Globalization: The Asia-Pacific and Australia - Literature review Example

Running Head: Globalization: The Asia-Pacific and Australia Globalization: The Asia-Pacific and Australia [Writer’s Name] [Institute’s Name] Globalization: The Asia-Pacific and Australia Abstract The pattern of the general international politics is completely dependent upon the freedom and its dependence on politics as this has been the hypothesis that has to be tested in countries like Australia. In this case there can be two well known explanations. One is known as the free market democracy which in other words is also known as the democracy; and the second well known explanation can be regarded as the changing and evolving concentration of the geopolitical power also known as geopolitics. Introduction Cameron (2005) says that there has been a change in the face of political as well as economic freedom all around the world. This has made changes to the world politics in such a way that the commonwealth democracy of many countries has undergone modifications. In this case it is known that the superpower of the work maintains the power and has the abilities to manage security in the world’s major regions as has been noticed by the critiques. According to Bhattacharya, Smyth and Vicziany (2004), in this case it has to be mentioned that the superpower of the world has been in contact with the world’s two major economic stock holders namely European Union and Japan. It has been keeping an eye on the major parts as well as the major activities of the remaining parts of Soviet Union and this superpower has been expecting a rise of the Chinese as another economic master in the world. Globalization, as we can assume here, has been causing a divergence of the economies from the rest of the world while the politics of different countries is converging in the major cases and this case can be said to be very contradictory. The effects of globalization on the economy as well as on politics has been all about power, progress, rules and building of more and more networks with the other countries. Bożyk, (2006) says that globalization, as has been seen, is responsible for the dissolution of the centralized authorities from various nations. Globalization is the change that has promoted collaboration as well as relationships between various nations. This is the collaboration that is based on a common interest between the countries and sharing of the equity in the democratic market. It also includes the rule of the law, sharing the rights of the weak and the power politics of one country over another. Capling, (2001) says on these lines, as the politics says the world has been developing and it can be seen that the technological and economical developments grow on each other and are followed by one another. The technological and economical developments are needed by the countries so that they can survive in the global period. This is the development that is based on the appreciation of human capital and economic efficiencies of the countries. This is also inclusive of the political harmony that exists between the countries. The diffusion of technology on a global face has been seen to make the nations stronger in terms of the economy as well as the development in the case of the political scenario. In the same case, trade and foreign policy in Australia, as has been designed by Howard, has been the one that represents the Australian nation’s desires. Connors, Davison and Dosch (2000) say that the Asian Pacific region has been given a priority by the Australian governments since the 1950s. The closer relationships with these countries have been maintained by the Australian government as they realize the importance of this region in the world. This has been the behavior that has been displayed by the Australian higher authorities that has been able to give a push to the regional behaviors and the regional outlooks of the Australian authorities to the regions that have utmost importance. Davies and Nyland (2004) say that Howard has been the key person in the Australian government who has been working on maintaining as well as improving bilateral relationships of Australia with the other countries. This is the maintenance of the key bilateral relationships that has helped Australia to gain a position in the Asia Pacific region as it has been one of the main successes on the case of the Howard government. Global as well as the successful regional strategies that Australia has included in trade and foreign policies are all dependent upon the successful bilateral relationships with the other countries. Fischer (2000) says that successful bilateral relationship can be considered to be the building blocks of successful trade and foreign policies for any country. Australia’s relationships with the other countries, especially the Asian countries, need to be goal oriented as well as sharply focused. The patterns that are to be focused in the case of these kinds of bilateral relationships not only include political level relationships but also the business, the education exchanges, assistances that might be required in the case of the country’s development including the cultural and economical exchanges. Galligan and Trifiletti (2001) say that there are many ways in which countries can establish successful bilateral relationships with the other countries. The main point here is the exchange of cultures between the countries. It is when people of one nation start to know the people from the other countries that the relationships become stronger. Gyngell and Wesley (2007) say that the relationships between Japan and Australia are seen to be very durable as well as long lasting. Australia has many strategic, economic as well as political interests in Japan. Since the last thirty years as it has been noticed Japan has been the trading partner of Australia. Australia, in turn has been the one country that has increased the economic growth of Japan after the war. Moreover, Australia and Japan are the only two countries who have contributed to the three IMF packages so far and this is inclusive of the countries such as Thailand, Korea and Indonesia. Moreover, the defense cooperation with Japan has also been seen to be increased as a scenario of bilateral relations. Thomas L Freidman has analyzed globalization in one of his books known as the World is Flat. In this the author says that the world is more like a field in which the countries play their roles in increasing commerce, trade, education and the better faces of the power politics. According to the author, for all the countries on a global scenario there is a shift that is required by the countries, the companies and the firms and the individuals that requires them to stay focused and more competitive in the global democratic market where the main roles are played by global, cultural as well as economic factors. Healey (2001) says that globalization has been the one main change that has been able to change the economic concept that used to reside in the world. Here the term flattening means that as a result of globalization the role players as the countries including the world power came into action on the fields for similar purposes and they include commerce and trade. In the Asian region, as has been noticed, China is one of the countries that has been making its moves in the economical as well as the political section in a peaceful