Factors That Affect the Level of Aggression Children Exhibit - Research Paper Example

Research Methods work Task The section of the report focuses on the contemporary research approach adopted by different researchers to conduct similar researches. The report briefly discusses current patterns emphasizing on the data analytical methods that have been used in the previous academic management researches. The research patterns in the management are transforming with the passage of time. The socio-economical changes and growing expectation are the driving forces that have influenced management research practices (Bidwell & Keller, 2014). Kulik et al. (2014) state that the aging population is major factor that has enhanced the needs for the improvement of the society. It is the reason that the management scholars are now focuses to improve policies, management and work environment to make coherent decisions. Thus, the current management research patterns are altered to meet the demands of current socio-economic factors (Lockett et al., 2014). Observing current research patterns in the Academy of Management Journal (2014) it can be observed that the research adopts a particular theory for developing hypothesis for the research (Thiel, 2014). The approach is evident in several research journals that have adopted theory related to the topic (Fast et al., 2014; Diestre and Rajagoplana, 2014; Boone and Ozcan, 2014). The main objective behind adopt theories or model to develop hypothesis is to ensure that the researcher has made use of coherent information to establish a hypothesis (Creswell, 2013). In addition, the use of the theories and model provides brief information about the previous observation of the researchers and their perceptions of the occurrence and impacts of the events on a particular event. In addition, the researchers have also criticized the previous theories and propose their own new model to address the issues of the problem (Fast et al., 2014). Mair and Hehenberger (2014) have critically assessed different institutional models and critically analyse the venture philanthropy as an organizational approach to overcome the conflicts prevailing in the organizations (Johnson, 2014). In the similar manner, Diestre and Rajagopalan (2014) have also criticized and tested the model to determine the impacts of the management model on the outputs of the organization to establish hypothesis for the research (Diestre and Rajagoplana, 2014). Fast et al. (2014) have also critically analysed conceptual model of managerial self-efficiency for the theoretical development of the hypothesis. In the similar fashion, several other researchers have conducted critically assessment of the managerial models and theories for the development of the hypothesis (Tuck & McKenzie, 2014). However, some of the researchers made use of the claims proposed by the theories as their basis for the hypothesis that are then further tested by the researcher (Diestre & Rajagoplana, 2014). In addition, the selection of the variables for the researches established using theoretical underpinning that are derived either by the previous researches or the claims of the model or theories (Aamandeep, 2014). One of the current trends that are also evident from the researches is the use of the different situations and events to explain the occurrence of the events and their relationship. Mainly, the claims of the hypothesis that are based on determination of the relationship or influence of the variables on the particular event are based on the past events and researcher (Diestre & Rajagoplana, 2014). It is evident from the researches conducted by several researches such as Boone and Ozcan (2014), Kulik et al. (2014), Grant et al. (2014), Mel et al. (2014), Mair & Hehenberger (2014) and so on. One of major research patterns that are evident from the recent studies is the consideration of the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the issue (Dong et al., 2014; Nollaig, 2011). In the managerial studies, one of the major patterns that can be observed from the researches is that the researchers make use of theories for the establishment of the research that considers qualitative aspects of the issues. Then, the researcher makes use of the qualitative research approach to identify the significance of the claim presented by the researcher. On the other hand, some of the researchers have conducted two studies on the similar topic to test the hypothesis (Hallen et al., 2014). The approach is evident in the research of Fast et al. (2014) that conducted two studies to determine the impact of leadership on the improvement-oriented output of the organization. Herein, the authors have considered managerial models to determine self-efficiency as an independent variable that influences employee’s aversion (Fast et al., 2014). In the similar manner, Hallen et al. (2014) have also adopted mixed approach to conduct the study. Some of the studies that are more focused on the quantifiable measures such as performance, outputs make use of quantitative research approach to test the hypothesis. The data are mainly obtained by the cross sectional or longitudinal sample that are than analysed using t-test, regression or correlation for the data analysis of the sample size. The studies that made use of the quantitative research approaches are mainly the ones that have influence on the outcome of the organization. On the contrary, some of the other researchers made use of qualitative research approach to conduct the study (Bidwell & Keller, 2014). The study by Lockett et al. (2014) made use qualitative approach to determine the impact of the managerial practices on the organizational change (Lockett et al., 2014). In the research, the researcher has adopted case study approach to conduct the study. Hence, analysing the researches presented in the Academy of Management Journal it is evident that the researchers make use of qualitative, quantitative and mixed research approach depending upon the scope of the study. The choice for the adaption of the research approach is based on the variables that are either quantifiable or non-quantifiable. However, every researcher proposes their models as a solution to the issues (Fast et al., 2014). The concepts of the model proposed by the researcher are supported by the testing of the hypothesis that is derived from the testing or critically assessment of the theories and models (Diestre and Rajagoplana, 2014). The change in the managerial research pattern is moderated considering the transformation