Prosperous Senescence: Public Forces in Afterwards Life - Research Paper Example

Successful aging Customer’s Name: Customer’s Course: Tutor’s Name: Introduction Human beings are no longer concerned or bothered with life that exceeds two decades. It has been noted that most individuals are troubled with the life they will live at old age, where old age in this scenario means the age of sixties and above. According to most individuals, substantial survival is no longer the major apprehension and concentration has shifted, and it now centers on the superiority and nature of that continued existence, to trends of progress and to what encompasses successful aging. The last century has been characterized with a considerable augmentation in life expectancy rate, momentous health progress and an augmented rate of spending in health and social care sectors. These augmented changes have jointly led to worldwide curiosity in the encouragement of healthier old age and how one can achieve successful aging. Successful aging has been a major concern in most disciplines, which are studied in the schools of higher education. The term successful aging is not new it has been used in reports, which date back to the early 1960s and 1970s (Havinghurst, 1963; William and Wirths, 1965). Furthermore, in the 1980s and 1990s the term was used by various psychologists and behavioral scientists, and it became a major subject in schools (Ryff, 1982). With the change in time more and more people are becoming interested in the topic, for example, the topic has been of greater interest to physicians and health service researchers (Rowe & Kahn, 1998). According to Phelan & Larson, successful aging has received the augmented attention due to an amalgamation of demographic progresses and social forces (Phelan & Larson, 2002). Hoyert, Kochanek and Murphy noted that individuals born on the late 1940, and those of early 1960 are inclined to have a greater opportunity of living until old age with a life expectancy of approximately 16 to 29 years (Hoyert, Kochanek & Murphy, 1999). Models of adult life and growth define aging as a sequence of steps or a series of conflicting issues, preoccupations and viewpoints. The theories mainly classify aging as been either successful or unsuccessful. This mainly leads to question of what constitutes to successful aging and whether successful aging is pertinent to all individuals. Clear appreciation of this will be crucial to this research. The investigation and revelation on the involvement of leisure to expansion and successful aging is flourishing (Kleiber &Kelly, 1980; Loy & Ingham, 1982: Kebler & Kane, 1987). This paper sets out to present definitions of successful aging as defined by a range of research schemes and by various authors and how successful aging can be achieved. It intends to simply identify and present in a highly summarized manner, the many definitions of successful aging that have been theorized over the past 30 to 40 years. In addition, it will offer justification for exploring the public’s definition (mainly older people) of successful aging and how it can be achieved. The purpose of this paper is to address the following questions? 1. What is successful aging? 2. How can successful aging be achieved? What is successful aging? Although the term successful aging is extensively used in gerontology there exist no definite or agreed-upon definition of the term and way of measuring or assessing successful aging. A wide range of literature exists which gives various definitions of successful aging; this generally reflects the educational discipline of the researchers. The thought of successful aging is dated back in 44 BC. Ciero jotted down a dissertation on the qualities of good aging (Jarcho, 1971). The studies of successful aging are broadly categorized into two: the first one is biomedical models which stress on the physical and psychological performance as successful aging; and the second one socio-psychological model which gives emphasis to the social performance, life fulfillment and psychological resources as successful aging. A number of studies also recognize these issues as the heralds of successful aging. In addition, studies demonstrate that the older generation regard themselves to be among the successfully aged people in the society. Another smaller number of studies have investigated lay views, and many of the studies have been investigative or constrained to definite groups of areas. Thus, a clear and concise model of successful aging ought to be a multi-dimensional. The gap that exist in lay viewpoint for social implication, and use a range rather than dichotomous cut-offs for "success" and lack of, and differentiate evidently between predictor and ingredient variables. According to literature evaluated in the biomedical theories, successful aging is distinct in reference to optimization of the life expectation while at the same time tumbling the physical and mental deterioration and disability. The biomedical theories exclusively tackle the deficiency of chronic illness and danger issues for the illness: that can be termed as good health conditions; this has elevated levels of independent bodily performance, performance mobility, and cognitive performance” (Bowling & Dieppe, 2005). A number of major biomedical studies of successful aging such as MacArthur studies of successful aging have established the foundation of biomedical studies on the topic (Seeman et al., 1994) in places where there have been dichotomous investigations of the aged in the society and the elderly ordinary populace. Nevertheless, the groupings of individuals into either the diseased or the normal do not openly appreciate the quantity of heterogeneity that exists between these groups. To appreciate