What's Wrong with Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Subjective Likert Scales - Annotated Bibliography Example

Annotated Bibliography Name: Institution: Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Reference 1 2 Reference 2 4 Reference 3 5 Reference 4 6 Reference 5 7 Reference 6 9 REFERENCES 11 Reference 1 Type of publication Book/Journal/Conference/Public Website/ Other: Journal Article Author(s) Ying-yi Hong Michael W. Morris Chi-yue Chiu Ver6nica Benet-Martfnez Title Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition Journal Title American psychologist Volume No. 55 Issue No. 7 Page No.’s 709-720 Date of publication July, 2000 Date retrieved 28th March 2015 URL http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/55/7/709/ Publisher American Psychological Association Website name APA PsychNET Place of publication In-text reference (Author[s], Year) (Hong, Morris, Chiu & Benet-Martínez, 2000) End-text (Bibliographic) reference: Hong, Y., Morris, M., Chiu, C., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2000). Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist, 55(7), 709-720. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.7.709 Summary of reference (in your own words): The authors of the article suggested an approach to cognition and culture where certain knowledge of culture acts as a stimulus in the construction of meaning. In a number of experiments, the authors simulated the experience of individuals that can be considered bi-cultural. The authors of the article discussed how their constructivist approach highlights potent effects of behaviour. Useful “quotations” (include the page number): “With the emphasis on domain-general constructs has come the assumption that the influence of culture on Cognition is continual and constant” (Hong, Morris, Chiu & Benet-Martínez, 2000, p. 709). “Many bicultural individuals report that the two internalized cultures take turns in guiding their thoughts and feelings” (p. 710). Research Question(s) / Thesis Statement(s): For Hong, Morris and Benet-Martínez to capture people’s switch from one cultural lens to the next, they employed a conceptualization of culture that has been internalized as a network that comes from behind to guide cognition. Relevance to my research topic (in your own words): The article by Hong, Morris and Benet-Martínez will help in understanding how Facebook affects users thinking. The users from different cultural backgrounds now use Facebook that may make use of varying cultural aspects to pass a message or promote socialization. Facebook in that context can act as cultural stimulus that would influence cognition. Authentication: (Why can you trust this reference?) Give your evidence for: Author(s)/Editor(s)? Affiliations? Qualifications? 1. Ying-yi Hong: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 2. Michael W. Morris: Stanford University 3. Chi-yue Chiu: University of Hong Kong 4. Ver6nica Benet-Martfnez: University of Michigan Peer reviewed? Yes Literature Review? Yes In-text/End-text referencing? Yes Reference 2 Type of publication Book/Journal/Conference/Public Website/ Other: Journal Author(s) CHRISTINA KOROWNYK1, SHELLEY ROSS1, VICTORIA MA1, SARAH AARON2 & G. MICHAEL ALLAN1 Title A descriptive Analysis of a Novel Intervention to Help Residents Become Evidence Users Journal Title Medical teacher Volume No. 35 Issue No. 10 Page No.’s e1546-e1550. Date of publication Date retrieved 27th March 2015 URL http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/0142159X.2013.786807 Publisher Informa Healthcare Website name Informa Healthcare Place of publication Canada In-text reference (Author[s], Year) End-text (Bibliographic) reference: Korownyk, C., Ross, S., Ma, V., Aaron, S., & Allan, G. M. (2013). A descriptive analysis of a novel intervention to help residents become evidence users. Medical teacher, 35(10), e1546-e1550. Summary of reference (in your own words): The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the clinical and educational Brief Evidence-Based Assessment of Research (BEAR). The BEAR is a template that assists the students in their searching, evaluation and use of the important medical literature in their career. For the study, a total of 317 BEARs from first year resident between the years 2005 and 2007. From the analysis of the report, it was found that at least 69% of BEAR users found a small change on their practice. The results of the study suggested that the BEAR tool may be important in evidence-based education for the residents. Useful “quotations” (include the page number): “The objective of this study is to report on the results from the first two years of the Brief Evidence-based Assessment of Research (BEAR), including the type of questions, the resources used and the utility of project” (Korownyk, Ross, Aaron & Allan, 2013, p. 1546). “…BEAR may be a useful educational tool to assist residents in utilizing and becoming familiar with a variety of electronicmedical information resources” (Korownyk et al., 2013, p.1549). Research Question(s) / Thesis Statement(s): Focus according to Korownyk et al., should move from critical appraisal to point-of-care evidence-based practice. A curriculum based on evidence was developed to encourage residents to be evidence users and from that curriculum, research was done to determine BEAR’s effectiveness. Relevance to my research (in your own words): The research article by Korownyk et al. will reinforce the use of various research articles on conducting a descriptive analysis of Facebook users. From the study by Korownyk et al. (2013), it was found that research-based practice changed slightly the manner in which things were done. The study that is to be conducted will also be guided by various researches on the subject of analysing Facebook users. Authentication: (Why can you trust this reference?) Give your evidence for: Author(s)/Editor(s)? Affiliations? Qualifications? 