Local Government in Saudi Arabia - Article Example

ARTICLES SUMMARY JOURNAL THEME: LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN SAUDI ARABIA DATE: 1-05-2014 22.01. Entry No. 1 TITTLE: Saleh Al-Hathloul and Narayanan Edadan (1993) Evolution of Settlement Pattern in Saudi Arabi: Habitat Intl. Vol. 17 No. 4 pp. 31-46, Printed Great Britain Inc. ISSUE: Saleh Al-Hathloul and Narayanan give an historical Analysis and account of Saudi Arabia, its evolution and the settlement pattern. SUMMARY: Saudi Arabia Kingdom growth and development has been greatly influenced by ecological and institutional factors. The growth and development of the Kingdom can be classified into four phases or distinct stages. The first stage is the trade and pilgrim routes of pre-national unification period. Secondly, the sedentarisation process of the unification period third is the oil discovery and extraction period and lastly the oil boom and development planning period. The settlement patterns, growth and development are influenced by ecological, physical condition, environmental condition, tribal structure and religious structure. REFLECTION: Saleh Al-Hathloul and Narayanan discussed the evolution of the Saudia Kingdom focusing mostly on the ecological and physical factors that influences its development. The paper helps you me to understand how the Saudi Arabia Kingdom came to existence and how it has evolve overtime. This article is of great importance in understanding the origin of Kingdom. Critically, this articles has enough insight on the background information though with no much historical account on events DATE: 1-05-2014 22.01. Entry No. 2 TITTLE: Laurent Bonnefoy (2013) Saudi Arabia and the export of religious ideologies: Policy Brief September Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics vol. 10(3) 2013 65 : Print park Inc. ISSUE: Laurent discusses the development of political and religious ideologist in Saudi Arabia and the extent it has shaped the relationship between the royal family of the Al Saud and the clerics more so to the ones from the al al- Shaykh clan. SUMMARY: Laurent maintain that the relationship between the royal family and cleric plays a very important role in structural definition of both political and religious development of the country. It has also been instrumental in legitimizing the monarchy both at the national level and international level taking in consideration the fact that the two holiest sites of Islam (Mecca and Medina are both coexist in Saudi Kingdom strengthening the relationship between the state and the religious actors. Reflection: The article helps in giving details on the role of Islam in defining the Saudi Arabia Kingdom foreign policy and the image of the country on an international level. The article helps me understand the relationship between religious and the state and I am able to understand the country political landscape and how it affects the country development. Though not focusing much on environmental management. DATE: 02-05-2014 22.01. Entry No. 3 TITTLE: Sami A Khan and Khalid A. Al-Maimani (2013): Exploring Corporate Social Responsibility in Saudi Arabia: The Challenges Ahead Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics Vol. 10(3) 2013 Print Park. ISSUE: Sami and Khalid discussed corporate social responsibility in doing business in the Kingdom of Saudia Arabia. They define corporate social responsibility giving account of its evolution and development among businesspersons and world over. SUMMARY: Sami and Khalid state that corporate social responsibility is no longer philanthropy between business and accepted idea worldwide. In Saudia Arabia Kingdom, this activity has become part of corporate values, policies and practices. The corporate bodies must define their organization economic goals and objectives in relative to corporate social responsibility. REFLECTION: Throughout the discussion and the journal, the writers bring out the role of corporates in taking their societal responsibility and using them in defining their objectives, goals and philosophies. This article helps in shedding more light on social corporate responsibilities of the company. After reading the article, I would be more responsible in taking care of our environment. DATE: 03-05-2014 22.01. Entry No. 4 TITTLE: John H. (2010) The Political Basics of Saudi Arabia Facts Series No. 95 Canadians for Justice and Peace in the Middle East CJPME: Government press ISSUE: The Article discusses the political structure of Saudi Arabia Kingdom, fundamentalism as manifested in he Saudi Arabia and role Saudi Arabia played in Israeli Palestine war. SUMMARY: In summary, the Saudi Arabia government is a monarchy type of government. It was founded in 1932 by Abd-al- Aziz bin Abd al-Rahman al Saud and currently his son is the one in power. It has continued with cautious political reform and held election nationwide in early 2005. Islam originated in Saudi Arabia and the two holiest sites, Mecca and Medina are found there. Islamist extremist quotes the presence of American troops in Saudi Arabia after Gulf War as one of the major causes of provocation. Saudi Arabia has always supported the Palestine and had always called for withdrawal of Israeli troops. REFLECTION: The paper gives the account of major political development and growth of the Saudi Arabia, the political and religious philosophy including political succession within the Kingdom. It is useful in developing the philosophical view of the country helping in appreciating