the quantity of heterogeneity that existed between these groups Rowe and Kahn (1987 cited in Bowling & Dieppe, 2005) and differentiated between “usual” aging, which is termed as standard demur in bodily, communal, and cognitive performance with age, augmented by extrinsic issues and “successful” aging in which positive loss is minimized with insignificant or no age associated decrement in physiological and cognitive performance, with exterior issues playing an unbiased or optimistic role. According to Rowe and Kahn, successful aging is composed of three components the components are: lack of or prevention from diseases, constant upholding of bodily and cognitive performance, and vigorous engagement with life, which may at times include a constant independence and social support (Rowe and Kahn, 1987 cited in Ford et al. 2000). Rowe and Kahn model is the most common and widely used, there has been a noteworthy propagation of revisions by psychologically, biologically and sociologically familiarized investigators, with each of them giving a different view on successful aging. Another mainly biological definition of successful aging is the one described by the Alameda County studies of healthy or successful aging. According to the study, the top 20% on a range of physical performances, did not need any help and were not finding it tiresome to perform the thirteen of the duties allocated to them and had no difficulty at all in performing the physical activities. (Guralnik & Kaplan, 1989, Seeman et al., 1994). Whereas the biomedical model exclusively centres on lack of illness and the preservation of bodily and mental performance as the major characteristic of successful aging, the social-psychological models highlight lift fulfilment, social contribution and performance, and emotional resources such as personal growth as the major characteristic of successful aging (Bowling and Dieppe, 2005). A variety of psychological resources for flourishing aging cite a positive viewpoint and self-worth, self-effectiveness or intelligence of control over life, independence and self-rule, and successful management and adaptive schemes in shifting conditions. For example, in instances where one ceases to perform some duties due to illness others schemes need to be put in place to substitute those duties and exploit one’s reserves (Baltes & Baltes, 1990). According to Ryff, 1989 successful aging is vigorous and the result of one’s psychological growth over the life span (Ryff, 1989) and one’s growth and attaining skills using experiences to handle present conditions (Bowling & Dieppe, 2005). With the shift in time, investigators have detailed the mental meaning of successful aging to comprise of other magnitudes such as delight, change, affect balance, self-esteem, biased well-being, and the most favourable interplay between the person and the environment (Fozard & Popkin, 1978; Lawton, 1977; Ryff, 1989). A number of these viewpoints grew out of a centre on old age by Lawton’s research on morale while a few others were obtained from separate experimental areas and useful to the later years of old age (Fozard & Pokin, 1978). Additional current psychological meaning of successful aging has been resolute on cognitive purpose, apparent control, and life fulfilment. Baltes and Baltes (1990) defined successful aging as a procedure that involves choosing, optimization, and return through which the individual prioritises, increase on resources, and adapt. Feather man, Smith and Peterson (1990 cited in Fisher and Specht, 1999) discussed the adaptive ability while the individual encounters alter the body, mind and surroundings. Schaie (1990 cited in Ford et al. 2000) offers a more cognitive based theory where he identifies successful aging as “the optimization of cognitive performance of a human being” and illustrates cognitive performance as compound of verbal meaning, spatial direction, and inductive way of thinking, number, and word glibness. It is evident that with the shifting meanings of successful aging, this has contributed to parallel changes in the hypothesis of social and psychological ideas of aging, since each theory contains ideas of the major characteristic of successful aging. There are three major theories, which will present the widely accepted concepts of what constitutes of successful aging. The first major theory to be addressed in regard to aging was suggested by Cumming and Henry’s in this theory “disengagement theory” (1961 cited in Bearon, 1996) the theory projected that in an archetypal process of aging, as individual abilities and interests appeared to be reduced and society’s deterrent for a contribution, individuals tend to uncouple from social duties. In the disengagement model, a successfully aging person willingly stops working and do not actively participate in family life and is at ease when pursuing other introverted activities, sub intentionally preparing for the foreseeable. This model seems rather passive and dated today, but at it was suitable and applicable when the life expectancy rate was shorter, start time of disability was earlier, and the duties being performed were actually tiring, with a few numbers of activities been accessible for older adults (Bearon, 1996). Researchers in the early 1960s probably saw what was distinctive or universal amid the older generation, and that may have prearranged their discernment of what was best or potential. The second theory is the activity theory. The theory recommended that for one to age successfully he or she must engage in a full round of daily activities (Lemon, Bengston, & Peterson, 1972). The model probably described the gush of volunteerism and senior activism in the 1960s and 1970s, and according to some people the model also could have