1. CHRISTINA KOROWNYK: Assistant Professor in the Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. 2. SHELLEY ROSS: Assistant Professor and also an Education Researcher, Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. 3. VICTORIA MA: Family Medicine resident, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. 4. SARAH AARON: Health Sciences Student at the University of Western Ontario. 5. G. MICHAEL ALLAN: Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta. Peer reviewed? Yes Literature Review? Yes In-text/End-text referencing? Yes Reference 3 Type of publication Book/Journal/Conference/Public Website/ Other: Journal article Author(s) Johan Ugander, Brian Karrer, Lars Backstrom, Cameron Marlow Title The Anatomy of the Facebook Social Graph Journal Title Volume No. 1111 Issue No. 4503 Page No.’s 1-17 Date of publication 18th Nov 2011 Date retrieved 28th March 2015 URL http://arxiv.org/abs/1111.4503 Publisher Cornell University Website name arxiv.org Place of publication In-text reference (Author[s], Year) (Ugander, Karrer, Backstrom & Marlow, 2011) End-text (Bibliographic) reference: Ugander, J., Karrer, B., Backstrom, L., & Marlow, C. (2011). The anatomy of the facebook social graph. arXiv preprint arXiv:1111.4503. Summary of reference (in your own words): The authors of the article analysed the social graph of Facebook by computing multiple features of graph such as the number of users and the friends they have, path lengths, degree distribution, mixing patterns and clustering. They also analysed the effect of age and their choice of friends. The results of the analysis were then compared with smaller networks. Useful “quotations” (include the page number): “Quantitative analysis of these relationships requires individuals to explicitly detail their social net- Works” (Ugander, Karrer, Backstrom & Marlow, 2011, p. 1). “Facebook has naturally attracted the attention of researchers in the past” (p. 2). “We defined a user of Facebook as an active member of the social network if they logged into the site in the last 28 days…” (p. 2). “…the network includes roughly 10 percent of the world’s population” (p. 2). Research Question(s) / Thesis Statement(s): “Moreover, social networks have been observed to display a broad range of unifying structural properties, including homophily, clustering, the small-world effect, heterogeneous distributions of friends, and community structure” (Ugander, Karrer, Backstrom & Marlow, 2011, p. 1). Relevance to my research (in your own words): The article will be useful because it will provide information on the prevalence of Facebook among individuals of varying ages. The article will also provide important methods and information for analysis in our research. Such traits as effects of communities on the number and types of friends individuals have will be crucial in the research on descriptive analysis of Facebook users. The effect of communities was clearly evidenced on the basis of nationality in the research by Ugander, Karrer, Backstrom and Marlow. Authentication: (Why can you trust this reference?) Give your evidence for: Author(s)/Editor(s)? Affiliations? Qualifications? 1. Johan Ugander: Cornell University, NY, USA 2. Brian Karrer: University of Michigan 3. Lars Backstrom: Cornell University, NY, USA 4. Cameron Marlow: Cornell University. Peer reviewed? Yes Literature Review? Yes In-text/End-text referencing? Yes Reference 4 Type of publication Book/Journal/Conference/Public Website/ Other: Journal Article Author(s) Matthew J. Hodge Title THE FOURTH AMENDMENT AND PRIVACY ISSUES ON THE "NEW" INTERNET: FACEBOOK.COM AND MYSPACE.COM Journal Title Volume No. 35 Issue No. S. III Page No.’s 95-121 Date of publication 2006 Date retrieved 28th March 2015 URL http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/siulj31&div=11&id=&page= Publisher Southern Illinois University Law Journal Website name HEINONLINE Place of publication Southern Illinois In-text reference (Author[s], Year) (Hodge, 2006) End-text (Bibliographic) reference: Hodge, M. J. (2006). Fourth Amendment and Privacy Issues on the New Internet: Facebook.com and Myspace.com, The. S. Ill. ULJ, 31, 95. Summary of reference (in your own words): Facebook and other social sites such as Myspace.com have grown tremendously. Individuals are now sharing photos and information, meet new friends and maintain contact with friends and relatives. According to The reference cited a number of instances that information shared on Facebook was used by Law enforcement agencies used the social sites to get crucial information against the users. Hodge (2006) then raise important issues related to privacy. Hodge (2006), the courts in the country are starting to realize that the assumption that individuals lose their claim to privacy by turning over their information to others is not right. Even