Children in Crisis - Migration and Child Labor - Assignment Example

Children in crisis Qstn.4: meanings of ‘the place of the child’: The first meaning is used to refer to children position in the society. In his book, Robert Coles at times addresses on the youth as a whole collection like when he writes about children from both races demonstrating for attention. He also talks about, ‘libraries and drug stores were desegregated by junior high and high school children to the surprise of their own parents.’ he also stresses on how the child has been oppressed and how he has survived over the years and has even grown up and having a family. The child was brought up under harsh family and social environment and has become rebellious and has a ‘don’t care’ attitude as he grows up. He faces serious challenges for survival and even discrimination in his adventure. Secondly, the phrase is used to refer to feelings of teachers and parents/ guardians, of civil rights workers and militant segregationists most of them ordinary people caught up in extraordinary circumstances. He analyses the torn and discriminated people especially in the south. Qstn.5: risks, protective factors, adversity, and resilience: Risks: These are variables that increase individual ikelihood of psychopathology to negative developmental outcomes.internally found risks result from the combination of components that make up aperson's such as temperament or neurological structure. External risks result from environmental factors e.g. poverty or war which slows prevents a persons healthy development. Protective factors: these are conditions/ attributes in individuals, communities, families or the bigger society that helps people deal better with stressful events or get rid of risk in families and communities. Adversity: these are conditions/state of strain by children e.g. who are refugees from a war torn country or children who have migrated to new unfamiliar and unfriendly places. Resilience: Ability of materials to bounce back from stress and resume their original shape and condition e.g. a rubber. It indicates an individual’s ability to recover from, adapt and still remain strong in situations of adversity. Resilience is divided into three kinds of situations: a) Good results/ feedback despite high-risk status and. b) Sustained competence from threat, and c), recovery from trauma. Resilience depends on individuals and group strengths and is so much influenced by support from the environment. Support in terms of children is characterized by protective factors from e.g parents, family or institutions and so on. (Boyden and Mann, 3-25). A perfect example is the children in Dares Salam, there were Congolese refugee children between the age of 7 and 13. They reported public discrimination by Tanzanian adults and children which was so stressing for them that they chose to remain at home than to endure taunts from neighbors and others. Qstn.7: migration and child labor: - The paper-work tries to explain the correlation between migration and child labor. The writer does this by reviewing secondary information of the migrant children, with or without their respective families, and the children left at homes by their migrant guardians. Children left at homes by migrant parents are also subjected to child labor to cater for the endless needs for survival. In 2009, some USD 316 billion was sent to developing countries to cater to child labor issue. The cash in remittances was supposed to be used in educating children and reduce the drop-out rate in order to keep them from working since it emerged that education is one big factor in helping reduce child labor. A study on the results of migration on human capital investment in Nepal found that, when controlling for absenteeism of household members, remittances had a positive effect on education of younger children (aged 5 to 10), but the effect was insignificant for older children (aged 11 to 16). Boys benefited more than girls from the receipt of remittances. It also increases their prospects for decent work in future. He terms them as seasonal family migration and independent child migration which in every way promotes child labor. Conventions on rights of the child: The paperwork contains details about a child, from the definition of a child to its rights. It also covers on the right conditions for bringing up a healthy, happy child and the right conditions to do so. States Parties commit to make the rules and guidelines of the Convention, by appropriate and also active means, to adults and children alike. Qstn.8: Areas of recommendations for ending child trafficking for sexual purposes.1:-How to fight the human trafficking in general and in the New York metropolitan area. 2) How to meet the serviced needed by the trafficked children in New York city and the whole world. These factors cover what needs be done to diminish human trafficking at the national level. It supplements with studies on other ways of trafficking including trafficking domestic and other types of labor, either adoption or organ trafficking , and trafficking in men and also boys. Reports like this are meant for the service providers and policy makers. Still, advocacy groups plus the others in New York who look to gain into the phenomena and fight ideas for action are a target. More services have been used as a recommendation for ending child trafficking for sexual purposes. There have been few identified trafficking cases but none the less, there are inadequate services in the New York metropolitan area. These services need to be increased and include:- safe and immediate access to housing, and financial support among others. 2: Specific recommendations regarding child traffic victims. Recovery and reintegration has been mentioned as one of the ways of curb child trafficking. Impending issues include children who do not want to be separated from their adult victims to be kept in foster homes. These facilities do not protect their rights as children, placing them in favorable conditions gives them a home feeling as well as to trust the people providing the services. This might help in the investigation as the child already trusts these people so incase she/he is asked questions it would feel free to answer truthfully. Qstn.9: analyzing the graph, describing information on it and interpreting the data. The data depicts the quality of mother-interaction at age 4 on the number of observed problems at age 4 as a joint function of birth weight and social class. A mother-infant interaction across time emerges as the most powerful predictor of development outcome. Good maternal treatment appears to reduce substantially the amount of behavior disturbance characterized the child. The ability to work of the process differs systematically from the environmental context that is social class and the characteristic of the person i.e. weight and birth. The proximal has a general effect of buffering against environmental differences in the development outcome, specifically under high levels of mother-child interaction social class differences in problem behavior become much smaller. The greater development impact of proximal processes in poorer environmental conditions is to be expected only for indices of development by dysfunction, primarily during childhood. For outcomes reflecting development competence e.g. mental ability and social, skills, proximal processes are posited as having greater impact in more advantaged and stable environment throughout the life course. The behavior problems of a 4 year old child born with normal birth weight and given good care are lower than a child born with normal weight but poor care. The behavior problems of a child born with low birth weight and given a mother’s care are higher than a child who was not given mother’s care. Mother’s care seems important in determining the behavior of even a child born underweight. Works cited Boyden.J, Mann.G. Children’s risk, Resilience, and Coping in Extreme Situations. 2005. 3-25. Print. Read More