possibly led to construction of recreational facilities. Modern day gerontologists disagree totally with this idea as been too narrow and with an aim of supporting one particular lifestyle. Studies have shown that the older generation is diverse, and comprise of individuals with fewer complicated ways of life with no intention of satisfying a strictly controlled agenda of activities (Bearon, 1996). Despite the augmented level of criticism, activity has been attributed to be a major determinant of whether someone will age successfully or not with a gerontological christen of these beliefs as “the busy ethic” (Ekerdt, 1986). The continuity theory is another theory of successful aging that has received a lot of concerns in the recent times (Atchley, 1972 cited in Fisher & Specht, 1999). According to the theory, individuals can age successfully if and only if they stick to the habits, inclination, the way of life and associations when they are in their middle life until the last years. The theory has received a lot of hold up by findings of main longitudinal researches, which have demonstrated that variables considered during midlife are considerable predictors of outcomes in later life, and that most psychological and social features are dominants in individuals lifespan (Markides & Pappas, 1982). By Considering Atchleys (1972) model, it is evident that internal stability offers direction for actions and adaptation to peripheral changes, which proposes the need for precise criteria necessary for successful aging. Besides from a comprehensible definition of the idea, the basics or criteria essential for successfully aging need to be considered as well. Ryff (1989) recognized six criteria for successful aging. The criteria included: optimistic communications with others, having a sense of purpose, independence, self-reception, individual augmentation, and ecological fit. Fisher (1992, 1995 cited in Fisher and Specht 1999) built upon Ryff’s classification by a phenomenological approach and confirmed that five among the six criteria were cited by respondents as essential for successfully aging, and that the interviewed individuals measured successful aging as a managed or attitudinal course to life in common. Fisher (1995 quoted in Fisher & Specht, 1999) thus defines successful aging as a developmental process: according to him individuals who are to be termed as aging successfully are those who are even currently tackling issues of individuality and growth and the individual does so by for likely potential situations, which are mixed up with past experience. He also noted that successful agers keep on to growing and learning by using their precedent skills to manage the present and set goals for potential development in the future. Though this is uncertain as a description, it may recommend that successful aging comprises of the capability to handle current circumstances using past skills and upholding a positive approach towards the future. The stress on malleability or coping has been attributed to be essential to attainment of well-being in later life (Brandstadter & Renner, 1992 cited in Fisher & Specht, 1999). How to achieve successful aging Everyone in the globe desire to age successfully. Successful aging does not come just by chance. The effect of physiological shifts of aging is significantly determined by the approach of a person as he or she ages. According to Tilvis, Duodecim 2006 for one to attain successful aging he or she must have prevention from diseases and disability; the individual must also participate vigorously in social life and sustain a cognitive and physical performance. For one to achieve successful aging there are various factors that he/he needs to put into considerations? First one has to consider four most important lifestyle factors. The lifestyle factors include: diet, bodily activity, smoking and alcohol. According to Ancel and Margaret keys 1959, if you want to age well one should appropriately choose the diet he takes. One should not get fat and if you if currently one are fat measures should be put in place to reduce weight. This is because a weight gain in the middle life causes worse quality of life in old age. Thus for someone who wants to age successfully he or she should watch his or her weight in young and middle age years. They also stressed on restricting the amount of saturated fats, which one takes. In respect to diet one should avoid heavy use of salt and refined sugar. Another key factor that can assist in successful aging is plenty of exercise and outdoor recreation. Exercise is allied with a number of positive results like such as amplified memory, concentrated rates of despair, heart disease and tumor. With the lack of these diseases, one will age successfully. A person should also maintain a lively social network and strong personal relationship this is pleasant for one’s health and ones experience for later years. According to Vincent 1885, most smokers do not age successfully. The use of excess alcohol dilutes successful aging. Alcohol should be taken in a moderated way since alcohol abuse can lead to disability and early death. Hence for one to age successfully he or she needs to moderate the amount of alcohol she/he takes and one should also stop smoking. Successful aging is also enhanced by a good financial plan. For one to age successfully one should have money to meet his/her material needs. Another factor is ensuring that one vision and hearing are intact. This is because hearing and seeing are critical to most functions of the body. This will enable one to remain engaged in conversations and in the way it will eventually contribute to successful aging. To enhance successful aging one should take regular healthcare and vaccinations, which may prevent