How Do Ethics Influence Value Trade-Offs in the Pursuit of Security - Literature review Example

w Dо Еthiсs Influеnсе Vаluе Trаdе-Оffs in thе Рursuit of Sесurity? Name Institution Introduction Security and safety need is among the vital human values in shaping one’s life. As per the argument by Maslow in his hierarchy of needs, security with safety needs is exemplified as second just following biological necessities. From the fact that security if identified as a human need, it is embodied as a value, meaning the things that are essential in human lives (Rasskazova, Ivanova, & Sheldon, 2016). Because of ethics, humans tend to trade-off these values depending on their hierarchical priorities. Moral conduct directs people towards the pursuit of values such as security. Therefore, there is a close connection between moral principles and the manner of pursuit and retention of security. This paper seeks to explore this issue through looking for the answer to the question, ‘How do ethics influence value trade-offs in the pursuit of security?’ Although security is a very important value in human life, ethics impact its trade-offs. Literature review/ research argument There are various needs that once they are met, they motivate personal life. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, such needs are; physiological, safety, love/ belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. Security/ safety is among the basic human needs that if not met, it makes human become anxious. According to Maslow, security can be in the form of the body, the family, resources, employment, property, health, and morality. According to the argument put forth by Rasskazova, Ivanova and Sheldon, (2016) security and safety is a primary need. Besides, the need for having order and control in how a person lives makes the value of security and safety need play a major part on how humans behave. Taormina and Gao (2013) identify that ethics and ethical issues influence how one makes decisions towards the pursuit of security through the value trade-offs of the security priorities. Individuals are supposed to make informed choices regarding how to prioritize their safety needs based on their importance in personal life. In addition, according to Singh and Behera (2016), the behavior and personal attitude guide on how to pursue various security needs in human life. Therefore, achieving and maintaining safety needs, one needs to consider the ethical value or the goodness of the specific safety need in one’s living. In the safety stage of human life, people conduct different activities such as purchasing of the insurances, such as vehicle and health insurances with the aim of acquiring protection against those incidences that might occur without being expected. Mawere, Mubaya, van Reisen and van Stam, (2016) identify that such things are majorly done in order to improve personal sense of security and safety and for people to feel comfortable while living. As articulated by Deci and Ryan (2014) financial security is very essential in personal life. Based on that reason, people look for jobs or employment and operate diverse activities such as running businesses in order to feel financial security. In addition, one can contribute finances to a certain savings account as a form of investment with the aim of acquiring interests or more money. On the other hand, Jackson, Santoro, Ely, Boehm, Kiehl, Anderson and Ely, (2014) state that for the achievement of wellness and health, individuals acquire health care and health covers. Besides, being secure from injuries and accidents makes one to look for such insurance policies. As postulated by Sun, Ji, Zhang, Chen, Qian, Du and Wan, (2017), home security is another safety need that makes majority of the individuals to vacate from their areas of living and look for safer neighbourhoods whereby they would feel safe while sleeping and when brining up their children. In order to have protection, people do dissimilar things that dominate their conduct. Taormina and Gao (2013) identify that it is the desire of every human being to live in a world that is orderly and within personal control. The different security or safety needs are achieved differently and at different levels depending with their importance. Stehling-Ariza (2013) emphasizes that ethical behavior guide on the manner through which humans plan to achieve their needs. This also applies in the process of pursuit of security and safety needs. According to the argument put forth by, when achieving safety needs, there are things that people need to consider such as the urgency in the achievement of a need, and the goodness derived from the particular need. For instance, once the physiological needs are attained, one would wish to acquire an employment in order to establish the required financial safety. Harrigan and Commons (2015) argue that with finances, it becomes possible to meet other forms of safety needs. As identified by Haag and Kütscher (2016), personal security, safety against injuries, and accidents, as well as well-being and health can be achieved once an individual has the significant financial security. Nonetheless, with physical security, people manage to avoid the experience of trauma and different types of stress disorders resulting from family chaos or violence, child abuse, being attacked by natural disaster, and being involved