Effect of Age, Sex and BMI on Cycle Users Speed and Acceleration - Assignment Example

 Effect of Age, Sex and BMI on Cycle User’s Speed and Acceleration Abstract This paper aimed to analyze whether there is a significant difference in the final speed and acceleration based on rider’s sex, age and body mass index (BMI). For this, a sample data was taken from a survey that included journey characteristics using data derived from global positioning system devices for a cohort of cycle users. The tests performed on the sample data were Independent Samples t-Test and ANOVA. The results suggested significant difference in the final speed and acceleration between male and female riders. Male riders reported higher final speed and acceleration than female riders. Further, there was no significant difference found for the final speed based on age and BMI of the riders and for the acceleration based on age of the riders. Thus, there is a difference is final speed and acceleration between male and female riders and male reports higher speed and acceleration than female riders. introduction 1.1. Do the speed and acceleration of the cycle users differ by their sex, age and body mass index? In general, male cycle users show greater speed and acceleration as compared to female cycles users. Similarly, young and middle-aged cycle users show greater speed and acceleration as compared to old aged cycle users. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze difference in the final speed and acceleration of cycle users based on their gender and age. Further, this paper will analyze whether the speed of the cycle user depends on their body mass index (BMI). For this, a sample data was taken from a survey that included journey characteristics using data derived from global positioning system devices for a cohort of cycle users. The data characterise the accelerations and ultimate speeds in the starting phase after stops (the beginning of the journey, and starts after, for example, give way lines and signal controlled junctions). Chapter 2 analysis, results and discussion 2.1. The survey was undertaken on 518 riders (cycle users). Majority (79%) of the sample were male riders. 2.2. Figure 2.1 shows the percentage distribution of riders by their age. Figure 2.1 Percentage distribution of rider’s age 2.3. As shown in figure 1.1, there were about 43% young (aged 31 years and under), 41% middle (aged 31 to 50 years) and 16% old (aged 51 years and above) riders. 2.4. Figure 2.2 shows the percentage distribution of riders by their body mass index. Figure 2.2 Percentage distribution of cycle user’s BMI 2.5. As shown in figure 1.2, about half (51%) of the riders were with lower normal body mass index (BMI), 25% with upper normal BMI, 13% with overweight and 11% with obese BMI. characteristics of the final speed 2.6. Table 2.1 shows the characteristics (summary statistics) of the final speed by rider’s sex, age and body mass index. Table 2.1 Characteristics of the Final Speed by Sex, Age and BMI N Mean SD Median Range Min Max Skew CoV Sex Male 408 6.05 1.63 5.95 9.40 1.64 11.04 0.55 27% Female 110 5.69 1.75 5.68 8.39 1.75 10.14 -0.12 31% Age Young 223 5.84 1.55 5.72 8.84 1.75 10.59 0.27 27% Middle 213 5.98 1.67 5.94 8.94 1.64 10.57 0.05 28% Old 82 6.32 1.89 6.02 7.81 3.23 11.04 0.94 30% BMI Lower Normal 58 5.95 1.71 5.71 7.27 3.23 10.50 1.11 29% Upper Normal 263 6.05 1.75 6.07 9.29 1.75 11.04 0.12 29% Overweight 131 5.94 1.71 5.83 8.94 1.64 10.57 0.48 29% Obese 66 5.79 1.09 5.60 4.60 3.57 8.18 0.32 19% Overall 518 5.98 1.66 5.91 9.40 1.64 11.04 0.37 28% 2.7. Figure 2.3 shows the distribution of the final speed of the riders. Figure 2.3 Distribution of the Final Speed of the Riders 2.8. The average final speed of the riders was about 5.98 m/s and varied from its mean by about 1.66 m/s. About half of the riders have final speed greater than 5.91 m/s. The range of the final speed was 9.40 m/s with minimum and maximum final speed being 1.64 m/s and 11.04 m/s, respectively. As shown in figure 2.3, the distribution of the final speed was approximately normal (Skewness = 0.37). Final Speed by Gender 2.9. The average final speed of male and female riders were 6.05 m/s (SD = 1.63) and 5.69 m/s (SD = 1.75), respectively. Thus, there appears a difference in the final speed for the male and female riders. Final Speed by Age 2.10. The average final speed of young, middle and old riders were 5.84 m/s (SD = 1.55), 5.98 m/s (SD = 1.67) and 6.32 m/s (SD = 1.89), respectively. Thus, there appears a difference in the final speed for the young, middle and old riders. Final Speed by BMI 2.11. The average final speed of riders with lower normal, upper normal, overweight and obese body mass index were 5.95 m/s (SD = 1.71), 6.05 m/s (SD = 1.75), 5.94 m/s (SD = 1.71) and 5.79 m/s (SD = 1.09), respectively. Thus, there appears no difference in the final speed based on rider’s body mass index. Further, the final speed of riders with obese body mass index (CoV = 19%) seems less variable as compared to riders with lower normal, upper normal and overweight body mass index (CoV = 29%). characteristics of the Acceleration 2.12. Table 2.2 shows the characteristics (summary statistics) of the acceleration by rider’s sex and age. Table 2.2 Characteristics