover, multiculturalism has served Australia well and will continue to add value and make diversity the unifying factor for all Australians. Continued government support for Australian multiculturalism is fundamental and its commitment should be reflected in all government policies to strengthen the spirit of multiculturalism in Australia. References ABC 2013, Australian multiculturalism: learning from Europe's failings, viewed on 13th October 2015 The Australian Community 2013, The Australian Multicultural Council’s report on multiculturalism and social cohesion in Australian neighborhoods, viewed on 13th October 2015, http://www.crc.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/22965/The_Australian_Communi ty.pdf Alper, B. and Hurriyet, B. 2007, “Multiculturalism in Australia,” The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources Vol.9, No.3, pp 26-35 Bertone, S. and Leahy, M. 2003, “Multiculturalism as a Conservative Ideology: Impacts on Workforce Diversity,” Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, Vol 41, No1, pp 101– 115 Dandy, J., & Pe-Pua, R. 2010, “Attitudes to multiculturalism, immigration and cultural diversity: Comparison of dominant and non-dominant groups in three Australian states.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol.34, No.1, pp 34-46 Koleth Elsa 2010, Multiculturalism a Review of Australian Policy Statements and Recent Debates in Australia and Overseas Vol.6, Canberra, A.C.T, Parliamentary Library Kevin, M. , Allana, K., Wendy S., James, F. and Yip, P. , 2011, “Indigenous Australians’ Attitudes Towards Multiculturalism, Cultural Diversity, ‘Race’ and Racism,” Journal of Australian Indigenous Issues, Vol.13, No. 4 pp 19-33 Martina, B., & Melissa, P., 2011, “Multiculturalism and social inclusion in Australia,” Journal of Intercultural Studies Vol.32 No.2 pp189-197 Multicultural development association (MDA) 2011, Inquiry into Multiculturalism in Australia, viewed on 13th October 2015,http://www.mdainc.org.au/sites/default/files/mda- submission-to-inquiry-into-multiculturalism.pdf Parekh Bhikhu ,C. 2002, Rethinking multiculturalism: Cultural diversity and political theory, Harvard University Press, Harvard. 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Multiculturalism a success in Australia Multiculturalism policy served the post war needs of Australia. Even though ethnic and cultural identities were tolerated, they did not affect economic legal or political institutions of Australian society. Multiculturalism entrenched the basis of social formations and established English as the national language without debate. It created the assumption that immigrants would integrate into Australia society as per their relationship of dominance of one group over the others (Alper and Hurriyet 2007, p.9). Multiculturalism is one of Australian greatest success stories since its inception.

Australia’s deliberate strategy towards multiculturalism since its inception and implementation over the past 45 years has enabled it prosper economically and socially through contributions of its diverse migrants. It’s a source of unity, strength and opportunity in Australia. Rather than cementing division between people of different origin, it is perceived to join the whole community to work together in promotion of fundamental principles and values shared by Australian society. It ensures inclusive citizenship, respect for the rule of law, democracy, opportunity for all, gender equity, tolerance, the right for participation, English as a shared language for all, commitment to human rights and respect for the first people of Australia (Mda 2011, p.8). It brings oneness for all people of Australia.

Cultural diversity is one of Australia’s greatest strengths and assets. Diversity of skills, expertise, knowledge, and experience has strengthened Australia economic development, business, trade, tourism and art. Multiculturalism has enhanced creation of global economic links and relationships by developing export markets thus enhancing creativity and innovation through access to wide range of cultural perspectives and diverse skills. Moreover, multiculturalism has led to introduction of new services and goods and increased economic growth (Mda 2011, p.7). Australia refugees and migrants have had considerable economic contributions in terms of outwards remittance in support of families and communities in developing countries.

In 2006 alone, over US$2.815 billion was remitted. Contrary to earlier critics, multiculturalism has strengthened social fabric and social cohesion. It has brought a sense of security in people’s new adopted environment. People feel the desire of being full members of Australian society and hence the ability to participate as full members quickly. Through multiculturalism, Australia has been able to maintain it social cohesion under stress. For example, the gulf war of 1991 united all Australians (Martina & Melissa 2011).

Through multicultural policies, many refugees and migrants have been motivated to integrate into Australia community in adopting and sharing its values and beliefs. They are eager to work hard in contribution in giving back to their new country. Moreover, many migrants and refugees dedicate their considerable time to volunteer in activities within their communities while maintaining their jobs and studying in order to create better lives for their families. Survey conducted in Australia indeed show that an estimated 30% of people born oversea participate in formal volunteering while the number of those participating in informal volunteering is unable to be measure (Australia community 2013).

Australia multicultural society has created a rich and vibrant cultural life. This has made possible innovative approaches to theatre, music, dance and cuisine. This is attributed to diverse cultural backgrounds residing in Australia. Diverse cultural differences provide for specific cultural knowledge, fostering of connections between CALD communities and non-governmental organizations, increased cultural awareness and contribution of diverse perspective to organizations (Australia community 2013, p.18). Multiculturalism is encouraged by community organizations, employers industries, local governments and wider community in working together in promotion of supportive and welcoming environment to migrants and refugees.

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