World Community has Permitted is an Ongoing Act of Globalization - Report Example

Running Header: Globalization Student’s Name: Instructor’s Name: Course Code & Name: Date of Submission: Globalization Abstract This report explores on how globalization has created a dangerous situation for the future of fishier. In an effort to discuss the issues effective, sustainability of fisheries resource has been thoroughly discussed in the document. Issue on overexploitation of fisheries has also been incorporated in this report. Globalization in fisheries sector has been explored in lengthy and its effects explored. Various solutions on how to avoid dangerous situation for the future of fisheries have also been included in this report. Contents Abstract 2 Contents 3 Introduction 4 Fisheries Sustainability 5 Globalization has created a Dangerous Situation for the Future of Fisheries 6 How to Avoid Dangerous situation for the Future of Fisheries 8 Conclusion 9 References 10 Fearnley, H 2010, Fish Fight, viewed 6 January 2011, < http://www.fishfight.net/about/>. 10 Fishonline 2010, Status of the world’s fish stocks, viewed 6 January 2011, 10 < http://www.fishonline.org/information/> 10 Lieberman, S 2010, ‘Time to save the tuna,’ The Guardian, viewed 6 January 2011, 11 < http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/nov/18/bluefin-tuna overfishing?INTCMP=SRCH> 11 Introduction The economic activity scale is no longer corresponding to boundaries of the countries since it is transnational and global. Globalization has eliminated distinctive national strategies of macroeconomic management and social welfare (Hirst 1997, p. 409). Unless increasing global trade is wisely restrained, there will be deadly and disastrous consequences due to global warming and increased pollution. According to Stern Review (2006, p. 3), there are increased risks of irreversible and serious impacts from climate change related with business as usual paths for emissions. Science is able to make connection between the outcomes of temperature and impacts on the natural environment related to various levels of greenhouse gases stabilization in the atmosphere. Global warming will have various severe impacts that will be revealed via water causing ecosystems to be more vulnerable. Approximately 15% to 40% of species potentially face extinction after only 20 C of warming (Stern Review 2006, p. 3). Also globalization will increase pollution through ocean acidification, a direct cause of increase in levels of carbon dioxide. This will have a huge impact on ecosystems of marine, with possible adverse consequences on fish stocks. Fisheries Sustainability Fisheries sustainability has combined fisheries population dynamics with practical planning like overfishing via methods like discouraging illegal and destructive fishing practices and individual fishing quotas. Global warming caused by climate change will result to decline in crop yields and global food production is likely to be severely affected (Stern Review 2006, p. 6). The greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are responsible for global warming and include methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides and various gases that arise as a result of globalization activities. The reduced food production will cause people to unsustainably exploit fisheries as the alternative source of food. The post world war II processes of globalization have led to global overcapacity as result of encouragement of distant water fleets and flag of convenience registrations (Thorpe & Bennett 2001, p. 143). The whole scenario has caused a race for fish resulting to the overexploitation of global fish stocks to the determent of local marine environment. Years of endless exploitation in the marine environment have taken their toll with 11 of the world’s 15 most vital fishing regions and 70% of the major fish species are either over or fully-exploited. Despite a rapidly increasing human appetite for fish products, huge volumes are wasted annually. FAO approximates that wasted fish alone without considering marine seabirds, mammals, and turtles, total 20 million tons that is equal to 25% of the annual marine catch (WHAT 2000, p. 14). A 2007 EU paper indicated that ranges of 40% to 60% of all fish obtained by trawls are discarded. The wasted fish are those species that have less market and undersized fish (Fearnley 2010). Overfishing signs in offshore resources are readily visible in the pacific. Bigeye tuna stocks are being harvested past maximum sustainable levels, and yellowfin tuna fishing is approaching perilous levels. The increase in efficiency and number of purse-seine vessels, the share nature of the resource as a result of globalization, the utilization of fish aggregating devices, and the range of impacts in various areas are among the major factors that threaten sustainable fisheries resources (Gillett & Cartwright 2008, p. 3). In an effort to maintain sustainable fishing, international fishery management bodies and national government are supposed to function to eliminate, mismanagement, as well as, unregulated, illegal, and unreported fishing (Lieberman 2010). Globalization has created a Dangerous Situation for the Future of Fisheries Under globalization of business as usual situation, the stock of greenhouse gases could be more dangerous by the end of the century, increasing the possibility of passing 50C global average temperature change in the coming years. This will have a tremendous negative effect on fish since they are sensitive to temperature because they are cold blooded animals. Unfortunate turn of event is that climate change is a serious threat to the developing countries and a huge obstacle to continued reduction of poverty across its various scopes (Stern Review 2006, p. 7). Billions of population in the entire globe depends on fish as a primary source of protein, specifically developing nations with quickly increasing populations. Majority of communities have experienced recent changes in the quality, abundance, and distribution of fish they have historically depended upon. Therefore, global warming threatens to push already stressed and over-exploited fish populations to the brinks of extinction. The more technologically improved techniques