Chemistry Experiment - Article Example

Abstract The cone calorimeter has been used normally for burning materials and in this experiment the materials that has been used green carpet, blue carpet and underlay. The parameters that will be tested for this experiment Sample of mass, Surface Area, Thickness, Heat flux of the experiment, Time of the test, Total heat evolved, Total amount of the oxygen consumed, Smoke released, Mass loss during the experiment, Specific mass loss rate, Average heat release rate, Effective heat of combustion, Mass loss, Specific extinction area, Carbon monoxide yield, and Carbon dioxide yield. Introduction Aim The aim of the experiment will be done to green carpet, blue carpet and sample underlay. The values will be recorded and it will be compared. The sample of the mass will be different in all values and the surface area will be different and there will be change in the value of the oxygen that has been combusted. Objective There will be comparison of values and the test will be done using blue carpet, green carpet and sample underlay. The test will be conducted four times with first blue carpet, second blue carpet, third blue carpet and fourth clue carpet. The test will be conducted once again on the green carpet by first green carpet, second green carpet, third green carpet and fourth green carpet. Background The cone calorimeter has been used for variety of research methods and this will be including research on the combustibility of building materials, the evaluation of materials used in full-scale fire tests and to provide input data for numerical models. (P. Mouritz, A. G. Gibson,2006)The cone calorimeter has been used to find out the various parameters (Richard Horrocks, Dennis Price,2001)and the common of them are the rate of heat release, rate of heat release per unit area, mass loss rates, and time to ignition, and effective heat of combustion. (S. M. Lomakin, Gennadiĭ Efremovich Zaikov,2003)The oxygen combustion will be recorded and it will be compared to find out the ignition value .Many fire reaction properties can be found out using the cone calorimeter.( S. M. Lomakin, Gennadiĭ Efremovich Zaikov,1999) Results Result of Blue carpet The key points The sample of mass has been showing variable values in the experiment. The surface area and thickness has been the constant factors in the experiment. Parameters tested First blue carpet Sample of mass 21.96g Surface Area 100 cm2 Thickness 8 Mm Heat flux of the experiment 25Kw/m2 Time of the test 481Seconds Total heat evolved 45.5MJ/m2 Total amount of the oxygen consumed 31.8g Smoke released 651M2m2 Mass loss during the experiment 12.1g Specific mass loss rate 2.79g/ms2 Average heat release rate 108.79Kw/m2 Effective heat of combustion 38.66MJ/Kg Mass loss rate .028 g/sec Specific extinction area 494.81 m2/kg Carbon monoxide yield 0.0194 kg/kg Carbon dioxide yield 2.04 kg/kg Parameters tested Second blue carpet Sample of mass 17.63g Surface Area 100 cm2 Thickness 8 Mm Heat flux of the experiment 35Kw/m2 Time of the test 378Seconds Total heat evolved 34.9 MJ/m2 Total amount of the oxygen consumed 24.7g Smoke released 474M2m2 Mass loss during the experiment 13.2g Specific mass loss rate 5.9g/ms2 Average heat release rate 103.45Kw/m2 Effective heat of combustion 20.88MJ/Kg Mass loss rate .051 g/sec Specific extinction area 494.81 m2/kg Carbon monoxide yield 0.0149 kg/kg Carbon dioxide yield 1.21 kg/kg Parameters tested Third blue carpet Sample of mass 24g Surface Area 100 cm2 Thickness 8 Mm Heat flux of the experiment 45Kw/m2 Time of the test 715Seconds Total heat evolved 39.4 MJ/m2 Total amount of the oxygen consumed 27.5g Smoke released 449.4M2m2 Mass loss during the experiment 12.4g Specific mass loss rate 1.82g/ms2 Average heat release rate 57.32Kw/m2 Effective heat of combustion 31.44MJ/Kg Mass loss rate .018 g/sec Specific extinction area 150.12 m2/kg Carbon monoxide yield 0.0126 kg/kg Carbon dioxide yield 1.68 kg/kg Parameters tested Fourth blue carpet Sample of mass 27.7g Surface Area 100 cm2 Thickness 8 Mm Heat flux of the experiment 55Kw/m2 Time of the test 458Seconds Total heat evolved 38.8 MJ/m2 Total amount of the oxygen consumed 27.4g Smoke released 736.3M2m2 Mass loss during the