nature and our environmental, preserving the history of the country. The origin and motivation factors are not covered in the article. DATE: 03-05-2014 22.01. Entry No. 5 TITTLE: Renée van Diemen (2013), Does the State control religion or does religion control State (Politics and Religion in Saudi Arabia EUC 664 Journals : Copyright © 2013 ISBN: 978-1-58826-637-8 hc. ISSUE: A critical analysis of the interaction between the Al Saud Regime and the Religious establishment of Saudi Arabia SUMMARY: The official place of religion in Saudi Arabia’s public life is embedded in the Basic law of 1992. Article 83 of the law declares Qur’an, Islam as the official State law hence combining religion and politics. The discovery of the oil within the kingdom stabilized the Kingdom with stable political leadership and religious autonomy. Religious scholars support the political regime in the country hence religious and the state is one. REFLECTION: From the discussion by Renée van Diemen, it points out that the in Saudia Kingdom, religious, the state is one, and the constitution of the Kingdom is embedded and originates from the Quran the holy book of God. The laws stipulate the environment control procedures and help individual understand their role in environment conservation. DATE: 04-05-2014 22.01. Entry No. 6 TITTLE: Mohammed Ayoob and Hasan Kosebalaban (2009) Development of Religion and politics in Saudi Arabia. Copyright© 2009 ISBN: 978-1-58826-637-8 hc ISSUE: Wahhabism and the question of religious tolerance among Islamists SUMMARY: Mohammed and Hasan points out that the political and academic discourse and development started in West after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack which was linked by Islamic Fundamentalism movement called Wahhabism that originated in Saudi Arabia a country where most terrorist originated. The group supports Islamic Radicalization more so towards the West. The group has strong ideology towards Jihad and believes an ideology that was rejected longtime in history. REFLECTION: Wahhabism group radicalization and Jihad ideology has been divorced long time ago in history but is currently re-surfacing with increase in terror activities across the globe. In the discussion of Mohammed and Hasan on the group position, this has been influence by strong opposition of Western culture among the Islamic community in Saudi Kingdom. The culture diversity in the articles helps in understanding our environment and take care of our surroundings DATE: 05-05-2014 22.01. Entry No. 7 TITTLE: Melanie Tullock (2009) The Longevity of the Al-Saud Monarchy and the threat of Islamic Revolution: Cross-sections/Volume. Oxford press ISSUE: Political revolution in Islamic States and the Al-Saud Kingdom longevity SUMMARY: Melanie list two main factors as the major reasons for longevity of Al Saud regime. These are religion and wealth from oil. Melanie points out the different between the Saudi monarchy and the Iranian as the British help Reza Khan to become the Kingdom that was later inherited by his son. However, Al Saud family has ruled the Saudia Kingdom long enough and it has become a tradition for the member of the family automatically take it over. REFLECTION: From the Melanie discussion, it shows that the rule of Al Saud will not come to end any sooner as the family monarchy system, assisted by religious leaders and the wealth from oil mining will help the to continue with their rule. This is not supporting using any theory but a mere thought and expression of an opinion DATE: 05-05-2014 22.01. Entry No. 8 TITTLE: Faez Saad Al-Shihri (2013) Principle of Sustainable Development and their application in urban planning in Saudi Arabia: Department of urban and regional Planning Journal 2 Copyright © 2013 ISBN: 976-1-58826-637 ISSUE: Faez Saad Al-Shihri discussed the role of urban planning in sustainable growth development in Arab Kingdom SUMMARY: There is various ways of conceptualizing and understanding of the concept of sustainable growth among many scholars and disciplines. Proper urban planning has the potential of achieving sustainable growth and development through integrating sustainable development concepts in the strategies of urban planning strategies, programs, policies and developments. Faez Saad Al- Shihri summarizes by saying that various agencies and institutions have voiced their concerns and contributions towards sustainable urban development and growth through proper planning. REFLECTION In the discussed the emergence of the concept of sustainability, and its dimensions singling out how urban planning practitioners and other related institutions for several years have tried to integrate the basic principle of their practices in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The planning is useful in maintaining environment and I have gained more insight on how I can conserve the environment through planning DATE: 05-05-2014 22.01. Entry No. 9 TITTLE: Chon-Kyun Kim (2008) Public administration in the age of globalization a case study of Saudi Arabia Kingdom: International Public Management Review Journal: Business journal publisher ISSUE: Chon-Kyun Kim have examine why some countries have benefitted from globalization than others and the role of public administration in globalization. SUMMARY: Many developed countries have benefited more from globalization than developing countries. Saudi Kingdom has benefited more out of globalization due to its endowment of natural resources like oil and gas exploration. They had strong public