The Kennedy's Conspiracy - Coursework Example

 The Political Assassination of John F. Kennedy Introduction “What really happened?” questioned Nikita Khrushchev, Premier of the Soviet Union, expressing his incredulity, while being spoken to about John F. Kennedy’s (JFK) assassination, in the year 1964 (HSCA). Time ticked slowly as the President wafted through Dealey Plaza that afternoon. Smiling at the crowds, travelling in the limousine, all was well received by the people of Texas as they screamed praises for the faces of renowned importance passing by them. They greeted them with happiness and joy, and not a soul suspected a thing. At 12:30 pm on Friday 22 November 1963, the crowd suddenly grew wild as a sniper rifle fired through the air, making the atmosphere even more petulant than before and causing upheaval in the surroundings. As the smoke cleared and the Presidential motorcade was surrounded by the mob by scared townspeople, their emotions running amok, it was discovered that Governor Connally and James Tague, travelling suit were injured heavily trying to protect the one man sitting in the vehicle, on which everyone had their eyes upon. Jacqueline Kennedy, the First Lady was shell shocked as she heard the noise and on her right quietly fallen, lay her husband, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, fatally shot and wounded, in the heart of Dealey Plaza, in Dallas, Texas. The political assassination of JFK, the thirty fifth President of the United States of America was a shocker to the entire global community that regarded him as one of the smartest and most influential people of all time. After many enquiries into the political situation, it has been marked as the offshoot of a criminal conspiracy possibly involving a number of groups and communities such as the CIA, the KGB, the American mafia, the Israeli government, and people like the President of the FBI at the time, J. Edgar Hoover, and the Cuban President, Fidel Castro. The official story was that Kennedy was killed at the hand of Lee Harvey Oswald who fired a shot from the corner window of the Book Depository, and was a U.S Marine who had defected to the Soviet Union. In order to understand the political motives and happenings of the events leading up to and during the assassination of President Kennedy, it is vital to first understand the terms that are being used to describe the situation. The entire event has been passed off as a political conspiracy; a conspiracy may thus be defined as “An agreement between two or more persons to combine for unlawful or subversive purpose involving plots schemes, intrigues and collusion. The group of conspirators are united in the aim of usurping or overthrowing established political power often, but not always, in secret.” Under the same, Kennedy’s death was the cause of a political assassination which may be defined as ‘a sudden or secretive attack to murder someone who holds a prominent position for political reasons’ (Knoepfler 2010). It is important also to comprehend the kind of motives that each assassin might have in order for him to be convinced enough to kill someone of such great stature. Most assassins in history have been stirred by religious, political, ideological or military motives in order to kill someone who they feel do not deserve the right to live because their pleas and needs were not being heard by them. The motive or incentive for Lee Oswald Harvey being behind Kennedy’s killing was not portrayed as something that involved some sort of financial or personal gain. Despite heavy interrogation by the police, the assassin denied all the alleged accusations against him for being charged for the murder of Kennedy as well as police officer, J.D Tippit. However, it is felt by some that enough evidence exists against him. However, even before the man could be tried, he was killed by a club owner by the name of Jack Ruby. People further believed that Ruby himself was part of the same conspiracy leading to Kennedy’s death; however he denied any such allegation and further insisted on saying that he was only trying to give Mrs Kennedy a break from going to another trial about her husband’s death (The Forgotten Victims: 1). Cuban Missile Crisis In the year 1962, the United States of America emerged unsuccessful in trying to overthrow the Cuban regime, or the entire Bay of Pigs episode, where the CIA was unable to put an end to the power of Fidel Castro. Following this, the Soviet Union and Cuba soon began to build nuclear bases in Cuba with the construction of medium and intermediate range ballistic missiles (ABMs). The main question to look into was why was Cuba left out of diplomatic negotiations with the United States? The country had discussed matters with the Soviet Union regarding the issue but had left Cuba out. Soon, a ‘naval quarantine’ was announced as it considered attacking Cuba through the sea routes just so it had the power to destroy the nuclear bases and it