manner. Still in the modern days China has been the country that faces insults from some of the role players on the stage of the world because of the history that it holds. Still there are many countries that have conflicts with China and this list includes Australia as well as USA. MacDonald, Patman and Mason-Parker (2007) have said that it has to be noticed that leadership in China is for its own development in the economic and the education sector and nowhere in the Chinese leadership is an inclination that is to be seen challenging the military and the power of either of the two countries. Milward (2003) says that since the start of the period of globalization it has been the main thought of the Australian as to how they are the ones who fit into the world as the country. In this case it can be said that democracy has been the one main role player that has handed globalization into the hands of the countries. It is because of globalization that so many people have been able to share knowledge as we can see that globalization is the happening that can bring the people closer. The governments in the past were the creation of people. However, these are the days of democracy and globalization and it can be said that democracy in the nineteenth as well as the twentieth century has been able to reach the heights of globalization. Prakash and Hart (2000) say that in the case of globalization, the politics of information is the main fact that needs to be learned. In this case the global discourse of the practices and the institutional charges on a global level are to be dealt with. The web has been considered the main role player in the case of globalization. It has been said that much part in globalization has been planted by the web and optic fibers. Cyber space has been the key figure in bringing the world together. Rudd has been the leading authority in Australia who has been urging IMF to play a role in the Chinese economy and he has been the one welcoming the economic growth of China. In this case it has been noticed by many of the critics that the Australian authorities have given up many of the investments being offered by the Chinese authorities. In these cases it has been added that the Chinese money or the Chinese investment is one of the dangerous risks that need not be taken by the Australian authorities. Richardson (2000) says that Australia has been rising as one of the major exporters in the world as they are the ones who export for the fashion industry and wheat as well. The culture of Australia has been the one factor that makes changes in the rest of the world and it has been noticed that the Australian economic couture has been having effects on the rest of the world. Chinese based investments are the one issue that the Australian authorities are facing these days. Recently it has been seen that the official statement that the Chinese investors are more than welcome to make investments and it has to be seen whether this change is to be settled in some days. Shanahan and Treuren (2003) say that many changes have been made in the foreign and trade policy. However, the basic policies are always the same. Here it has to be added that the world trading system as the foreign policies are the ones that have entered a newer generation of change and innovation and these are the ones that have changed since the time of the Second World War. Shanahan and Treuren (2003) have said that there are many challenges that are being faced by the Australian authorities in the case of trade and foreign policies. There are major challenges that are being faced as the self governing governance as well as the rise and the fall in the economic demands in trading countries. These issues are in need to be managed by the Australian authorities so that globalization can be dealt with in a better manner. In the case of the international level foreign investments that are required to be made by Australia, it has been seen that the foreign investment is the one factor that has been realized by the Australian governments. Australia has realized the capacity that it has for the expansion in supplying the resources and these are the capacities that can enable the Australians to welcome the foreign investments. Australia has arranged the screening arrangements for the foreign investors and it can be said that this can help Australia in maintaining the strategic investment based relationship with the other countries and these are the kinds of the relationships that can give the benefits to the Australian as well as the investing authorities. Within the labor market there are the after effects of the global crisis that are to be felt in the global market and the one factor of which the Australian authorities need to be cautious about is the sharp decrease in the export prices being anticipated in the near future. Although it has been seen that the export volumes that have been produced by the Australian authorities in the international markets have remained springy even in the times of the global recession, it is still expected that in the international market the export prices can fall by 3%. Conclusion Globalization has been one of the main aspects that has caused changes in the economic as well as the technological developments in the countries as the countries facing the challenging era of globalization need to be innovative. These countries need to make changes in the trade and the foreign policies. References Bhattacharya, Mita., Smyth, Russell., and Vicziany, Marika. (2004). South Asia in the era of globalization: trade, industrialization ,and welfare. Nova Publishers. Bożyk, Paweł. (2006). Globalization and the transformation of foreign economic policy. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Cameron, Fraser. (2005). US foreign policy after the Cold War: global hegemony or reluctant sheriff? 2nd edition. Routledge. Capling, Ann. (2001). Australia and the global trade system: from Havana to Seattle. Cambridge University Press. Connors, Kelly, Michael., Davison, Rémy., and Dosch, Jörn. (2000). The new global politics of the Asia-Pacific. Globalization and labour in the Asia Pacific region. Routledge. Davies, Gloria., and Nyland, Chris. (2004). Globalization in the Asian Region: Impacts and Consequences. E. Elgar. Fischer, Covell, Thomas. (2000). The United States, the European Union, and the "globalization" of world trade: allies or adversaries? Greenwood Publishing Group. Galligan, Brian ., Roberts, Winsome., and Trifiletti, Gabriella. (2001). Australians and globalisation: the experience of two centuries. Cambridge University Press. Gyngell, Allan., and Wesley, Michael. (2007). Making Australian Foreign Policy. 2nd edition. Camridge University Press. Healey, Justin. (2001). Globalisation. Spinney Press. MacDonald, B. David., Patman, G. Robert., and Mason-Parker, Betty. (2007). The ethics of foreign policy. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Milward, Bob. (2003). Globalisation?: internationalisation and monopoly capitalism : historical processes and capitalist dynamism. Edward Elgar Publishing. Prakash, Aseem., Hart, A. Jeffrey. (2000). Responding to globalization. Routledge. Richardson, Martin. (2000). Globalisation and international trade liberalisation: continuity and change. Edward Elgar. Shanahan, Martin., and Treuren, Gerry. (2003). Globalisation: Australian regional perspectives. Wakefield Press. Read More