though the users of these social sites are not completely private, the author recommends the courts to continue applying and growing Katz principles. That would be necessary to ensure privacy in the age of tremendously growing social networks. Useful “quotations” (include the page number): “The extent of an expectation of privacy in cyberspace, and how closely this expectation would resemble non-cyberspace precedents, has been debated by many commentators and courts” (Hodge, 2006, p. 101). “Most of the courts recognize there should be some protection, for instance: "[t]he government may not simply throw up its hands and err on the side of liberally granting its employees access to a wide range of data with the effect of losing the Fourth Amendment somewhere in cyberspace"” (Hodge, 2006, p. 101). Research Question(s) / Thesis Statement(s): With the increasing usage of Facebook and MySpace as tools for police searches and prosecution, students and parents around the country are becoming worried about their rights and potential privacy issues on these new and extremely popular Web sites. This paper will provide a background of the Fourth Amendment issues surrounding the usage of Facebook and MySpace, and discuss the legality of potential searches conducted by police and other law enforcement officials. Relevance to my research (in your own words): The article is relevant to the research on ‘descriptive analysis of Facebook users’ in that it provides the legal perspective of using the social network. The article provides a number of issues that affect or may affect the social site users. The legal implications of using the site have been highlighted and that would provide a useful reference for the descriptive analysis research. Authentication: (Why can you trust this reference?) Give your evidence for: Author(s)/Editor(s)? Affiliations? Qualifications? 1. Matthew J. Hodge: J.D. Candidate, Southern Illinois University School of Law, Peer reviewed? Yes Literature Review? No In-text/End-text referencing? Yes Reference 5 Type of publication Book/Journal/Conference/Public Website/ Other: Journal article Author(s) Harvey A. Siegal, Li Li, Richard C. Rapp and Pranjit Saha Title MEASURING READINESS FOR CHANGE AMONG CRACK COCAINE USERS: A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS Journal Title Substance use and misuse Volume No. 36 Issue No. 6-7 Page No.’s 687-699 Date of publication 2001 Date retrieved 28th March 2015 URL http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1081/JA-100104085 Publisher Wright State University Website name Informa Healthcare Place of publication Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio In-text reference (Author[s], Year) (Siegal, Rapp & Saha, 2001) End-text (Bibliographic) reference: Siegal, H. A., Li, L., Rapp, R. C., & Saha, P. (2001). Measuring readiness for change among crack cocaine users: a descriptive analysis. Substance use & misuse, 36(6-7), 687-699. Summary of reference (in your own words): The Change Assessment Scale from the University of Rhode Island was used to assess 235 users of Cocaine change status. These users had previously sought treatment for their addiction. Three subgroups that highlighted the need to change were identified after cluster analysis was done. No significant variances were identified in terms of demographics among other areas assessed though Addiction Severity Index (ASI). Additionally, improvements were noted in terms of intake and six month follow-up among the three clusters. Useful “quotations” (include the page number): “Treatment professionals, researchers, and policy makers alike are eager to find a way to operationalize and measure the readiness for change construct” (Siegal, Rapp & Saha, 2001, p. 688). “Acluster analysis was conducted using the intake mean scores for each stage in order to identify homogeneous groups or clusters. Specifically, a hierarchical clustering technique with the Ward method was used” (Siegal, Rapp & Saha, 2001, p. 688). “Using similar descriptive techniques, it would be worthwhile to determine whether other researchers produced findings similar to the ones presented here” (Siegal, Rapp & Saha, 2001, p. 698). Research Question(s) / Thesis Statement(s): This study uses the URICAand then cluster analytic procedures to identify and describe subgroups representing differing levels of readiness to change among a population of 235 in-treatment (primarily) cocaine and crack cocaine users. Demographic characteristics, participation in treatment and post-treatment functioning in seven life areas, as assessed by the Addiction Severity Index, will be compared across the identified clusters (Siegal, Rapp & Saha, 2001, p. 689). Relevance to my research (in your own words): The method of descriptive analysis used in the article will provide insight on the manner our research will be conducted. The creation of clusters will be needed in the descriptive analysis of Facebook users. These clusters may then be analysed through intake mean scores just as the research by Siegal, Rapp and Saha did. The studies may be dealing with different topics but the methods can be used across subjects. The research paper employs Euclidian distances to minimize variances within clusters and so, that information will be invaluable in the descriptive analysis of Facebook users. Authentication: (Why can you trust this reference?) Give your evidence for: Author(s)/Editor(s)? Affiliations? Qualifications? 