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The paper "Above the Lower Critical Radiation: Plasma Generates Additional Heat Flux" says the measure of the energy required to raise a temperature of a material by one Celsius degree and thermal conductivity the rate at which heat energy flows through a material…
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Extract of sample "Above the Lower Critical Radiation: Plasma Generates Additional Heat Flux"
Heat
Name
Student no
Course: FY014
Module
Date of performing experiment
Date of submission
Abstract
In this experiment, the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity were investigated. This was done by investigating the temperature response of a block material and a rod to flow of heat. The heat was induced by a resistor connected to a power supply and the material was placed in direct thermal contact with it.
Table of Contents
Abstract 2
Table of Contents 3
Introduction 4
Theory 4
Method 6
Results/data 6
Discussion and analysis results 8
Introduction
The purpose of this experiment is to investigate heat capacity; a measure of energy required to raise a temperature of a material by one Celsius degree and thermal conductivity the rate at which heat energy flows through a material. This test is based on the observing the temperature response of the material to the flow of heat. The resistor connected to a power supply generated heat which induced a heat flow when the material was placed in a direct thermal contact with it (Carmeliet, Hens and Vermeir, 2003).
Theory
Heat and temperature are different. Temperature is a measure hotness of a substance and is measured in 0C, while heat is the thermal energy in a material and is measured in joules. heat energy transfer in a bodydepends on:
mass of an object
type of the material
amount of heat energy transferred
Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy required to raise a temperature of a material by one Celsius degree. Energy is proportional to Specific heat capacity and is calculated form the following equation.
E = m C ∆ θ,
Where E = energy transferred in joules, J
m = mass of the substances in kg
c = specific heat capacity in J / kg °C
θ = temperature change in degrees Celsius, °C
Thermal conductivity is the rate at which heat energy flows through a material.
= thermal conductivity of the material
A = the cross-sectional area of the material
X = the length of the material
And
The error is calculated by getting the different between the value obtained and the usual value
Thermal conductivity is proportional to the amount of energy present, the energy dissipation or free mean path and the number and velocity of the energy carriers. Thermal conductivity if metals are high due large amount of electron carriers and large mean free path. An increase in temperature causes an increase in dissipated energy due to collisions, thermal conductivity decreases (Ion, 2005).
Thermal conductivity
if a rod is connected to a cold object on one end with a temperature, θ 1 and the other end is connected to a hot body with a temperature, θ 2, the rate at which the energy flow in form of heat from one end of the rod to the other measures the thermal conductivity of the material.
The direction of the flow of heat is perpendicular to the cross-section area, A of the rod. The rate of flow heat energy heat through the area ∆A, is proportional to ∆A and temperature gradient, ∂T/∂x, therefore,
The rate of flow of energy through the bar is given by,
(Mansfield and O'Sullivan, 2012)
Method
To avoid risk in the laboratory electrical connection were made carefully. The heating block was then connected to the power supply and the voltage set to 20V. The voltage and current across the resistor were measured and the temperatures of the heated block were recorded every second.
The second part began with connecting the heating element to the power supply and setting the voltage at 20V. When the heating element was 500C, a thermometer was attached to both ends of the metal rod M1, and also to the heat sink S1 and then connected to the heat source H1. The temperature rise of the heat sink S1 were recorded every few seconds until the block S1 reached 350C.
Results/data
Diameter of rod (mm)
22.5
Mass of heated block (g)
1012
Length of rod
148.0
Mass of heating element
1090
part 1
Part 2
Time (s)
Temperature (°C)
Time
θ1 (°C)
θ2 (°C)
S1 (°C)
0
18
0
32
22
19
15
18
15
34
23
19
30
19
30
35
23
19
45
20
45
35
24
19
60
21
60
36
24
19
75
21
75
36
25
19
90
22
90
36
25
19
105
23
105
37
26
20
120
24
120
37
26
20
135
25
135
37
27
20
150
26
150
37
27
20
165
28
165
38
27
21
180
29
180
38
27
21
195
30
195
38
28
21
210
31
210
38
28
21
225
32
225
38
28
21
240
33
240
38
28
22
255
33
255
38
28
22
270
35
270
38
28
22
285
36
285
38
28
22
300
37
300
38
29
22
315
38
315
38
29
23
330
39
330
38
29
23
345
41
345
38
29
23
360
42
360
38
29
23
375
43
375
38
29
23
390
44
390
38
29
24
405
45
405
38
30
24
420
46
420
38
30
24
435
47
435
38
30
24
450
47
450
38
30
24
465
48
465
38
30
25
480
48
480
38
30
25
495
49
495
38
30
25
510
49
510
39
30
25
525
49
525
39
31
25
540
39
31
26
555
39
31
26
570
39
31
26
585
39
31
26
600
39
31
26
615
39
31
26
630
39
32
26
645
39
32
27
660
39
32
27
675
39
32
27
690
39
32
27
705
39
32
27
720
39
32
28
735
40
32
28
750
40
33
28
765
40
33
28
780
40
33
28
795
40
33
28
810
40
33
28
825
40
33
28
840
40
33
29
855
40
33
29
870
40
33
29
885
40
34
29
900
40
34
29
915
40
34
29
930
40
34
29
945
40
34
30
960
40
34
30
975
40
34
30
990
40
34
30
1005
40
34
30
1020
40
34
30
1035
40
34
31
1050
40
35
31
1065
40
35
31
1080
40
35
31
1095
41
35
31
1110
41
35
31
1125
41
35
31
1140
41
35
31
1155
41
35
31
1170
41
35
31
1185
41
35
32
1200
41
35
32
1215
41
36
32
1230
41
36
32
1245
41
36
32
1260
41
36
32
1275
41
36
32
1290
41
36
32
1305
41
36
32
1320
41
36
33
1335
41
36
33
1350
41
36
33
1365
41
36
33
1380
41
36
33
1395
41
36
33
1410
41
36
33
1425
41
36
33
1440
41
36
33
1455
41
36
33
1470
41
37
33
1485
41
37
33
1500
41
37
33
1515
41
37
34
1530
41
37
34
1545
42
37
34
1560
42
37
34
1575
42
37
34
1590
41
37
34
1605
41
37
34
1620
42
37
34
1635
42
37
34
1650
42
37
34
1665
42
38
35
Discussion and analysis results
Since V = 23V
the metal is Aluminium
PART II
Asbestos
(Actual thermal conductivity of Asbestos = 0.8 Wm-1K-1)1
Error
(Aluminium = 0.9 J/gm K) 2
Error = (1.201-0.9)/0.9 x 100% = 30.1%
Conclusion
This experiment gave heat capacity value of the block material as well as the values of thermal conductivity of a given rod. The specific heat capacity and the thermal conductivity obtained in this experiment do not correspond exactly to the expected values. This is due to errors that came from different sources. There energy losses to the surrounding environment and so the temperature increase was less than the expected value. For example, the error for thermal conductivity is 1.25%. The errors can be reduced if the experiment is done in an enclosed place.
References
Mansfield M., O'Sullivan C., 2012. Understanding Physics, John Wiley & Sons, P245, ISBN 1118437829: 9781118437827
Ion J. C., 2005. Laser processing of engineering materials: principles, procedure and industrial application, Amsterdam: Boston: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann, P170, ISBN0080492800: 9780080492803
Carmeliet J., Hens H. S. L. C., Vermeir G., 2003. Research in Building Physics: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Building Physics, Leuven, 14-18 September, Antwerpen, Belgium Editors Taylor & Francis, ISBN 9058095657: 9789058095657
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