and strategies are also being employed to harness reducing fisheries resources. There is endless and ongoing process that operators along fisheries value chain (traders, retailers, fishers, fish farmers, and processors) are looking for new opportunities, profitable investments and reduced production costs in an increasingly globalised business environment. Globalization in fisheries is steered by the need to acquire access to fish and make sure that return on capital investments in vessels (OECD 2010). This has created a dangerous situation for the future of fisheries. Additionally, where domestic fisheries management frameworks have less access to domestic resources, access to high seas or foreign resources has been used to increase capacity, including through setting up foreign operating companies, joint ventures and access agreements. This current international economics order doesn’t support the rational utilization of global common resources such as fisheries, freshwater and ocean. The globalization process has continued to reinforce the irrational and unrestricted use of vital resources by individual enterprises with no regulations hence undermining the complementarities of resources required to sustain the integrity of the whole (WHAT 2000, p. 17). The global society has permitted short term profits to overshadow long term well being of marine resources. Steered highly by the attractive global market in sashimi and sushi, the highly valued species of bluefin are at the blink of extinction. The up-to-date research reveals that the bluefin species has reduced by more than 80 percent from 1970. Darwin Mounds also known as the North East Atlantic distinctive formations of cold water coral indicated huge damage from activity of trawling (fishonline 2010). Also orange roughy stock, the longest lived fish to exist and deep water oceanic fish are being eliminated by lack of appropriate means to protect them and unsustainable fishing. How to Avoid Dangerous situation for the Future of Fisheries Since the future of fisheries is threaten by global warming, imposing an effective price policy on carbon through regulation, trade or tax will enable those responsible for emission to face full social cost of their actions. Pricing of carbon offers an attraction to invest in new technologies to low carbon since without it there is less possibility to make such investments (Stern Review 2006, p. 19). The time and resources are required to realize the benefits of well managed fisheries and it also requires significant commitment of resources and energy on a global scale (Gudmundsson & Wessells 2000, p. 103). A global summit on fisheries and the community that rely on them should form a global action plan that should be implemented by a partnership of NGOs, governments, the fishery industry, and international donor organizations such as World Bank so as to reshape fisheries governance. According to WHAT (2000, p. 17), the use of globalization can offer opportunities for finding solutions via supranational organizations like the EU and the UN, as well as improved dispersal of good practice in improved national policies. Moreover, the growing global networks of communications can offer a method for mass education and debate on fisheries resource management, presenting to new possibilities for developing a consensus. Such education can help consumers to be responsible and contribute to fish stocks management by making sure that they buy fish from sustainable stocks (Fishonline 2010). Additionally, control of the resource must be employed collectively to attain effective control.. Conclusion There is evidence of an increased danger of serious and irreversible impacts from climate change associated with undertaking business as usual. The reduced food production due to climate change will result to over exploitation of already scarce fisheries resources. Globalization has facilitated a race for fish causing the overexploitation of global fish stocks to the detriment of local marine ecosystem. International fishery management bodies and national governments should take role of eliminating mismanagement, unregulated, illegal, and unreported fishing. Globalization in fisheries is driven by the need to get access to fish in order to make return on the capital invested in the activity. This trend has developed a perilous situation for the fisheries future. The recent international order on economy doesn’t encourage the sustainable use of global common resources such as fisheries. Policies to lower carbon emission should be put in place to tackle threat of global warming. A global plan formed by players and implemented in partnership with NGOs, governments, the fishery industry, and international donor organizations such as World Bank can aid in reshaping of fisheries governance. The growing global networks of communications can offer a method for mass education and debate on fisheries resource management. References Fearnley, H 2010, Fish Fight, viewed 6 January 2011, < http://www.fishfight.net/about/>. Fishonline 2010, Status of the world’s fish stocks, viewed 6 January 2011, < http://www.fishonline.org/information/> Gillett, R & Cartwright, I 2008, The future of Pacific Island fisheries, pp. 1-3. Gudmundsson, E & Wessells, R 2000. ‘Ecolabeling Seafood for Sustainable Production: Implications for Fisheries Management,’ Marine Resource Economics, Vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 97–113. Hirst, P 1997, ‘The Global economy-myths and realities’, International Affairs, Vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 409-425. Lieberman, S 2010, ‘Time to save the tuna,’ The Guardian, viewed 6 January 2011, < http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/nov/18/bluefin-tuna overfishing?INTCMP=SRCH> OECD 2010, Globalisation in Fisheries and Aquaculture Opportunities and Challenges, pp. 11- 16. Stern Review 2006, The Economics of Climate Change, pp. 1-27. Thorpe, A & Bennett, E 2001, ‘Globalisation and the sustainability of world fisheries: A view from Latin America,’ Marine Resource Economics, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 143-164. WHAT 2000, ‘Reports of the commissions of the World Humanity Action Trust,’ Governance for a Sustainable Future, pp. 8-26. Read More