in a war. Moreover, Jones, Clark, Weintraub and Zia, (2016) emphasize that people lack economic safety because of not having job opportunities and economic crisis. Hence, in such a situation, job security is very essential. Then, after attaining a job and being in a position to make the desired money, people need more protection through opening of savings accounts, which is also accompanied by taking insurance policies to secure or protect the wealth. According to the different forms of security identified by Maslow, being physically secure is fundamental with regard to ethics whereby one needs to be living in a comfortable and secure house. As articulated by Milheim (2012), having a job gives one the authority to control much part of their life. Furthermore, with a caring family gives one family protection and harmony as compared to property. Mawere, Mubaya, van Reisen and van Stam, (2016) identify that this makes it clear that there are obvious security issues that have to be achieved first prior to making of steps of achieving others. As noted by Brownie and Nancarrow (2013), with personal values, it is possible for humans to think internally concerning what is beneficial, good, useful, important, constructive, and desirable when trying to meet safety needs. Such moral principles influence the decisions that one has to make. According to the argument expressed by Chai and Moneta (2012), ranking of choices is enabled by personal values and this as well assists in answering different questions that people might be having about what one chooses to do. Life situations enhance opportunities to express or pursue some choices more efficiently than others. On the contrary, Deci and Ryan (2014) emphasize that life conditions tend to impose some hindrances against the pursuit or expression of values. For instance, failure to secure a well-paying job limit the pursuit of insurance policies towards security and protection of properties such as cars because the salary does not allow one to even own a vehicle (Brownie, & Nancarrow, 2013). In addition, people in employment that afford savings can invest and open savings account, as well as having life insurance policies as a form of attaining financial security and health and well-being security. According to the argument put forth by Haag and Kütscher (2016), people who experience economic hardships attribute more significance to safety values than those who already have the appropriate safety and comfort. Therefore, it is likely for an individual to trade-off or makes choices between shifting to a secure neghbourhood and working towards the attainment of financial security through opening of a saving account (Nwagbara, & Akanji, 2012). Ethics or the degree of conducting the most important actions regards the pursuit of these security issues differently. Jackson et al., (2014) assert that if it is not possible for a human to pursue employment and property at the same time, it requires them to forego one or avoid achieving one safety need in return to the attainment of another security requirement. For example, based on ethics, it would be important to seek for employment before looking for property or wealth. That is why Rasskazova, Ivanova and Sheldon, (2016) emphasize on the consideration of the importance and benefit acquired from an activity. It is apparent that with a job, one can attain property and resources, as well as saving account easily. Sometimes it may seem to be difficult to trade off one need for another, but for the reason of the desire to go for the important need, decisions have to be made for the choice of one thing and leaving the other. Hence, ethics influence the choice of job against property, savings, and resources as forms of economic security. Based on ethical consideration, health and well-being security has to be prioritized to the attainment of financial security. According to Harrigan and Commons (2015) when in good health, it is able for one to work and attain some revenue that will assist in the pursuit of material or financial security. Therefore, good health influences making of decisions regarding the pursuit of security needs. Singh and Behera (2016) postulate that given the chance to choose between property and health, it would ethical and good to choose health because health living is the basis for many life aspects. This means that being provided with health insurance would be preferred to being offered a business policy (Nwagbara, & Akanji, 2012). Moreover, many people prefer good health to material gains as a form of security. Therefore, attaining good health would be better than the acquisition of the other safety interests in the category. In the achievement of personal values, there are challenges that make it a necessity for people to make critical choices and decisions towards the attainment of a value or a need and losing the other. According to the argument put forth by Stehling-Ariza (2013), protection of values such as having peace, family protection, and safety while in the house is a competing need to the protection of property such as vehicles, money, and other resources. Making of the decision to go for health insurance and not vehicle insurance might tap into ethical and moral considerations. As articulated by Sun et al., (2017), the attitude guiding towards the choice of a certain need and not the other depends with the