administration based on the law of Quran used by both state and religion. Strong public administration and Sheria law has helped the Kingdom to develop and move on well. REFLECTION: Strong public administration and is essential for ensuring development of the country as stated by Chon-Kyun Kim. This gives an insight that undeveloped countries suffers from weak public administration system and not scarce resources as per see. DATE: 07-05-2014 22.01. Entry No. 10 TITTLE: Joseph Kaminski (2009) Bureaucracy and Modernity Politics, Bureaucracy, and Justice : Printed Great Britain Inc. ISSUE: The paper reviews a qualitative analysis of public Administration in the West and the OIC states SUMMARY: Many if not all Islamic Organization and corporation have been unsuccessful in the recent past due to their approach of incorporating bureaucracy in their political system of management. Most of the Islamic states including Saudi Arabia have vast oil resources, they have a problem in administering those resources in a more equitable and fair manner to its citizens bringing what is known as Arab uprising. Every state has its own unique way of administering the resources its own and the way they have adopted the theory of bureaucrat rule that developed from West. REFLECTIONT: The journal discusses the relationship of proper governance and bureaucratic type of governance and how Saudi Arabia has succeeded in applying the theory in its public administration process. Proper governance helps in the environment conservation and proper management styles that can help in management. The management theories and styles were not comprehensively covered since there are some benefits of bureaucracy DATE: 08-05-2014 22.01. Entry No. 11 TITTLE: James h. (2007); the Country Profile of Saudi Arabia Kingdom Federal Research Division: Library of Congress – Federal Research Division ISSUE: The article gives a brief description the country geographical background, population, societal and economic development. SUMMARY: The country is highly populated with over 5 million. The overall population is increasing with about 75% annually. The country is mostly predominately-young people. The literacy level of the total population is about 91%. The economy is mostly supported by oil as the major export and economy driver. The internal transport infrastructure of the country was mostly developed in early 1960s. REFLECTION: The article gives information on the Kingdom background, geographical, social and demographical background. The article gives information on infrastructural development and economic development of the country. The information is useful in giving background check on how the environment can be maintained through demographic and geographical information. DATE: 08-05-2014 22.01. Entry No. 12 TITTLE: FAO report (2010) Response to climate change in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Library of Congress – Federal Research Division ISSUE: FAO has developed climate awareness change campaign in Saudi Arabia since it is a threat to the country food security. SUMMARY: The country of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is sensitizing its people on climate change awareness. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia government has ratified the UNFCCC in 1994. Most environmental conservation bodies have been incorporated in the environmental management program of the country. The country also has severe water scarcity and mostly depends on drought resistance plants for their survival. Generally, the Country has a wide environmental management program ranging from climatic, water and land management approach. REFLECTION In the article, the environmental management approach developed by the Kingdom is well elaborated in the article. The Country has adopted and ratified several treaties concerning environmental management and several laws and policies governing environmental management programs. I have gained experiences on international treaty on environmental management and conservation. The paper is more fair and represents a true opinion. DATE: 09-05-2014 22.01. Entry No. 13 TITTLE: Dul Al Hijja (2005).The National Strategy for conservation of Biodiversity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: The Berkeley Electronic Press (bepress). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj ISSUE: To conserve local varieties of plants and local breeds of animals in Saudi Arabia and to emphasize use of the traditional agricultural system in the fields of agricultural production SUMMARY: Saudi Arabia Kingdom has several local strains of domestic animals that needs protection and to adapt to the local environment. There several animals that have been imported into the kingdom in the recent times and are thriving well and since they have replaced the local stocks. Some of the threats to Biodiversity include intensive use of agricultural pesticides and chemical. Incorrect use of by product and migration of people to different cities. REFLECTION; The Country biodiversity wide comprises of different animals both imported and indigenous animals, which have been adopted over long period. I have gained much experience in in biodiversity through the country economic environment is not conducive since the Kingdom is largely dry receiving little rainfall per annual. The article has given me more knowledge more details concerning biodiversity of the country and challenges. DATE: 10-05-2014 22.01. Entry No. 14 TITTLE: Riyadh (2009) Managing Urban Growth and