health problems before they get out of hand. According to research, there are four chronic diseases, which contribute to a reduced likelihood of subsequent successful aging the diseases include: diabetes, asthma, arthritis, depression and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. According to Fries 1980 those who live long lives and are vibrant until shortly before death may provide the best possible examples to successful aging. Many studies (Echevarria, Ross, Bezon & Flow, 1991) report that change in the diet and lifestyle may enhance cognitive functioning and hence support successful aging. Conclusion Most authors in this field have made unnecessary theoretical leaps and generally assumed that they have tackled the concept of successful aging with their own selected result indicators, which have comparatively few efforts at hypothetical or theoretical explanations. Rowe and Kahn three factors biomedical models which also comprise of the social elements are the most accepted and extensively used. In comparison, lay model of successful aging are additional multidimensional and more precisely involve the more psychological aspects. Furthermore, to be reasonable, the idea needs to be widened and to be seen on a range, rather than classified dichotomously in conditions of successful aging or unsuccessful aging. Furthermore, given the discrepancy with which elements are used as either forecaster or constituent variable in the study of successful aging, progress could be made by preparing the term in older generation definitions and construction on more diverse theoretical advances. Thus, a definite definition of successful aging may precisely include: prolonged existence, physical, psychological and cognitive and social health and performance, including effectual management, living conditions this is mostly in terms of available resources and the surrounding environment and the general life satisfaction. Precursors of effectual managing policies are likely to possess of resources such as SOC. This is as conjectured by Frend and Baltes, 1998. Using this procedure, dissimilar models correspond to each other, and successful aging is not only about maintaining fit physical condition and performance, but it should also be concerned with managing and lingering in control of one’s life over the life course. This is done in a plan of attaining a status of having successfully aged. Personal plan to successful aging Personal understanding of successful aging My own understanding of successful aging is that it should consist of the low probability to diseases, a high cognitive and physical function capacity and have an active engagement in life. I consider someone to have aged successful if he/she portrays the following characteristic: one has no physical disability; one has a good and subjective health assessment, lengthy undisabled life, good mental health, objective social support and self-rate satisfaction. The aspects under self rated satisfaction include: marriage, income-related work, children, friendship and social contacts, hobbies, community service activities, religion and recreation. I would also consider someone who is self-reliant to have successfully aged. I also understand successful aging in regard to the ability to stay connected with other people since the relationship with other people or individual mainly enhance physical and mental health. Do you think you are aging well? Why or why not? Aging well is about your emotional and physical guide to living a longer and healthier life. I think I am not aging well. The reason why I think I not am aging well is because of, I take a lot of alcohol; eat a poor diet, and non engagement in physical activities. The lack of some of the above-mentioned activities will eventually lead to unsuccessful aging. What are you doing or not doing to age well? The things I am doing that will hinder my successful aging are drinking of alcohol and lack of engagement in physically demanding activities. Physical activities are vital to successful aging hence with the lack of exercise one is not able to age successfully. I also feed on a poor diet which includes a lot of fats which may lead to unsuccessful aging. The things I am doing that will assist me in aging well are having a vibrant social life and involvement in the community and volunteer work which reduces depression. Another thing I do that will assist me in aging successfully is sleeping well, and sleep has been associated with successful aging. What plans, if any, do you have to change what you are doing/not doing in the future to age well? For one to attain or enjoy successful aging one must do away with trends that he or she thinks mat be a contributing factor unsuccessful aging. For me, I will have to change the money spending habits so that I will have a self-reliant future. Another plan is to change the diet; I eat to achieve successful aging. In doing this, I will ensure that a healthy diet in most instances. I will also reduce the amount of drinking since it has been noted that most alcoholics do not have a successful aging. I will also ensure that I have regular health checks and screenings in combination with a healthy diet, and regular physical activity can assist in the prevention of disease or illness and ensure you are aware of possible health risks during different life stages. For this reason, it is important to have regular check-ups. Interviews Andrew’s interview For the first interview, I interviewed a seventy one –year-old man called Andrew, who lives in my neighborhood. He retired from his job as a professor in sociology and now spends most of his time at home performing tasks, which are a routine in that he performs them daily. Although he has never been married, he feels comfortable