degree of importance of the entire needs and their usefulness in human life. Haag and Kütscher (2016) identify that the trade-offs manipulation influences the difficulties experienced in the decision making process. In the assessment of the diverse security needs before making choices, ethical principles seem to be playing the most significant role whereby it guides in the rank or prioritization of the particular needs (Jones, Clark, Weintraub & Zia, 2016). As postulated by Haag and Kütscher (2016), some security needs are difficult to pursue but because of their associated motivational goals, it is always vital to pursue them. This is for instance; possessing a job might require one to first of all have the requirements and qualifications required for a particular job opportunity. Therefore, in trade-offs ethics motivates towards the determination to achieve a certain need. Conclusion It is apparent that ethics influence value trade-offs in the pursuit of security. There are many security needs, such as physical security, economic security, security against accidents and injuries, and health and well-being security. However, the different security needs have different usefulness and beneficial levels in human life. In order to prioritise them, ethical principles provide an efficient direction towards making proper decisions on the choice of a certain need and not the other. The ability to acquire goodness and usefulness of a need is what motivates the ability to attain a specific need. According to the literature, after assessing the security needs, it is possible to identify the needs that bone should achieve first. For instance, meeting financial security requires one to prioritise on the financial needs. One should consider going for an employment first before looking for a saving account. Hence, through ethics, the decisions towards the achievement of a certain security needs and not the other are efficiently made. References Brownie, S., & Nancarrow, S. (2013). Effects of person-centered care on residents and staff in aged-care facilities: a systematic review. Clinical interventions in Aging, 8, 1. Chai, A., & Moneta, A. (2012). Back to Engel? Some evidence for the hierarchy of needs. Journal of evolutionary economics, 22(4), 649-676. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2014). The importance of universal psychological needs for understanding motivation in the workplace. The Oxford handbook of work engagement, motivation, and self-determination theory, 13-32. Haag, C., & Kütscher, M. C. (2016, June). The Underlying Needs of Innovations-A Time Study. In ISPIM Innovation Symposium (p. 1). The International Society for Professional Innovation Management (ISPIM). Harrigan, W. J., & Commons, M. L. (2015). Replacing Maslow’s needs hierarchy with an account based on stage and value. Behavioral Development Bulletin, 20(1), 24. Jackson, J. C., Santoro, M. J., Ely, T. M., Boehm, L., Kiehl, A. L., Anderson, L. S., & Ely, E. W. (2014). Improving patient care through the prism of psychology: application of Maslow’s hierarchy to sedation, delirium, and early mobility in the intensive care unit. Journal of critical care, 29(3), 438-444. Jones, C. A., Clark, E. M., Weintraub, A., & Zia, A. (2016). Personalized Adaptive Rewards Versus Incentives to Motivate Sustainable Healthy Behavioral Change-A Neo-Maslowian Conceptual Model. Value in Health, 19(7), A823-A824. Mawere, M., Mubaya, T. R., van Reisen, M., & van Stam, G. (2016). Maslow’s Theory of Human Motivation and its Deep Roots in Individualism: Interrogating Maslow’s Applicability in Africa. Theory, Knowledge, Development and Politics: What Role for the Academy in the Sustainability of Africa, 55-72. Mawere, M., Mubaya, T. R., van Reisen, M., & van Stam, G. (2016). Chapter Three Maslow’s Theory of Human Motivation and its Deep Roots in Individualism: Interrogating Maslow’s Applicability in Africa. Theory, Knowledge, Development and Politics: What Role for the Academy in the Sustainability of Africa?, 55. Milheim, K. L. (2012). Towards a better experience: Examining student needs in the online classroom through Maslow's hierarchy of needs model. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 8(2), 159. Nwagbara, U., & Akanji, B. O. (2012). The Impact of Work-Life Balance on the Commitment and Motivation of Nigerian Women Employees. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(3), 38. Rasskazova, E., Ivanova, T., & Sheldon, K. (2016). Comparing the effects of low-level and high-level worker need-satisfaction: A synthesis of the self-determination and Maslow need theories. Motivation and Emotion, 40(4), 541-555. Singh, T., & Behera, M. P. (2016). Application of the Maslow's Hierarchy of Need Theory: Impacts and Implications on Employee's Career Stages. Training & Development Journal, 7(2), 43-52. Stehling-Ariza, T. (2013, November). Explaining social inequalities in health: Can maslow's hierarchy of needs help?. In 141st APHA Annual Meeting and Exposition (November 2-November 6, 2013). APHA. Sun, Z., Ji, Z., Zhang, P., Chen, C., Qian, X., Du, X., & Wan, Q. (2017). Automatic Labeling of Mobile Apps by the Type of Psychological Needs They Satisfy. Telematics and Informatics. Taormina, R. J., & Gao, J. H. (2013). Maslow and the motivation hierarchy: Measuring satisfaction of the needs. The American journal of psychology, 126(2), 155-177. Read More