had also announced taking away all permits to deliver any kind of offensive weapons. This statement and decision made by the Kennedy administration angered both the Cuba and the Soviet Union as Khrushchev wrote to Kennedy saying that this was “an act of aggression propelling humankind into the abyss of a world nuclear missile war” (Cuban Missile Crisis Letters). Soon however, a secret agreement was made between Khrushchev and Kennedy under the supervision of the Secretary General of the United Nations (UN) at the time, U Thant according to which the Soviets were to dismantle all their offensive weapons and take them back and the US would declare never to invade Cuba again. All the while, Cuba was absent from any kind of negotiations made even though a letter had been drafted for Castro to read. The US failed to create any kind of contact with the government of Cuba that it could have been at war with had the UN not intervened in the matter. This led to Castro turning a blind eye towards the Kennedy administration and Castro refused to accept any kind of inspection within the country with respect to the nuclear material. The Soviet Union had become an intermediary between the US and Cuba. It has been said that Kennedy himself deliberately chose not to involve Cuba in the entire matter. Soon after, techniques had been built by Kennedy’s men in order to sabotage Cuba in different ways. Castro’s opinions and pleas went unheard by and all this worsened the conditions between the two countries, not to forget the close allies, mainly the Soviet Union. Cuba’s missile crisis was not looked into as much as it was a matter of concern, by the US. The Soviets on the other hand, helped a great deal in settling the warfare which was mainly due to its willingness to comply with the Cuban government (Dominguez 2000). Vietnam The Kennedy administration, it has been said, worsened the situation that was prevailing in Vietnam. The American policies that were made at the time with respect to the Cold War and situation in Cuba and the Soviet Union, led to the Kennedy administration gaining an upper hand on everything (Trachtenberg 2002). Under Kennedy’s presidency and strict belief and support towards the Diem government in South Vietnam and in the ‘Domino Theory’, he tried to increase the size of the army in Vietnam by pushing in American soldiers. This act was undertaken despite Kennedy being warned by Charles De Gaulle about how the entire situation was completely out of his hand and not winnable. By doing this, he broke the agreement made in Geneva in 1954 and forced a number of Vietnamese to follow by force the propaganda laid down by the Southern Vietnamese communist government. This led to ruining the lives of a vast number of peasants and rural poor and after he realised that Diem would never be able to unite both parts of Vietnam, he ordered and agreed for the CIA to intervene and overthrow the autocracy established. In the year 1963, Diem was overthrown and killed and soon after followed Kennedy’s assassination (Hess 2002). Operation Mongoose Operation Mongoose, also known as the Cuban Project, was a secret plan to sabotage the entire government of Cuba established by Fidel Castro, and to subsequently overthrow and assassinate him. Kennedy’s policies wanted to see a new government in Cuba with which the US could live in peace. Since it was the nearest communist country to the US, it became imperative for Kennedy’s administration to keep it under check and to gradually lay a plan better than the Bay of Pigs which went along the lines of fuelling anti-regime feelings and seditious emotions among the people of Cuba which would greatly accelerate the process. Edward Lansdale and William King Harvey led the project under strict instructions delivered by Kennedy and involved slaughter of the political regime, propagandas, psychological sabotage in the minds of the people, as well as attacking the military. Many even contemplated the assassination of Castro with rumours about the CIA slipping in poisonous and lethal substances into his cigars. It is still not clear whether or not Kennedy and his brother were aware of these plans to kill Castro, despite their obsession with “getting over with it.” However, since these efforts were undertaken under the permit of the President, even if they did not take place, the allegations suffice to explain the strong tensions that existed between the two countries (Wolske 2000). Dismantling of the CIA and public purge James Douglass (James Douglass) stated that Kennedy was assassinated because he turned away from the situation going on with respect to the Cold War towards seeking negotiated peace with the Soviet Union. Kennedy said, “Something very bad is going on within the CIA and I want to know what it is. I want to shred the CIA into a thousand pieces and scatter them to the four winds” (Molina, Gabriel). The US government had faced widespread embarrassment due to its failed invasion