Development in the Riyadh Metropolitan Area Saudi Arabia ISSUE: The Article discusses the management of public sector of urban growth and the development in the Saudi Arabia SUMMARY: The growth of urban centers especially when the growth is rapid is associated several challenges of management for the public sector. The challenges associated with urban growth stems from the desire to expand the services to meet the needs of the growing population and the development- taking place needs to be orderly and sustainable. REFLECTION The article gives more detailed accounts towards the urban development and resource management. It is apparent that with the growth in population, the cities expand rapidly and need for social amenities, increase in infrastructure and other services increases in demand. In the process, need for sustainability in urban growth is necessary. DATE: 11-05-2014 22.01. Entry No. 15 TITTLE: Mohammed El Bastawes, Khalid Al Harbi Turki Habeebullah(2012):The Hydrology of Wadi Ibrahim Catchment in Makkah City: The interplay of Urban Development and Flash flood Hazards: The Berkeley Electronic Press (bepress). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj ISSUE: It investigates the development of a hydrological model for the dry land catchment of the Wadi Ibrahim. SUMMARY: There has been tremendous changes in the landscape and land cover of the catchment in the Wadi Ibrahim where holy mosque of Makkah. Several mitigations measures have been put place to control the continuous landslide. Some of common measures include installation of rainfall-sewages systems and some of subsurface culverts. The paper analyses the measures that have been placed in place to control the continuous flood flash in the area. REFLECTION: Flood Flash has been one of the challenges facing the Kingdom over a long period, the government of Saudi Arabia has put enough mitigation measures to curb the frequent flood flash in the area and ensure sustainable growth in the area. The article has given me more insight on how environment can be managed using flood flash tools. DATE: 11-05-2014 22.01. Entry No. 16 TITTLE: Mohamed A (2011): A GIS morphometric Analysis of hydrological catchments within Makka Metropolitan area, Saudi Area International Journal of Geomantic and Geoscience Vol.2 No 2, 2011 ISSUE: Koshak and Dawod discussed the application of A GIS in soil science and soil management process in Saudi Arabia. SUMMARY: GIS and a high-resolution Digital elevation Model has been used in analysis of six basins that exist in the Makkah in Saudi Arabia. Morphometric parameters were calculated and analyzed in order to determine the impact and characteristics was investigated. Specific catchment areas might be considered more dangerous than other catchment areas in terms of flash flood. This test is very useful in water resource management. REFLECTION Throughout the discussion, the paper outlined the major water resources are managed through use of GIS. Some of the items tested include elongation ratio, form factor ratio and bifurcation ratio. The result found that smaller basin and high relief ratio result to high rate of flood flash which the government should consider when managing water and soil resources. DATE: 12-2014 22.01. Entry No. 17 TITTLE: Abdulkader A. Murad (2009) Defining health catchment areas in Jeddah city Saudi Arabia ISSUE: Example of demonstrating the utility of geographical information systems SUMMARY: Abdulkader discusses the use of GIS in organization of public health centers in Jeddah city Saudi Arabia. The potential of GIS for visualizing and modeling of the available information on health care and has been utilized in the best-fit application of health care management. Abdulkader analyses the achievement that has been utilized in the management of health centers in catchment areas and other areas concerning the environmental management. REFLECTION: From the reading, useful insights are revealed on the usefulness of GIS as a tool of managing health catchment areas within Saudi Arabia as one of the measures being used by the government to curb increased cases of soil erosion in health centers and as one of the major ways of managing natural resources. DATE: 12-2014 22.01. Entry No. 18 TITTLE: Michael Taylor (1999) “Sustainable Water & Land Management - An Australian Approach to a Key Global Issue” UN-FIG 27 ISSUE: Michael Taylor presents the ever-increasing water management across the world and methods used by Saudi Arabia Kingdom in managing its water resources. SUMMARY: Michael Taylor presents water management as a problematic approach not only in Saudi Arabia but also, across the world all over. He further stated that each land administrator is keen in unlocking management approach that will be beneficial and able to balance the needs of both the environment and people. Integrated approach has been developed concerning water and land resource management by the commission initiated by the Saudi Arabia Kingdom in addressing major land degradation issues including salinity levels and rising water tables. It further explains the multi discipline approach used in water and land resource management approach. REFLECTION From the presentation and articles, it is clear that major factors are put in consideration when it comes to soil and water management. Several and multi-discipline approach has been placed to handle increased soil salinity and rise in basin level. Hence have gained much experience concerning soil conservation. DATE: 12-05-2014. Entry No. 