According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, such needs are; physiological, safety, love/ belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. Security/ safety is among the basic human needs that if not met, it makes human become anxious. According to Maslow, security can be in the form of the body, the family, resources, employment, property, health, and morality. According to the argument put forth by Rasskazova, Ivanova and Sheldon, (2016) security and safety is a primary need. Besides, the need for having order and control in how a person lives makes the value of security and safety need play a major part on how humans behave.

Taormina and Gao (2013) identify that ethics and ethical issues influence how one makes decisions towards the pursuit of security through the value trade-offs of the security priorities. Individuals are supposed to make informed choices regarding how to prioritize their safety needs based on their importance in personal life. In addition, according to Singh and Behera (2016), the behavior and personal attitude guide on how to pursue various security needs in human life. Therefore, achieving and maintaining safety needs, one needs to consider the ethical value or the goodness of the specific safety need in one’s living.

In the safety stage of human life, people conduct different activities such as purchasing of the insurances, such as vehicle and health insurances with the aim of acquiring protection against those incidences that might occur without being expected. Mawere, Mubaya, van Reisen and van Stam, (2016) identify that such things are majorly done in order to improve personal sense of security and safety and for people to feel comfortable while living. As articulated by Deci and Ryan (2014) financial security is very essential in personal life.

Based on that reason, people look for jobs or employment and operate diverse activities such as running businesses in order to feel financial security. In addition, one can contribute finances to a certain savings account as a form of investment with the aim of acquiring interests or more money. On the other hand, Jackson, Santoro, Ely, Boehm, Kiehl, Anderson and Ely, (2014) state that for the achievement of wellness and health, individuals acquire health care and health covers. Besides, being secure from injuries and accidents makes one to look for such insurance policies.

As postulated by Sun, Ji, Zhang, Chen, Qian, Du and Wan, (2017), home security is another safety need that makes majority of the individuals to vacate from their areas of living and look for safer neighbourhoods whereby they would feel safe while sleeping and when brining up their children. In order to have protection, people do dissimilar things that dominate their conduct. Taormina and Gao (2013) identify that it is the desire of every human being to live in a world that is orderly and within personal control.

The different security or safety needs are achieved differently and at different levels depending with their importance. Stehling-Ariza (2013) emphasizes that ethical behavior guide on the manner through which humans plan to achieve their needs. This also applies in the process of pursuit of security and safety needs. According to the argument put forth by, when achieving safety needs, there are things that people need to consider such as the urgency in the achievement of a need, and the goodness derived from the particular need.

For instance, once the physiological needs are attained, one would wish to acquire an employment in order to establish the required financial safety. Harrigan and Commons (2015) argue that with finances, it becomes possible to meet other forms of safety needs. As identified by Haag and Kütscher (2016), personal security, safety against injuries, and accidents, as well as well-being and health can be achieved once an individual has the significant financial security. Nonetheless, with physical security, people manage to avoid the experience of trauma and different types of stress disorders resulting from family chaos or violence, child abuse, being attacked by natural disaster, and being involved in a war.

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