in Cuba and thus Kennedy soon placed distrust on the CIA blaming them for the reason for the results. The CIA was involved with the assassinations of a number of foreign leaders during Kennedy’s period including that of President Diem of Vietnam (Prados, John 2003). Things began to become complex publicly speaking because the CIA soon after released a statement saying that they “could not have had a better friend than Kennedy” (The Kennedy Assasin). The U.S Intelligence Agencies quoted by saying that the murder of the President was because of not providing ample amount of security during his visit to Dallas. If in case it could have been proved that the murder had taken place by some policy of the Intelligence Agencies, the entire circumstance would be titled a coup d’état (Garrison 1988). Political Evidence A vast amount of political evidence has been provided as per the assassination of John F. Kennedy. A number of people could have been involved due to political connections including figures like J. Edgar Hoover, Allen Dulles and others that belong to the mafia. The first director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, J. Edgar Hoover, personally directed the investigation into Kennedy’s assassination in 1964. Hoover was also granted the permission to remain the director as long as he lived by Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) (LBJ Biography), Vice President under Kennedy who took over as President following his death. Hoover showed a great deal of hesitance in focusing on the Mafia and has shown a great amount of disrespect towards members of the Civil Rights Movement, like Martin Luther King for example. Under Kennedy, even though Hoover had been talked of being waived off and dismissed, it was decided that dismissing Hoover would politically cost the Presidency too much and thus the matter was withheld (Hennelly, Robert). Allen Welsh Dulles was yet another man that faced harsh criticism during the reign of Kennedy. He was one of the commissioners on the Warren Commission which was trying to investigate the matters regarding Kennedy’s assassination even though Kennedy had fired him during his time (Who Is The Warren Commission). This has led to a number of judgements ruling out the possibility of Dulles ever being impartial towards any kind of statement made in the favour of Kennedy because of the bitterness that prevailed between the two. The Warren Commission went public on 27 September 1964. The Commission held that Lee Harvey Oswald had murdered John F. Kennedy alone without any assistance from external groups or individuals. It was headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren and was an 888 page report on the assassination (Warren Commission). This report was however heavily criticized because of the kind of loopholes and omissions that had been made in the report. It was said that the CIA had kept a vast amount of information to itself, not revealing any of the secrets that went behind in the killing, or not even revealing the names of any others that had possibly assisted in the assassination. The blame had been placed solely on Oswald (Blakey, Robert). The CIA has been known over the years to have misinterpreted or destroyed a large amount of the evidence that could have placed blame for the assassination onto others. It had even left out testimonies from almost half of the witnesses and only one testimony out of the 94 that had been heard, had been heard by all the members on the Commission (Syzmanski, Greg). A pivotal aspect of the assassination is the supposed usage of CIA station JM/WAVE situation in Miami which was operated by the CIA from 1961 to 1968 for intelligence gathering predominantly to orchestrate Operation Mongoose. The term ‘Murder Inc’ was chosen by Johnson to describe the unit that had seen mafia hit men hired by the CIA and working jointly with them (Prouty, L. Flecther). Following on from the fact that the CIA and the mafia were already successfully conducting assassinations from this station, it has been put forward by researchers including Mark Lane and Phillip Nelson that following the break-up of Operation Mongoose that this area became the hub for the assassination of JFK (JFK Assassination Conspiracy Theories). All these steps have been very futile in trying to uncover the actuality of the situation because LBJ has been known to have kept some of the darkest secrets hidden of the Kennedy assassination. It was he who travelled behind the motorcade at the time of the death and came out unscathed; it was he who was placed as President the day Kennedy died; and it was he who established the makings of the entire Warren Commission (Holland, Rush). With all this misinformation being circulated it soon became clear to the people that a massive cover up or conspiracy had occurred. That the assassination had supervised under the co-leadership of a team of specialized killers following orders from the highest levels of power