Causes and Consequences of Child Obesity - Annotated Bibliography Example

Child obesity annotated bibliography Ann M., James K., Rochelle L.; Boles W, Richard E.; et al. .Maternal and Child Nutrition, Volume: 7, Issue: 1, Pages: 71-79, Jan. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mcn.7.issue-1/issuetoc. This source is a study to evaluate the feasibility of treating pediatric obesity using Telemedicine. The source explores the acceptability of this method of treatment after assigning seventeen families to two telemedicine in different centers and a one year follow-up on these families. The analysis indicated that both feasibility and acceptability of the telemedicine were positive. The intervention indicated that the telemedicine did not affect nutrition activity and body mass index of the families. The authors conclude that future researches must focus on increasing the impact of the telemedicine on pediatric obesity treatment. August GP, Caprio S, Fennoy I, et al. (2008).Prevention and treatment of pediatric obesity: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline based on expert opinion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab  93: 4576–4599. Retrieved from: https://www.endocrine.org/~/media/endosociety/Files/Publications/Clinical%20Practice%20Guidelines/FINAL-Standalone-Pediatric-Obesity-Guideline.pdf. The authors in this source recommend handling overweight in way that will have long term effects rather than a short time way of dealing with cases of other diseases that are brought about by being overweight. They demonstrate that obesity is not a condition that we cannot contain but rather a condition that sends signals earlier enough to those who are perceptive about the changes in their bodies. For this reason, apparent should be able to notice symptoms of obesity approaching their children and take the necessary action in time. They emphasize that breast feeding should be done for the first six months and that schools should provide enough time for physical exercises every day. They recommend that clinicians should educate parents and teachers regularly about children healthy living standards advocate for restriction of unhealthy food choices in schools. Policies against advertising unhealthy food stuffs to children should be created. The community at large should be enlightened about guiding children on healthy activities like bike riding, athletics and outdoor games and sports. Birch, L. L. & Davison, K. K. (2001). Family environmental factors influencing the developing behavioral controls of food intake and childhood overweight. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 48, 893–907. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11494642?report=medline&format=pdf. This journal highlights environmental factors that may facilitate child-parent similarity in weight status. The authors state that genetic factors are a major determiner when it comes to cases of obesity .The authors present an illustration on how, for instance, overweight parents may put their children at risk for overweight by way of foods selection for children, by serving as role models for childrens meals, and the way of child feeding habits. They explain how child feeding practices are directly inherited from their parents. Some potentially changeable aspects of the whole family feeding environment can increase risk for children overweight, influencing the childrens food intake. This source suggests that effective, efficient and preventive interventions for children obesity must consider the family background. Cooke-Cottone, C. Casey, C. M. & Feeley, H. A. (1997-2008). Meta-analytic review of obesity prevention in the schools: Psychology in the Schools, 46, 695–719. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pits.20409/pdf. The journal is an analysis that was conducted on school-based campaign to reduce obesity in children. The authors demonstrate how the analysis was conducted. This was a good decision since nowadays children are spending a good part of their lives while in school. Most of their teachers are not well conversant with the practices of healthy living standards and the effects of childhood obesity. The authors explain that results indicated that interventions in schools were proving to be very important. They state that a number of moderating factors were studied to explain the multiplicity in study outcomes. The interventions were universal and were conducted in pre-schools and were implemented collaboratively. Davis, Ann M.; Canter, Kimberly S.; Stough, Cathleen Odar; et al. (2014). Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Volume: 39, Issue: 3, Pages: 332-339. Retrieved from: http://www.kumc.edu/Documents/peds/Ann%20Davis%20External%20CV%202012%20Web_2.pdf. This was a study with the objective of exploring the relationship between meal time behavior and the health of sample rural overweight and obese children. The result of this analysis shows that there is need to review some feeding behaviors of these rural obese and overweight children. According to the assessment of pediatric feeding scale these feeding habits have implications the health of these children. Faith M.S, Scanlon K.S, Birch L.L et al. (2004). Obesity Research, Volume: 12, Issue: 11, Pages: 1711-1722, Nov. Retrieved from: http://projectabc.tamu.edu/sites/projectabc.tamu.edu/files/Wehrly,%20Bonilla,%20Perez,%20%26%20Liew%20(2013)%20-%20APPETITE%20-%20feeding%20and%20child%20weight.pdf The authors explore the relation of a child and parent in terms of feeding strategies and how they affect the child’s weight and eating habits. In an analysis that studied a sample of parents: how they prepare meals for their children, how they conduct meal time activities and generally how children perceive meals. It was noted that parents’ preferences are directly related to children preferences. Parents who are not cautious about the diet they offer to their children might make their children become obese or overweight. The authors also mention that it is not only the food stuffs parents choose but also how the process of preparation and presentation is conducted that affect children’s eating habits. They recommend that parents should come up with good meal time habits to prevent their children from becoming obese or overweight. Han J.C, Lawlor D.A, Kimm S.Y. (2010). Childhood Obesity. Lancet; 375: 1737–1748. Retrieved from: https://www.med.illinois.edu/CommMedSchool/Presentations/HealthEffectsOfChildhoodObesity.pdf. The authors in this journal explain into details the universal prevalence of child obesity that has increased rapidly in the past three decades. The journal states that there may be vulnerable periods for weight gain among children and adolescents but also explain that this is a good period to detect and prevent such cases. They are aware of the alarming cases of increased occurrence of type2 diabetes a disorder believed to be due to obesity. They state that much progress has been made in analysis of the genes and physiology of appetite control from these cases. However, they clearly advise that these queer disorders have made us realize few lessons regarding the prevention or reversal of incidences obesity in most children. The authors are aware that intake of calories and activity recommendations need to be reassessed and improved quantification at this population range because of luxurious lifestyles of children these days. Kelly A.S, Barlow S.E, Rao G., et al (2013). Severe obesity in children and adolescents: identification, associated health risks, and treatment approaches: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation; 128 (15): 1689–1712. Retrieved from: https://www.my.americanheart.org/idc/groups/ahamahpublic/@wcm/@sop/@smd/documents/downloadable/ucm_455766.pdf. This journal explains a comprehensive study of extreme obesity which affects about six percent of those under the age of nineteen in the United States, and the prevalence is on an increase. It outlines that despite the radical measures taken to counter obesity most people are still not playing their part by practicing healthy living standards. Treatments at the moment are limited in effectiveness and are widely available. The authors clearly explain that even after treatment most children are still gaining weight and become obese because they are not considerate of healthy living measures. This is a setback to the organizations fighting against obesity. The authors show that medical management has limitations since only one type of medication is at the moment approved for the treatment of childhood obesity. They state that a type of surgery been effective in reducing body mass index and making improvements in cardiovascular and metabolic risks. However, there are few reports regarding long term treatment of obesity. Lumeng J. C.; Burke E., Lori M.(2006). Journal of Pediatrics, Volume: 149, Issue: 3, Pages: 330-335, SEP. Retrieved from: http://www.jpeds.com/issues?issue_key=S0022-3476%2806%29X0100-2. The journal studies the association of a mother and her child in terms of how she prompts her child to eat, whether the child complies with the prompts and the status of the mother and child weights. The study involved mothers with children aged between three and six years of age. The mothers were videotaped with their children tasting four varieties of foods; two of which were similar and the other two were novel. How a mother prompted her child to eat and the child’s compliance were recorded. It was observed that non-obese mothers were more prompting. However, higher compliance was recorded by the obese mothers’ children. The authors concluded that obese mothers’ children might be responding more to environmental urges to feed. Lutfiyya M. N., Lipsky S., Martin