1. Harvey A. Siegal: Ph. D. Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; Correspondence author. Center for Interventions, Treatment and Addictions Research, School of Medicine 2. Li Li; Ph. D Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 3. Richard C. Rapp: Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 4. Pranjit Saha: M.S. Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio Peer reviewed? Yes Literature Review? Yes In-text/End-text referencing? Yes Reference 6 Type of publication Book/Journal/Conference/Public Website/ Other: Journal article Author(s) Steven J. Heine, Darrin R. Lehman, Kaiping Peng, Joe Greenholtz Title What's Wrong with Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Subjective Likert Scales?: The Reference-Group Effect Journal Title Journal of personality and social psychology Volume No. 82 Issue No. 6 Page No.’s 903-918 Date of publication June, 2002 Date retrieved 28th March 2015 URL http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/82/6/903/ Publisher American Psychological Association Website name PsychNET Place of publication In-text reference (Author[s], Year) (Heine, Lehman, Peng & Greenholtz, 2002) End-text (Bibliographic) reference: Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Peng, K., & Greenholtz, J. (2002). What's Wrong with Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Subjective Likert Scales?: The Reference-Group Effect. Journal of personality and social psychology, 82(6), 903. Summary of reference (in your own words): The authors of the article highlighted the weaknesses of the Likert scale based cross-cultural comparisons. The reason for such compromise of the Likert scale was because using different reference groups. Three studies were selected. The first one failed to highlight the variances between East Asians and North Americans in terms of trait and attitude comparisons. The cultural experts had agreed the East Asians are more collectivist that their counterpart North Americans. The second study revealed that the manipulation of reference groups had effect on the expected cultural variances. The last one revealed that individuals from varying cultural backgrounds within the same region exhibited more differences than comparison between individuals from the different countries. Useful “quotations” (include the page number): “For the most part, it appears that various efforts, such as back translation, the use of different methodologies on the basis of the nature of the sample, the use of hidden behavioral measures, and standardization of the data, can correct many of these confound” (Heine, Lehman, Peng & Greenholtz, 2002, p. 904). “Festinger maintained that much of people’s understanding of themselves is not context-free but rather is based on how people compare with others around them” (Heine, Lehman, Peng & Greenholtz, 2002, p. 903). Research Question(s) / Thesis Statement(s): “Much research in cultural and cross-cultural psychology as well as in social and personality psychology relies on comparisons of means across groups of self-report measures of attitudes, traits, and values. We question the validity of such comparisons” (Heine, Lehman, Peng & Greenholtz, 2002, p. 903). Relevance to my research (in your own words): The research article is crucial because it will help in the determination of the measurement method to be used in measuring differences between different clusters. The weaknesses exhibited by the use of Likert scale because of using different reference backgrounds will be avoided. The research will guide the measurement process of the ‘descriptive analysis of Facebook users research. The article will also add to the body of literature review to enhance legitimacy of the research. Authentication: (Why can you trust this reference?) Give your evidence for: Author(s)/Editor(s)? Affiliations? Qualifications? 1. Steven J. Heine: Department of Psychology; University of British Columbia 2. Darrin R. Lehman: University of British Columbia 3. Kaiping Peng: Department of Psychology; University of California, Berkeley 4. Joe Greenholtz: University of British Columbia Peer reviewed? Yes Literature Review? Yes In-text/End-text referencing? Yes REFERENCES Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Peng, K., & Greenholtz, J. (2002). What's Wrong with Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Subjective Likert Scales?: The Reference-Group Effect. Journal of personality and social psychology, 82(6), 903. Hodge, M. J. (2006). Fourth Amendment and Privacy Issues on the New Internet: Facebook.com and Myspace.com, The. S. Ill. ULJ, 31, 95. Hong, Y., Morris, M., Chiu, C., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2000). Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist, 55(7), 709-720. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.7.709 Korownyk, C., Ross, S., Ma, V., Aaron, S., & Allan, G. M. (2013). A descriptive analysis of a novel intervention to help residents become evidence users. Medical teacher, 35(10), e1546-e1550. Siegal, H. A., Li, L., Rapp, R. C., & Saha, P. (2001). Measuring readiness for change among crack cocaine users: a descriptive analysis. Substance use & misuse, 36(6-7), 687-699. Ugander, J., Karrer, B., Backstrom, L., & Marlow, C. (2011). The anatomy of the facebook social graph. arXiv preprint arXiv:1111.4503. Read More