in the US (Ayton, Mel). This shows how placing the supposedly “lone assassin” Oswald behind the entire incident was false information as suggested by the Warren Commission was done so in order to distract the entire global scenario from the reality of the situation (Bugliosi, Vincent). It is also important at this point to look at the man accused of Kennedy’s assassination. Lee Harvey Oswald had been put in the frame ever since January 1961 when his name was used to purchase trucks that would later take part in the Bay of Pigs invasion. The buyer could not possibly have been the real Oswald as it is known for a fact that he was in Russia at that time. This incident does, however, highlight something even more disturbing. If Oswald’s name was being used from as far back as Kennedy’s inauguration does this mean that the CIA had been planning his assassination from that far back? It later transpired that the CIA had made a psychological profile of Kennedy in November 1960. They obviously had not liked what they found (Garrison 1988: 66-69). The Warren Commission also put forward that Oswald was soon after shot by Jack Ruby, a club owner who, despite having enacted the killing in full view of the Dallas Police Department and whilst being broadcast live to millions around the world, was never put on trial and convicted for Oswald’s death. Indeed, in a live television interview, Ruby claimed this was because if the truth came out that the American people would know that the orders to assassinate Kennedy had come from the very top of the administration, thereby directly accusing LBJ of being the mastermind (ref on youtube). Ruby also claimed that he was forced by persons unknown into committing the murder in order to protect the lives of his family, which had been threatened in the event that he did not comply (Jack Ruby Biography). It has been argued that Ruby was part of the same conspiracy that aimed to assassinate Kennedy and that killing Oswald was all part of the original plan. He has been known to have had connections with the Mafia. But all these allegations have played against him in both the eyes of the general public as well as researchers that his plan to kill Oswald was made well in advance of JFK’s assassination. However, it was put to the public that he only pleaded not to go to trial for the murder of Oswald in order to spare Mrs Kennedy the wrath of having to attend a hearing about her husband and Oswald. If this really was the case, then why did Ruby make prior arrangements to kill Oswald? Obviously, he was involved, either willingly or not, in the conspiracy (Twenty Four Years 2011). Despite all these allegations there have been many more claiming the hand of the CIA, the famous three tramps that consisted of E Howard Hunt, as well as other secret service groups and agencies including exiled Cubans and not to forget Lyndon Johnson’s role, that have been behind this entire conspiracy, and not just Oswald alone. Documents from the CIA also indicate that a large number of people belonging to the Mafia community were in close contact with the CIA during the assassination as well and that the entire conspiracy was very well organized. Kennedy was criticized by countries such as the Soviet Union, Cuba and Israel and thus they too had their reasons for wanting him dead. He had displeased too many governments and people, inviting doom upon himself through the actions that he had carried out, mostly because of all his involvement with the nuclear sector. Office Garrison has said to have launched his personal investigation into the matter soon after he received several inclinations stating that the killer might have been David Ferrie and not Oswald as submitted by the Warren Commission. Ferrie and Oswald were supposedly connected by some way and the FBI was told by Jack Martin, the employee of Guy Banister, a private investigator, that the two were co conspirators headed by a greater force (Guy Banister Biography). According to other charges, Clay Shaw has been brought to light, by Garrison claiming to have been in a conspiracy with Ferrie and Oswald and have a hand in killing the President. In the ongoing television series by the name of ‘The Men Who Killed Kennedy’ Judyth Baker stated on air that she had been hired by the Reily Coffee Company as a cover for the CIA in order to produce weapons that were in the making to assassinate Castro. However, all her claims might well have been a hoax because the woman was not able to provide any evidence of sharing any sort of relationship with Oswald or being part of any such conspiracy to kill Castro (Should We Believe Judyth Baker). Criticism of the Conspiracy There have been a number of conspiracy theories criticizing the conspiracy behind the motive to kill President John F. Kennedy. According to public polls and opinions however, it has been assumed that there has been a massive cover up behind the murder of the thirty fifth President of the US and that his