of the Acceleration by Sex and Age N Mean SD Median Range Min Max Skew CoV Sex Male 408 0.26 0.12 0.23 0.66 0.05 0.71 0.86 48% Female 110 0.22 0.11 0.20 0.51 0.03 0.54 0.39 50% Age Young 223 0.25 0.12 0.23 0.62 0.03 0.66 0.83 49% Middle 213 0.25 0.12 0.23 0.67 0.04 0.71 0.69 49% Old 82 0.22 0.10 0.21 0.54 0.05 0.58 0.94 47% Overall 518 0.25 0.12 0.23 0.68 0.03 0.71 0.80 49% 2.13. Figure 2.3 shows the distribution of the acceleration of the riders. Figure 2.4 Distribution of the Acceleration of the Riders 2.14. The average acceleration of the riders was about 0.25 m/s2 and varied from its mean by about 0.12 m/s2. About half of the riders have acceleration greater than 0.23 m/s2. The range of the acceleration was 0.68 m/s2 with minimum and maximum acceleration being 0.03 m/s2 and 0.71 m/s2, respectively. As shown in figure 2.4, the distribution of the acceleration was slightly positively skewed (Skewness = 0.80) (Cooper and Schindler, 2003, p.476). Acceleration by Gender 2.15. The average acceleration of male and female riders were 0.26 m/s2 (SD = 0.12) and 0.22 m/s2 (SD = 0.11), respectively. Thus, there appears a difference in the acceleration for the male and female riders. Acceleration by Age 2.16. The average final speed of young, middle and old riders were 0.25 m/s2 (SD = 0.12), 0.25 m/s2 (SD = 0.12) and 0.22 m/s2 (SD = 0.10), respectively. Thus, there appears that old rider’s acceleration was slightly greater as compared to young and middle riders. Difference in the final speed and Acceleration by gender 2.17. Table 2.3 shows the results of Independent Samples t-Test comparing male and female riders for the final speed and acceleration. Table 2.3 Results of t-Tests Comparing Male and Female Riders   Male Female 95% CI for Mean Difference   Mean (SD) Mean (SD) df t p-value Final Speed 6.05 (1.63) 5.69 (1.75) 516 2.054 .040 (0.016, 0.715) Acceleration 0.26 (0.12) 0.22 (0.11) 516 2.989 .003 (0.013, 0.064) Difference in Final Speed by gender 2.18. The research question examined was: “Is there a difference in the final speed between male and female riders?” The null and alternate hypotheses tested were H0: µMale = µFemale and H1: µMale ≠ µFemale, respectively (Doane and Seward, 2007, p.406; Lind, Marchal, and Wathen, 2009, p.416). 2.19. The result of the test were statistically significant t(516) = 2.05, p = .040 ( .05). Thus, the null hypothesis H0 is not rejected and there is no significant difference in the acceleration between young, middle and old riders. However, young and middle riders reported higher acceleration than old riders. Difference in the final speed by BMI 2.27. Table 2.5 shows the results of Analysis of Variance comparing riders by their body mass index for the final speed. Table 2.5 Results of ANOVA Comparing Riders by their BMI Source SS df MS F p-value Final Speed Between 3.94 3 1.31 .474 .700 Within 1422.65 514 2.77 Difference in Final Speed by BMI 2.28. The research question examined was: “Is there a difference in the final speed based on body mass index of the riders?” The null and alternate hypotheses tested were H0: µLower-Normal = µUpper-Normal = µOverweight = µObese and H1: H1: Not all the means are equal (at least one mean differs from the others), respectively. 2.29. The result of the test were statistically not significant, F(3, 514) = .47, p = .700 (> .05). Thus, the null hypothesis H0 is not rejected and there is no significant difference in the final speed based on body mass index of the riders. Chapter 3 Conclusion 3.1. In conclusion, the average final speed and acceleration of riders is about 5.98 m/s and 0.25 m/s2, respectively. There is a significant difference in the final speed between male and female riders and male riders reported higher final speed than female riders. Further, there is a significant difference in the acceleration between male and female riders and male riders reported higher acceleration than female riders. 3.2. There is no significant difference in the final speed between young, middle and old riders, however, old riders reported higher final speed as compared to young and middle riders. Further, there is no significant difference in the acceleration between young, middle and old riders, however, young and middle riders reported higher acceleration than old riders. 3.3. There is no significant difference in the final speed based on body mass index of the riders. References Cooper, D.R. and Schindler, P.S. (2003) Business Research Methods. London: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Doane, D.P. and Seward, L.E. (2007) Applied Statistics in Business and Economics. London: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Lind, D.A., Marchal, W.G. and Wathen, S.A. (2009) Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics, 13th Edition, London: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Appendix a Distribution (Histograms) of the Final Speed by Sex and Age As shown in above histograms, the distribution of the final speed by sex and age of the cycle users ia approximately normally distributed. Appendix b Distribution (Histograms) of the Acceleration by Sex and Age As shown in above histograms, the distribution of the acceleration by sex and age of the cycle users ia approximately normally distributed. Read More