19 TITTLE: Latham and Watkins (2010) Doing Business in Saudi Arabia Library of Congress – Federal Research Division ISSUE: General overview of business condition terms, policies and regulations to be followed when doing business in Saudi Arabia Kingdom. SUMMARY: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is an independent Islamic Monarchy. Basic laws based on Sheria law from Quran govern the Kingdom. It is govern through council of ministers that are responsible for making various decisions including trade decisions and also enacting various legislations used in the Kingdom. The Kingdom is divided into thirteen provinces administered by provincial governor appointed by the King. REFLECTION Basic organization of the Kingdom is outlined with indicating on how the King manages the whole Kingdom. The hierarchical order or line of command is given in the article. DATE: 12-05-2014. Entry No. 20 TITTLE: Kristin T. Roy (1994) The New York Convention and Saudi Arabia Fordham International Law Journal ISSUE: Can a country use the public policy defense to refuse enforcement of non- domestic Arbitral Awards? SUMMARY: Krstin examines whether the step that Saudi Arabia has taken to adopt the New York convention will enable it to succeed in helping in the international arbitration process for non-Saudi Arabian investors in the country. New York convention provides basic rules and procedures that should be used in international arbitration and Saudi Arabia is one of the Arab countries that ratified the treat REFLECTION The article provides background of New York Convention treaty and how it is used in international arbitration process concerning the foreign investors and local investors within Saudi Arabia Kingdom. DATE: 12-05-2014. Entry No. 21 TITTLE: Mark Mohamed (2010): Arab political System and International policy Ratification; Baseline information and reform for International peace: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Design, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80210, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia ISSUE: Current affairs issues and happenings within Saudi Arabia Kingdom SUMMARY: Live broadcast was banned within the Kingdom with the detainment of several bloggers for question. New Bureaucratic rules were announced with King as the head of the state, Islamic Sheria was the supreme law and they were issued in accordance with the Quran teachings. Royal order was the ultimate judicial power with several policies. All foreign treaties had to align with the rules and regulations of the teaching of Quran REFLECTION It gives the bureaucratic nature of the Saudi Arabia government and explains why most of their institutions have failed in terms of governance. I have gained more experience on how to environment management policies SUMMARY/ REFLECTION The paper helps you me to understand how to Saudi Arabia Kingdom came to existence and how it has evolve overtime. This article is of great importance in understanding the origin of Kingdom The development of the Kingdom is mostly influenced by the ecological and physical factors. The articles help in giving details on the role of Islam in defining the Saudi Arabia Kingdom foreign policy and the image of the country on an international level and define the relationship between the state and its Citizens. The policy also discussed the impact of the relationship between religion and state institutions, giving wide ideologist behind the relationship and the structure. Throughout the discussion and the journal, the writers bring out the role of corporates in taking their societal responsibility and using them in defining their objectives, goals and philosophies. It enables one to have a full understanding of what is social corporate responsibility and how companies can use it for their personal economic gain. The paper gives the major political development and growth of the Saudi Arabia, the political and religious philosophy including political succession thins the Kingdom. It the study, the paper also gives the political stand and strained relationship between Arab countries and the America In the discussed the emergence of the concept of sustainability, and its dimensions singling out how urban planning practitioners and other related institutions for several years have tried to integrate the basic principle of their practices in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The article gives information on the Kingdom background, geographical, social and demographical background. The article gives information on infrastructural development and economic development of the country In the article, the environmental management approach developed by the Kingdom is well elaborated in the article. The Country has adopted and ratified several treaties concerning environmental management and several laws and policies governing environmental management programs. The Country biodiversity is wide comprising of different animals both imported and indigenous animals, which have been adopted over long period. However, the country economic environment is not conducive since the Kingdom is largely dry receiving little rainfall per annual. The article gives more details and accounts of the biodiversity of the country and challenges. The article gives more detailed accounts towards the urban development and resource management. It is apparent that with the growth in population, the cities expand rapidly and need for social amenities, increase in infrastructure and other services