assassination was a conspiracy led by figures that held great stature in America at the time. Most Americans believe that Oswald did not act alone while carrying out the task of shooting from the rifle. His bullets were bought by higher powers and orders had been thrust upon him from other people that held authority (President Kennedy’s Assassination 2011). The theory called the Single Bullet Theory had been used in the Warrant Commission and the bullet had been named as the Warren Commission Exhibit 399 and had been introduced in order to balance out the theory regarding the bullets that killed the President and whether or not the same ones injured the Governor as well. According to the Warren Commission, the Magic Bullet was the one that killed Kennedy. In the Zapruder film one can easily see Connally sitting directly in front of Kennedy and thus the bullet that was supposed to hit the President, struck him and went on to injure the Governor in his shoulder. NASA scientists have studied this trajectory and have come clean that simple science could help to understand the velocity with which the bullet was travelling and how it hit who. However, according to the autopsy conducted on Kennedy’s body, the entry and exit points of the bullet have been criticized harshly. The Warren Commission placed the entry point in Kennedy’s lower back as the bullet exited from near his neck. The conspiracy theory against this however fails to mention the path that the bullet travelled within the body as well as the exact location of the wound caused which should have been either lower or higher considering the wound formed on Kennedy’s body was consistent and formed by the single bullet. (Oliver Stone's portrayal of Jim Garrison) Critics also state that Connally was seen holding his hat in the Zapruder film, right after he had been shot. Thus, if he was wounded in his wrist, then how could he have done so with the same hand with as much ease as he did? Also, the same bullet could not have hit both the men because within a matter of milliseconds, in the film (frame 230), Kennedy is first seen grappling with his life as he is shot, and after some time Connally gets hit. However, if the Single Bullet Theory holds true, then both men had to be hit by the same bullet and right at the same time. (The JFK Assassination Theory) Garrison was made the protagonist of Oliver Stone’s movie titled JFK which came as a shock to most people that watched it. According to him, anyone that criticized Garrison, was open to criticizing the conspiracy that took place on account of Kennedy’s death. He apparently let go of a chance to publicly release the photos of the JFK autopsy, as well as other photographs and x-rays and called for a drop of the entire lawsuit just in time for them to be obtained by the public. Garrison has badly tainted the credibility of any kinds of reports that came out regarding the conspiracy theory of the Kennedy assassination, thus. (Why they hate Oliver Stone) Wider Impact of the Conspiracy The Kennedy conspiracy has gained a global audience as well as worldwide recognition as the people of America have with time come to sympathize with the killing. It has had a very wide impact on society with a number of books and movies being made about the entire situation and the cover up behind it. No one knows for sure who has been fuelling the entire circumstance because of lack of evidence from the different sectors that have been accused of being allegedly involved with the situation. The conspiracy has been compared to a few other international conspiracy theories like the killing of Anwar Sadat of Egypt and the David Kelly Death. In comparison, the Kennedy death has a far worse conspiracy cover up than any such other assassination that has taken place even though they travel along the same impact. All these conspiracies have stemmed from local matters even though they went on to become international matters. They have been referred to as total conspiracy theories as well according to which all the events leading to and in the aftermath of the entire conspiracy need to be looked into in order to uncover the truth. The conspiracy theory circling around Kennedy has thus come to initiate a new phase in world history altogether. (Heins 2007) the data thus provided as per the entire killing is much too complicated for a proper finding about what has gone wrong in the reports and what exactly is the fact of the matter. The people behind the Warren Commission have known to be far too corrupt to be able to provide proper evidence against anyone other than Oswald. Other conspiracies around the world have also faced some of these cover ups and methods of being taken undercover in order to hide from the world what actually happened and blame the matter on civilians who had been commissioned to carry out the task of being black listed forever in the eyes of the rest of the planet. 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