and the societal needs (Diestre & Rajagoplana, 2014). The researchers are now more focused to provide moderate and upgraded solutions for the issues by assessing and testing the claims of the theories and model by their observations (Fast et al., 2014; Leslie et al., 2014). Task 2: Child Aggression The objective of the study is to investigating various factors that affect the level of aggression children exhibit. Different factors have been considered in this study including parenting style, computer games, television, diet, and sibling aggression. In this way, the outcome of the study is a model that predicts the linear relationship between independent and dependent variables. Dependent Variable The level of aggression exhibited by children. The higher the score is the higher is the level of aggression exhibited by a child. Independent Variables Parenting Style (P) The style of parenting measured on an ordinal scale. High score of parenting style suggests bad parenting practices. Computer Game (CG) The time spent by children playing computer games. The higher the score is the longer is the time spent by children playing computer games Television (T) The higher the score is the higher is the more time spent watching television. Diet (D) The type of diet followed by children. The higher the score is the better is diet that is low in E-numbers. Sibling Aggression (SA) The higher the score is the higher is the higher is the level of aggression seen in their older sibling. Hypothesis Setting H1: There is a significant relationship between child aggression and parenting style. H2: There is a significant relationship between child aggression and computer game. H3: There is a significant relationship between child aggression and television. H4: There is a significant relationship between child aggression and diet. H5: There is a significant relationship between child aggression and sibling aggression. The null hypothesis for each of the above relationships implies no significant relationship between dependent and independent variables. Statistical Method and Basis for Analysis The relationships between dependent and independent variables are tested out using regression analysis. The regression analysis allows predicting how much the value of the dependent variable changes with changes in the values of the independent variable (Seber & Lee, 2012). In addition to the coefficients of slope, the results are also assessed for the p-values of the five relationships (Chatterjee & Hadi, 2013). The p-value is compared with the level of confidence interval set for this study such as 95% significance. If p-value is more than α = 0.05 then the null hypothesis could be rejected and the alternative hypothesis would be accepted (Jackson, 2012). Findings Linear Regression Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.29 R Square 0.08 Adjusted R Square 0.08 Standard Error 0.31 Total number of observations 666 ANOVA   d.f. SS MS F Significance F     Regression 5 5.6 1.12 11.87 5.17E-11 Residual 660 62.28 0.09 Total 665 67.88               Coefficients Standard Error LCL UCL t Stat p-level H0 (5%) rejected? Intercept 0. 0.01 -0.03 0.02 -0.41 0.68 No Parenting Style 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.09 3.88 0. Yes Computer Games 0.14 0.04 0.07 0.21 3.84 0. Yes Television 0.03 0.05 -0.06 0.12 0.73 0.47 No Diet -0.11 0.04 -0.18 -0.03 -2.85 0. Yes Sibling Aggression 0.08 0.04 0.01 0.16 2.13 0.03 Yes T (5%) 1.96             LCL - Lower value of a reliable interval (LCL) UCL - Upper value of a reliable interval (UCL) The regression equation derived from the analysis is provided below. Aggression =- 0.0050 + 0.0564 * Parenting Style + 0.1417 * Computer Games + 0.0335 * Television - 0.1088 * Diet + 0.0826 * Sibling Aggression Discussion The results indicate that value of R-square to be 0.08 that implies that regression model implemented in this study is only able to predict 8% of the total variations observed in the values of the dependent variable. It suggests weakness of results or incompleteness of data as there could be other factors that affect the aggression level amongst children, which are not covered in this study. ANOVA table provided above indicates that the regression model only explained 5.6 of the total variations 67.88 and 62.28 remains unexplainable (Rutherford, 2001). Furthermore, the results indicate that the coefficient of slope, β0 = -0.0005. The coefficient of parenting style, β1 = 0.06 indicates a positive relationship between child aggression and parenting style. If parenting style is bad then child will show greater aggression level. The p-value is less than 0.05, which implies that the null hypothesis could be rejected for alternative hypothesis. The coefficient of computer games, β2 = 0.14, which indicates a positive relationship between child’s aggression and the time spent on playing computer games. The more time children spend on computer games, the higher is the aggression level. The p-value is less than 0.05, which implies that the null hypothesis could be rejected. The coefficient of television, β3 = 0.03 indicates a positive relationship between child aggression and television. The more time children spend on watching television, the higher is the aggression level. However, the p-value is greater than 0.05, which implies that the alternative hypothesis could be rejected for null hypothesis. The coefficient of diet, β4= -0.11 indicates a negative relationship between child aggression and diet. It suggests that if a child is having good diet then the aggression level is low. The p-value is less than 0.05, which implies that the null hypothesis could be rejected for the alternative hypothesis. The coefficient of sibling aggression is β4 = 0.08 which indicates a positive relationship between child aggression and older sibling aggression. If siblings exhibit aggression then their younger brother or sister is likely to show aggression. The p-value is less than 0.05, which implies that the null hypothesis is rejected for the alternative hypothesis. Conclusion H1: Parenting Style H0: Rejected; H1: Accepted H2: Computer games H0: Rejected; H2: Accepted H3: Television H0: Accepted; H3: Rejected H4: Diet H0: Rejected; H4: Accepted H5: Sibling Aggression H0: Rejected; H5: Accepted The study concludes that there is a positive significant relationship between child aggression and parenting style, computer games, and sibling aggression. Also, there is a negative significant relationship between child aggression and diet. 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