with the kind of life he is living; he also does not have children of his own. For him, he doesn’t have relatives to his proximity, and thus he never receives visits that often. His nieces and nephews drops once in a while when they are on holiday but do not stay for a considerable period of time. I noted that he had a positive view of successful aging. At his age, Andrew feels that his health is at his best and do not at much note on doctors, though he occasionally goes for medical checkups. For Andrew, he thinks that he is aging well since for him. He takes the right diet, never smokes and does not take alcohol. Andrew also loves a good night sleep. According to Andrew, successful aging is the lack of any problems at his old age and having not to bother someone in old age. For Andrew, he thinks he is fairing well with aging since he does not have any health problems and have adhered to almost all the factors that contribute to successful aging. Carol’s interview In the second interview in interviewed Carol who is a 35- year -old lady. Currently Carol works as a teacher by profession. She is married and with two children. For Carol, she spends a considerable amount of her time in school and the rest at home with her children. On weekends, she visits her parents and regularly goes to for family trips with her family and friends. When I posed the question of what she thought about successful aging Carol was very eager to answer it. According to her, she viewed successful aging as attainment of the age of sixty years and above and not bothering anyone. She also termed it as the aging that is characterized by the lack of diseases. Carol goes for a medical checkup regularly, according to her a regular medical checkup will aid in her achieving successful aging. Carol also identified physical activities as a major activity in her daily life, since she is a teacher. In the school where she works teachers are supposed to engage in physical activities together with the pupils. Hence with the constant physical exercises carol will ultimately achieve successful aging. According to Carol, she thinks that she is and will achieve successful aging. Since he takes a close look on the diet she takes and constantly goes for medical checkups. According to the constant physical exercise amplifies the chance of successful aging. Carol is keeping a considerable amount of finances aside so that she can achieve successful aging. It has been noted that for one to achieve successful aging he or she should not be a bother to people around him or her hence Carol is saving for her old. Dominic’s interview The last person I interviewed was Dominic, who lives in my neighborhood. Dominic is sixty fives years old and works as a gardener. Dominic is married and with four children. Her wife also works also works as a casual laborer in the plantations near their home. For Dominic, he spends most of his time working. Dominic smokes and at the same time consumes alcohol. For him, social life is not an important aspect of his life, so he rarely engages in any social activity in his community. When I posed the question of successful aging to him, he changed completely. For him, he had a very positive attitude towards successful aging. For him, he thought that the classification of aging a either successful or unsuccessful was wrong, for him, he thought that a person was supposed to classify his aging as either successful or unsuccessful based on his on set standards. According to him, successful aging could not be achieved. However, after the interview, he was totally focused to change his life to enjoy a successful aging. Dominic planned to have a regular medical checkup, and also ensure that he ate the right diet. For Dominic the work, he performed in one way provided the physical exercise needed for successful aging. He also planned to stop smoking and taking alcohol and having a vibrant social life. References Atchley, R. (1972). The social forces in later life: An introduction to social gerontology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Baltes, P., & Baltes, M. (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 1–34). New York: Cambridge University Press. Baltes, P., & Baltes, M. (1990). Successful aging: perspectives from the behavioural sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press. Bearon, L. (1996) Successful Aging: What does the "good life" look like? Concepts in Gerontology. 1(3), 270-273. Bowling, A., & Dieppe, P. (2005). What is successful aging and who should define it? British Medical Journal; 331; 1548-1551 Ekerdt, D. (1986). The busy ethic: Moral continuity between work and retirement. The Gerontologist. 26(3), 239-244. Featherman, D. L., J. Smith, & J. G. Peterson. (1990). Successful Aging in a Post-Retired Society. Pp. 50-93 in Successful Aging: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences, edited by P. B. Baltes and M. M. Baltes. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Fisher, B. (1992). Successful aging and life satisfaction: A pilot study for conceptual clarification. Journal of Aging Studies. 6(2), 191-202. Fisher, B., & Specht, D. (1999). Successful Aging and Creativity in Later Life. Journal of Aging Studies, 13 (4), 457–472. Fozard, J., & Popkin, S. (1978). Optimizing adult development: Ends and means of an applied psychology of aging. American Psychologist, 33, 975-989. Fries, J., & Crapo, L. (1981). Vitality and aging. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. Guralnik, J. M., & Kaplan, G. A. (1989). Predictors of healthy aging: Prospective evidence from the Alameda County Study. American Journal of Public Health. 79(6): 703–708. Havinghurst, R. (1961). Successful aging. The Gerontologist. 1(1), 8-13 Hoyert D. L., Kochanek K. D., Murphy S. L. (1997).  