experiment 13.2g Specific mass loss rate 3g/ms2 Average heat release rate 87.95Kw/m2 Effective heat of combustion 28.83MJ/Kg Mass loss rate .030 g/sec Specific extinction area 506 m2/kg Carbon monoxide yield 0.0170 kg/kg Carbon dioxide yield 1.65 kg/kg Result of the Green Carpet The key points Parameters tested First green carpet Sample of mass 13.68 g Surface Area 100 cm2 Thickness 5.50 Mm Heat flux of the experiment 25Kw/m2 Time of the test 495 Seconds Total heat evolved 25.9MJ/m2 Total amount of the oxygen consumed 18.6g Smoke released 393.9M2m2 Mass loss during the experiment 9g Specific mass loss rate 2.45g/ms2 Average heat release rate 57.53Kw/m2 Effective heat of combustion 23.10MJ/Kg Mass loss rate .025 g/sec Specific extinction area 131.71 m2/kg Carbon monoxide yield 0.0140 kg/kg Carbon dioxide yield 1.52 kg/kg Parameters tested Second green carpet The time of the test, total heat, total amount of the oxygen, smoke released, mass loss during the experiment, specific loss rate, average heat release rate, effective heat of the combustion, mass loss rate, specific extinction area, carbon monoxide yield and carbon dioxide yield has yielded only zero values and that has meant there can be no comparison of values that will be possible. Sample of mass 12.95g Surface Area 100 cm2 Thickness 5.50 Mm Heat flux of the experiment 35Kw/m2 Time of the test 0Seconds Total heat evolved 0.0 MJ/m2 Total amount of the oxygen consumed 0 g Smoke released 0M2m2 Mass loss during the experiment 0.0 g Specific mass loss rate 0.0g/ms2 Average heat release rate 0.0Kw/m2 Effective heat of combustion 0.0MJ/Kg Mass loss rate .000 g/sec Specific extinction area 0.00 m2/kg Carbon monoxide yield 0.0000 kg/kg Carbon dioxide yield 0.00 kg/kg Parameters tested Third green carpet The total amount of oxygen consumed has been showing a negative value. Sample of mass 12.65g Surface Area 100 cm2 Thickness 5.50 Mm Heat flux of the experiment 45Kw/m2 Time of the test 265Seconds Total heat evolved 309.7 MJ/m2 Total amount of the oxygen consumed -1174.7 g Smoke released 486.2M2m2 Mass loss during the experiment 8.1g Specific mass loss rate 3.25g/ms2 Average heat release rate 1237.76Kw/m2 Effective heat of combustion 380.66MJ/Kg Mass loss rate .033 g/sec Specific extinction area 549.70 m2/kg Carbon monoxide yield 0.0239 kg/kg Carbon dioxide yield 1.90 kg/kg Parameters tested Fourth green carpet Sample of mass 12.17g Surface Area 100 cm2 Thickness 5.50 Mm Heat flux of the experiment 50Kw/m2 Time of the test 460Seconds Total heat evolved 28.2 MJ/m2 Total amount of the oxygen consumed 20.0g Smoke released 517.9M2m2 Mass loss during the experiment 9.6g Specific mass loss rate 2.11g/ms2 Average heat release rate 62.30Kw/m2 Effective heat of combustion 29.21MJ/Kg Mass loss rate .021 g/sec Specific extinction area 423.16 m2/kg Carbon monoxide yield 0.0239 kg/kg Carbon dioxide yield 1.68 kg/kg Result of the sample overlay The key points This has been the final part of the experiment that has been done by blue carpet and green carpet. The sample of mass has been on variable side. The surface area has been constant and the thickness Parameters tested First sample underlay Sample of mass 16.05 g Surface Area 100 cm2 Thickness 10 Mm Heat flux of the experiment 55Kw/m2 Time of the test 240 Seconds Total heat evolved 23.6MJ/m2 Total amount of the oxygen consumed 17.4 g Smoke released 553.6M2m2 Mass loss during the experiment 58.4g Specific mass loss rate 21.93g/ms2 Average heat release rate 99.55Kw/m2 Effective heat of combustion 4.48MJ/Kg Mass loss rate .219 g/sec Specific extinction area 102.46m2/kg Carbon monoxide yield 0.0093 kg/kg Carbon dioxide yield 0.33 kg/kg Parameters tested Second sample underlay Sample of mass 10.46 g Surface Area 100 cm2 Thickness 10 Mm Heat flux of the experiment 45Kw/m2 Time of the test 139 Seconds Total heat evolved 16.2MJ/m2 Total amount of the oxygen consumed 12.0 g Smoke released 416.6M2m2 Mass loss during the experiment 12.0g Specific mass loss rate 8.63g/ms2 Average heat release rate 118.71Kw/m2 Effective heat of combustion 13.66MJ/Kg Mass loss rate .086 g/sec Specific extinction area 338.71 m2/kg Carbon monoxide yield 0.0291 kg/kg Carbon dioxide yield 1.04 kg/kg Parameters tested Third sample