Wisdom B. Jennifer N. et al. (2007). Obesity, Volume: 15 Issue: 9, Pages: 2348-2356, SEP. Retrieved from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/.../uuid:59577958-6de8-410d-aa4e-e2b2d7b2f0d. The authors state that it is believed that there is high prevalence of obesity in rural areas than in metropolitan areas an assumption that they say could be wrong since a study to compare obesity prevalence in rural and urban areas has never been done. In their study, the authors aimed to establish whether children obese and/or overweight children living rural areas are at a risk compared to those living in urban areas. Their study revealed that obese or overweight children over the age of five lived mostly in rural areas. After considering factors such as poverty level and health insurance, they concluded that these overweight or obese children living in rural areas are at more risk compared to those in urban areas. Moens E., Braet C., Soetens B. (2007) Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Volume: 32, Issue: 1, Pages: 52-63, Jan-Feb. Retrieved from: http://jpepsy.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/1/52.full Moens the author of this journal examines the differences in parental support and control of those with overweight or obesity and those without. The study involved twenty eight families of obese or overweight children compared to another twenty eight families of families whose children had normal weight. It was observed that parents of children with normal weights offered more support and control to their families eating habits compared to the parents of the overweight or obese families. The author concluded that parents who offer support their children’s health and have reasonable control over their families’ eating habits tend to prevent their children from becoming obese or overweight. She recommends family-based discussions on methods of preventing obesity as well as offering enough support and control to the family’s eating habits. Nafiu O. O., Zepeda A., Curcio C. et al.(2014) Journal of Human Hypertension, Volume: 28, Issue: 4, Pages: 263-268, 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.nature.com/jhh/journal/v28/n4/pdf/jhh201393a.pdf. The reason for this analysis was to establish the how the circumference of a child’s neck is associated to his or her obesity status and elevated hypertension (high blood pressure). The authors examined children between six and eighteen years of age. They discovered that rates of neck circumference increased with body mass index. They noticed that increasing neck circumference ad body mass index was clearly associated with elevated blood pressure. This indicated that a child high body mass index has higher chances of going down with hypertension. OConnor J.  Jago L., Baranowski T. (2009). Engaging parents to increase youth physical activity. A systematic review of American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 37, 141–149. Retrieved from: http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797 (09)00299-2/references. The authors in this journal show that parents are in a pole position to either make their children obese or guide them to live a healthy life. They are the ones that determine what diet their children take the activities their children undertake as well as noticing changes in a child’s health. The authors have listed a number of ways to sensitize parents on the advantages of engaging children in physical exercises. These include: educational programs on obesity, anti-obesity campaigns guidelines about healthy diets, the merits of sports and games and the effects of being overweight. They conclude that there fighting obesity requires taking into account all these recommendations and keeping track of a child’s bodily changes and take proactive measures earlier enough. For those children who are obese parents should follow pharmacotherapies carefully and monitor their children’s progress in. Ogden C.L, Carroll M.D, Kit B.K, Flegal K.M. (1999-2010). Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents. JAMA 2012; 307: 483–490. Retrieved from: http://jama.jamanetwork.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/article.aspx?articleid=185233. The authors describe the context of the prevalence of child obesity which increased in the nineteenth century. It states that there were no significant changes in prevalence as we approached the twentieth century in the United States. It indicates that objective was to investigate obesity has affected children and adolescents and also to discover the trends in obesity prevalence and cases of overweight for this age group. Carroll in this journal writes on the comprehensive analysis of a represented sample of the US child and adolescent population. The analysis involved measuring weight and height of children and those under the age of nineteen. The analysis showed that over ten percent of the sample being overweight; an issue that lead call for radical measures to curb the rising cases of obesity.  