Deaths:  Final Data for 1997.  National Vital Statistics Report, 47(19). Jarcho, S. (1971). Cicero’s essay on old age. Bull NY Acad Med 47:1440-1445. Lemon, B. W., Bengtson, V. L., & Petersen, J. A. (1972). An exploration of the activity theory of aging: Activity types and life expectation among in-movers to a retirement community. Journal of Gerontology, 27(4): 511-23. Phelan E. A., & Larson E. B. (2002). ‘‘Successful aging’’- Where next? J Am Geriatr Soc; 50:1306–1308. Rowe, J. & Kahn, R. (1987). Human aging: Usual and successful. Science Journal. 237, 143-149. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Beyond Ponce de Leon and life satisfaction: New directions in quest of successful aging. International Journal of Behaviour Development, 12:35-55. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Successful aging: A developmental approach. The Gerontologist. 22(2), 209-214. Seeman, E., Berkman, F., Charpentier, A., Blazer, D., Albert, M., & Tinetti, E. (1994). Behavioral and Psychosocial Predictors of Physical Performance: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. The journal of gerontology. 50A (4): M177-M183. Seeman, E., Charpentier, A., Berkman, F., Tinetti, E., Guralnik, M., Albert, M., Blazer, D., & Rowe, J. (1994). Predicting changes in physical performance in a high-functioning elderly cohort: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences. 49(3), M97-M108. Ford, A. B., Haug, M.R.., Kurt, S.C., Atwood, D.D., Noelker, L.S., Jones, P.K. (2000). Sustained Personal Autonomy: A Measure of Successful Aging. Journal of Aging and Health, 12(4), 470-48. Williams R. H., & Wirths C. G. (1965). Lives through the years: styles of life and successful aging. New York: Atherton Press. Read More

This paper sets out to present definitions of successful aging as defined by a range of research schemes and by various authors and how successful aging can be achieved. It intends to simply identify and present in a highly summarized manner, the many definitions of successful aging that have been theorized over the past 30 to 40 years. In addition, it will offer justification for exploring the public’s definition (mainly older people) of successful aging and how it can be achieved. The purpose of this paper is to address the following questions? 1. What is successful aging? 2. How can successful aging be achieved?

What is successful aging? Although the term successful aging is extensively used in gerontology there exist no definite or agreed-upon definition of the term and way of measuring or assessing successful aging. A wide range of literature exists which gives various definitions of successful aging; this generally reflects the educational discipline of the researchers. The thought of successful aging is dated back in 44 BC. Ciero jotted down a dissertation on the qualities of good aging (Jarcho, 1971).

The studies of successful aging are broadly categorized into two: the first one is biomedical models which stress on the physical and psychological performance as successful aging; and the second one socio-psychological model which gives emphasis to the social performance, life fulfillment and psychological resources as successful aging. A number of studies also recognize these issues as the heralds of successful aging. In addition, studies demonstrate that the older generation regard themselves to be among the successfully aged people in the society.

Another smaller number of studies have investigated lay views, and many of the studies have been investigative or constrained to definite groups of areas. Thus, a clear and concise model of successful aging ought to be a multi-dimensional. The gap that exist in lay viewpoint for social implication, and use a range rather than dichotomous cut-offs for "success" and lack of, and differentiate evidently between predictor and ingredient variables. According to literature evaluated in the biomedical theories, successful aging is distinct in reference to optimization of the life expectation while at the same time tumbling the physical and mental deterioration and disability.

The biomedical theories exclusively tackle the deficiency of chronic illness and danger issues for the illness: that can be termed as good health conditions; this has elevated levels of independent bodily performance, performance mobility, and cognitive performance” (Bowling & Dieppe, 2005). A number of major biomedical studies of successful aging such as MacArthur studies of successful aging have established the foundation of biomedical studies on the topic (Seeman et al., 1994) in places where there have been dichotomous investigations of the aged in the society and the elderly ordinary populace.

Nevertheless, the groupings of individuals into either the diseased or the normal do not openly appreciate the quantity of heterogeneity that exists between these groups. To appreciate the quantity of heterogeneity that existed between these groups Rowe and Kahn (1987 cited in Bowling & Dieppe, 2005) and differentiated between “usual” aging, which is termed as standard demur in bodily, communal, and cognitive performance with age, augmented by extrinsic issues and “successful” aging in which positive loss is minimized with insignificant or no age associated decrement in physiological and cognitive performance, with exterior issues playing an unbiased or optimistic role.

According to Rowe and Kahn, successful aging is composed of three components the components are: lack of or prevention from diseases, constant upholding of bodily and cognitive performance, and vigorous engagement with life, which may at times include a constant independence and social support (Rowe and Kahn, 1987 cited in Ford et al. 2000).

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