increases in demand. In the process, need for sustainability in urban growth is necessary. Flood Flash has been one of the challenges facing the Kingdom over a long period, the government of Saudi Arabia has put enough mitigation measures to curb the frequent flood flash in the area and ensure sustainable growth in the area. Throughout the discussion, the paper outlined the major water resources are managed through use of GIS. Some of the items tested include elongation ratio, form factor ratio and bifurcation ratio. The result found that smaller basin and high relief ratio result to high rate of flood flash which the government should consider when managing water and soil resources. From the reading, useful insights are revealed on the usefulness of GIS as a tool of managing health catchment areas within Saudi Arabia as one of the measures being used by the government to curb increased cases of soil erosion in health centers and as one of the major ways of managing natural resources. From the presentation and articles, it is clear that major factors are put in consideration when it comes to soil and water management. Several and multi-discipline approach has been placed to handle increased soil salinity and rise in basin level. From the reading, useful insights are revealed on the usefulness of GIS as a tool of managing health catchment areas within Saudi Arabia as one of the measures being used by the government to curb increased cases of soil erosion in health centers and as one of the major ways of managing natural resources. The article provides background of New York Convention treaty and how it is used in international arbitration process concerning the foreign investors and local investors within Saudi Arabia Kingdom. The development, growth and expansion of the Saudi Arabia kingdom has been well presented in these articles and is able to expound on the understanding of the role of state and citizens on environmental management. Read More

REFLECTION: Throughout the discussion and the journal, the writers bring out the role of corporates in taking their societal responsibility and using them in defining their objectives, goals and philosophies. This article helps in shedding more light on social corporate responsibilities of the company. After reading the article, I would be more responsible in taking care of our environment. DATE: 03-05-2014 22.01. Entry No. 4 TITTLE: John H. (2010) The Political Basics of Saudi Arabia Facts Series No.

95 Canadians for Justice and Peace in the Middle East CJPME: Government press ISSUE: The Article discusses the political structure of Saudi Arabia Kingdom, fundamentalism as manifested in he Saudi Arabia and role Saudi Arabia played in Israeli Palestine war. SUMMARY: In summary, the Saudi Arabia government is a monarchy type of government. It was founded in 1932 by Abd-al- Aziz bin Abd al-Rahman al Saud and currently his son is the one in power.

It has continued with cautious political reform and held election nationwide in early 2005. Islam originated in Saudi Arabia and the two holiest sites, Mecca and Medina are found there. Islamist extremist quotes the presence of American troops in Saudi Arabia after Gulf War as one of the major causes of provocation. Saudi Arabia has always supported the Palestine and had always called for withdrawal of Israeli troops. REFLECTION: The paper gives the account of major political development and growth of the Saudi Arabia, the political and religious philosophy including political succession within the Kingdom.

It is useful in developing the philosophical view of the country helping in appreciating nature and our environmental, preserving the history of the country. The origin and motivation factors are not covered in the article. DATE: 03-05-2014 22.01. Entry No. 5 TITTLE: Renée van Diemen (2013), Does the State control religion or does religion control State (Politics and Religion in Saudi Arabia EUC 664 Journals : Copyright © 2013 ISBN: 978-1-58826-637-8 hc.

ISSUE: A critical analysis of the interaction between the Al Saud Regime and the Religious establishment of Saudi Arabia SUMMARY: The official place of religion in Saudi Arabia’s public life is embedded in the Basic law of 1992. Article 83 of the law declares Qur’an, Islam as the official State law hence combining religion and politics. The discovery of the oil within the kingdom stabilized the Kingdom with stable political leadership and religious autonomy.

Religious scholars support the political regime in the country hence religious and the state is one. REFLECTION: From the discussion by Renée van Diemen, it points out that the in Saudia Kingdom, religious, the state is one, and the constitution of the Kingdom is embedded and originates from the Quran the holy book of God. The laws stipulate the environment control procedures and help individual understand their role in environment conservation.

DATE: 04-05-2014 22.01. Entry No. 6 TITTLE: Mohammed Ayoob and Hasan Kosebalaban (2009) Development of Religion and politics in Saudi Arabia. Copyright© 2009 ISBN: 978-1-58826-637-8 hc ISSUE: Wahhabism and the question of religious tolerance among Islamists SUMMARY: Mohammed and Hasan points out that the political and academic discourse and development started in West after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack which was linked by Islamic Fundamentalism movement called Wahhabism that originated in Saudi Arabia a country where most terrorist originated.

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