Stark L.J, Powers S.W. Jelalian E. et al. (1994). Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Volume: 19, Issue: 6, Pages: 751-768, Dec. Retrieved from: http://jpepsy.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/12/10/jpepsy.jst089.full. The authors analyze two children suffering from cystic fibrosis. The children’s treatment was monitored and their parents were involved as studies were carried out. Their treatment was followed by recording of the children‘s daily calorie intake. It was observed that the children showed increased improvement in mealtime behavior and had stabilized weight gain. The study showed that if children are fed well, they will grow up healthy and free from being overweight or obese. Stice E., Shaw H. & Marti C. N. (2006). A meta-analytic review of obesity prevention programs for children and adolescents: the skinny interventions that work. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 667–691. Retrieved from: http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=S3wmAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_vpt_buy#v=onepage&q&f=false. This is a source about obesity prevention programs and their effectiveness in reducing cases of obesity. It states that a research identified that most prevention programs are not effective since they are not comprehensive and hence the need to come up with more efficient methods of prevention. It indicates that most prevention methods target the adults ignoring the fact that children are also vulnerable to obesity. It recommends specific methods to handle obesity among children. The authors also note other factors, like mandated improvements in children’s diet and appropriate exercises. Sedentary behaviors should be reduced, training interventionists, and involving parents, were not fully associated with larger effects. These factors are ignored and recommend taking total control of even these things that might be seen as minor yet they have a great direction into the reduction or prevention of child obesity. Young K. M., Northern J. J., Lister K. M., Drummond J. A. & O’Brien W. H.(2007). A meta-analysis of family-behavioral weight loss treatments for children. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 240–249. Retrieved from: http://jfn.sagepub.com/content/16/4/955.full.pdf The authors in this source indicate that childrens diet is influenced by parental decisions such as food purchases and meal preparation. They further portray the relative benefits of including the parents’ involvement in children obesity campaigns. In their analysis, they compare the mean effect of family behavior, obesity treatment, and weight-loss control groups for children. A comprehensive literature review discovered that most parents are working on treatment instead of prevention. The authors claim that breastfed babies are less likely to become overweight. They report that babies have little likelihood of becoming overweight as they grow up if they are breastfed for a longer period. Moreover, the babies fed according to the recommended formula grow up to be healthy adults. Zeller M. H., Reiter P., Jennifer L., Modi J., Avani C. et al. (2007). Obesity, Volume: 15, Issue: 1, Pages: 126-136. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/oby.2004.197/full The authors analyze parents understanding how to handle children and young people who are suffering from obesity or are overweight. They perform their analysis in a treatment center where they analyze every child or youth who comes for the treatment of obesity at the treatment center. They look at the way parents react to the doctor’s prescriptions or recommendations. Their results show that parents whose children are obese or overweight have little understanding of how to handle obesity and overweight in children. The authors recommend that parents should be sensitized on the benefits of understanding obesity and overweight in children and how to handle it. To Summarize, It is evident from the above sources that most authors identify that child obesity is due to ignorance by parents. Most parents do not take caution when purchasing and preparing meals for their families. Although obesity is associated with genetics we can prevent it by practicing healthy eating habits. There is need to sensitize parents and teachers on the importance of healthy diets and physical activities. It is also evident that children inherit mealtime behaviors from their parents. Therefore, parents should teach their kids good eating habits and prepare healthy meals for them. It also clear that obesity is treatable; all that is required is cooperation from the parents of the obese or overweight children. Finally, we can deduce that research contributes very much into prevention and control of childhood obesity. References 1. Ann M., James K., Rochelle L.; Boles W, Richard E.; et al. (2011).Maternal and Child Nutrition, Volume: 7, Issue: 1, Pages: 71-79, Jan. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mcn.7.issue-1/issuetoc. 2. August GP, Caprio S, Fennoy I, et al. (2008).Prevention and treatment of pediatric obesity: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline based on expert opinion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab  93: 4576–4599. Retrieved from: https://www.endocrine.org/~/media/endosociety/Files/Publications/Clinical%20Practice%20Guidelines/FINAL-Standalone-Pediatric-Obesity-Guideline.pdf 3. Birch, L. L. & Davison, K. K. (2001). Family environmental factors influencing the developing behavioral controls of food intake and childhood overweight. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 48, 893–907. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11494642?report=medline&format=pdf 4. Cooke-Cottone, C. Casey, C. M. & Feeley, H. A. (1997-2008). Meta-analytic review of obesity prevention in the schools: Psychology in the Schools, 46, 695–719. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pits.20409/pdf 5. Davis, Ann M.; Canter, Kimberly S.; Stough, Cathleen Odar; et al. (2014). Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Volume: 39, Issue: 3, Pages: 332-339. Retrieved from: http://www.kumc.edu/Documents/peds/Ann%20Davis%20External%20CV%202012%20Web_2.pdf. 6. Faith M.S, Scanlon K.S, Birch L.L et al. (2004). Obesity Research, Volume: 12, Issue: 11, Pages: 1711-1722, Nov. Retrieved from: http://projectabc.tamu.edu/sites/projectabc.tamu.edu/files/Wehrly,%20Bonilla,%20Perez,%20%26%20Liew%20(2013)%20-%20APPETITE%20-%20feeding%20and%20child%20weight.pdf 7. Han J.C, Lawlor D.A, Kimm S.Y. (2010). Childhood Obesity. Lancet; 375: 1737–1748. Retrieved from: https://www.med.illinois.edu/CommMedSchool/Presentations/HealthEffectsOfChildhoodObesity.pdf. 8. Kelly A.S, Barlow S.E, Rao G., et al (2013). Severe obesity in children and adolescents: identification, associated health risks, and treatment approaches: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation; 128 (15): 1689–1712. Retrieved from: https://www.my.americanheart.org/idc/groups/ahamahpublic/@wcm/@sop/@smd/documents/downloadable/ucm_455766.pdf. 9. Lumeng J. C.; Burke E., Lori M.(2006). Journal of Pediatrics, Volume: 149, Issue: 3, Pages: 330-335, SEP. Retrieved from: http://www.jpeds.com/issues?issue_key=S0022-3476%2806%29X0100-2. 10. Lutfiyya M. N., Lipsky S., Martin Wisdom B. Jennifer N. et al. (2007). Obesity, Volume: 15 Issue: 9, Pages: 2348-2356, SEP. Retrieved from: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/.../uuid:59577958-6de8-410d-aa4e-e2b2d7b2f0d. 11. Moens E., Braet C., Soetens B. (2007) Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Volume: 32, Issue: 1, Pages: 52-63, Jan-Feb. Retrieved from: http://jpepsy.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/1/52.full 12. Nafiu O. O., Zepeda A., Curcio C. et al.(2014) Journal of Human Hypertension, Volume: 28, Issue: 4, Pages: 263-268, 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.nature.com/jhh/journal/v28/n4/pdf/jhh201393a.pdf. 13. OConnor J.  Jago L., Baranowski T. (2009). Engaging parents to increase youth physical activity. A systematic review of American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 37, 141–149. Retrieved from: http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797 (09)00299-2/references. 14. Ogden C.L, Carroll M.D, Kit B.K, Flegal K.M. (1999-2010). Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents. JAMA 2012; 307: 483–490. Retrieved from: http://jama.jamanetwork.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/article.aspx?articleid=185233. 15. Stark L.J, Powers S.W. Jelalian E. et al. (1994). Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Volume: 19, Issue: 6, Pages: 751-768, Dec. Retrieved from: http://jpepsy.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/12/10/jpepsy.jst089.full. 16. Stice E., Shaw H. & Marti C. N. (2006). A meta-analytic review of obesity prevention programs for children and adolescents: the skinny interventions that work. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 667–691. Retrieved from: http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=S3wmAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_vpt_buy#v=onepage&q&f=false. 17. Young K. M., Northern J. J., Lister K. M., Drummond J. A. & O’Brien W. H.(2007). A meta-analysis of family-behavioral weight loss treatments for children. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 240–249. Retrieved from: http://jfn.sagepub.com/content/16/4/955.full.pdf 18. Zeller M. H., Reiter P., Jennifer L., Modi J., Avani C. et al. (2007). Obesity, Volume: 15, Issue: 1, Pages: 126-136. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/oby.2004.197/full . Read More