Authentication: (Why can you trust this reference?) Give your evidence for: Author(s)/Editor(s)? Affiliations? Qualifications? 1. Ying-yi Hong: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 2. Michael W. Morris: Stanford University 3. Chi-yue Chiu: University of Hong Kong 4. Ver6nica Benet-Martfnez: University of Michigan Peer reviewed? Yes Literature Review? Yes In-text/End-text referencing? Yes Reference 2 Type of publication Book/Journal/Conference/Public Website/ Other: Journal Author(s) CHRISTINA KOROWNYK1, SHELLEY ROSS1, VICTORIA MA1, SARAH AARON2 & G.

MICHAEL ALLAN1 Title A descriptive Analysis of a Novel Intervention to Help Residents Become Evidence Users Journal Title Medical teacher Volume No. 35 Issue No. 10 Page No.’s e1546-e1550. Date of publication Date retrieved 27th March 2015 URL http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/0142159X.2013.786807 Publisher Informa Healthcare Website name Informa Healthcare Place of publication Canada In-text reference (Author[s], Year) End-text (Bibliographic) reference: Korownyk, C., Ross, S., Ma, V.

, Aaron, S., & Allan, G. M. (2013). A descriptive analysis of a novel intervention to help residents become evidence users. Medical teacher, 35(10), e1546-e1550. Summary of reference (in your own words): The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the clinical and educational Brief Evidence-Based Assessment of Research (BEAR). The BEAR is a template that assists the students in their searching, evaluation and use of the important medical literature in their career. For the study, a total of 317 BEARs from first year resident between the years 2005 and 2007.

From the analysis of the report, it was found that at least 69% of BEAR users found a small change on their practice. The results of the study suggested that the BEAR tool may be important in evidence-based education for the residents. Useful “quotations” (include the page number): “The objective of this study is to report on the results from the first two years of the Brief Evidence-based Assessment of Research (BEAR), including the type of questions, the resources used and the utility of project” (Korownyk, Ross, Aaron & Allan, 2013, p. 1546). “…BEAR may be a useful educational tool to assist residents in utilizing and becoming familiar with a variety of electronicmedical information resources” (Korownyk et al., 2013, p.1549).

Research Question(s) / Thesis Statement(s): Focus according to Korownyk et al., should move from critical appraisal to point-of-care evidence-based practice. A curriculum based on evidence was developed to encourage residents to be evidence users and from that curriculum, research was done to determine BEAR’s effectiveness. Relevance to my research (in your own words): The research article by Korownyk et al. will reinforce the use of various research articles on conducting a descriptive analysis of Facebook users.

From the study by Korownyk et al. (2013), it was found that research-based practice changed slightly the manner in which things were done. The study that is to be conducted will also be guided by various researches on the subject of analysing Facebook users. Authentication: (Why can you trust this reference?) Give your evidence for: Author(s)/Editor(s)? Affiliations? Qualifications? 1. CHRISTINA KOROWNYK: Assistant Professor in the Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. 2. SHELLEY ROSS: Assistant Professor and also an Education Researcher, Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. 3. VICTORIA MA: Family Medicine resident, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. 4. SARAH AARON: Health Sciences Student at the University of Western Ontario. 5. G.

MICHAEL ALLAN: Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta. Peer reviewed? Yes Literature Review? Yes In-text/End-text referencing? Yes Reference 3 Type of publication Book/Journal/Conference/Public Website/ Other: Journal article Author(s) Johan Ugander, Brian Karrer, Lars Backstrom, Cameron Marlow Title The Anatomy of the Facebook Social Graph Journal Title Volume No.

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