underlay Sample of mass 12.12g Surface Area 100 cm2 Thickness 10 Mm Heat flux of the experiment 35Kw/m2 Time of the test 303Seconds Total heat evolved 18.3 MJ/m2 Total amount of the oxygen consumed 13.4g Smoke released 305.7M2m2 Mass loss during the experiment 9.3g Specific mass loss rate 3.15g/ms2 Average heat release rate 61.44Kw/m2 Effective heat of combustion 19.49MJ/Kg Mass loss rate .031 g/sec Specific extinction area 221.93 m2/kg Carbon monoxide yield 0.0269 kg/kg Carbon dioxide yield 1.40 kg/kg Parameters tested Fourth sample underlay Sample of mass 11.68 g Surface Area 100 cm2 Thickness 10 Mm Heat flux of the experiment 25Kw/m2 Time of the test 225Seconds Total heat evolved 16.3 MJ/m2 Total amount of the oxygen consumed 11.9g Smoke released 291.0M2m2 Mass loss during the experiment 12.4g Specific mass loss rate 6.85g/ms2 Average heat release rate 74.94Kw/m2 Effective heat of combustion 10.69MJ/Kg Mass loss rate .069 g/sec Specific extinction area 154.90 m2/kg Carbon monoxide yield 0.0125 kg/kg Carbon dioxide yield 0.79 kg/kg Discussion and Analysis The highest value that has been used in the experiments has been shown below. Parameters blue carpet green carpet Overlay Sample of mass 27.7g 13.68g 16.05g Surface Area 100 cm2 100 cm2 100 cm2 Thickness 8 Mm. 5.50 Mm 10 Mm Heat flux 55Kw/m2 50Kw/m2 55Kw/m2 Time of the test 715 495. 303 Total heat evolved 45.5 30.9 MJ/m2 23.6 MJ/m2 Oxygen consumed 31.8g 20g 17.4g Smoke released 736 517.9 553.6 Mass loss 12.1 9.6 58.4 Mass loss rate 5.9 2.45 21.93 Average heat 108.79 123.76 118.71 Effective heat 38.66 380.66 19.44 Mass loss rate .051 .033 .219 Carbon monoxide 0.0194 0.0239 0.0241 Carbon dioxide 2.04 1.90 1.40 The sample size and time were different for blue carpet, green carpet and sample underlay. The comparison factors were made difficult because of the difference of sample size and time. The total oxygen that has been consumed has been on higher for blue carpet and it has been recorded at 31.8.The values of average heat release rate has been recorded high for green carpet rate and smoke released was recorded high on the blue carpet .The value for Carbon dioxide yield has been recorded high for blue carpet and the value of carbon monoxide yield has been recorded high for sample overlay. The specific extinction area was recorded high for green carpet and the value of mass loss rate was recorded high for sample overlay. The effective heat of combustion was recorded high green carpet area and average heat release rate was recorded high for green carpet area. The specific mass loss rate was recorded high for green carpet area and the mass loss rate was recorded high for first sample overlay. The constant factor has been for the three parts has been the surface area. Looking at the value of thickness ,it can be inferred that the values on the blue carpet, green carpet and the sample overlay has been different. The values that were noted were 10, 5.50 and 8 when it comes to thickness. The heat flux of the experiment was recorded high for first sample overlay and the value was 55 Method and Materials The experiment that has been done on the blue carpet, green carpet and sample overlay will be done and the reason for using cone calorimeter for this experiment was that it has been able to get the comparison of products that can be done by performance and it will be able to pass the product over the criteria level. Conclusion The study was done on three materials namely blue carpet, green carpet and sample overlay and the recording of data was done. There was comparison of data and it has been seen that green carpet has been having high variable data as one experiment yielded only zero values. Recommendation The research study for this study has been done on blue carpet,green carpet and sample overlay. The future study can be done by using the thickness and other parameters in the same value and that will make the comparison easier. (Alexander B. Morgan, Charles A. Wilkie,2007)The research study can be made more comprehensive using cone calorimeter.( Arthur F. Grand, Charles A. Wilkie,2000) Reference Alexander B. Morgan, Charles A. Wilkie,2007,"Fire resistant polymers",Flame Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites,pp.30-75 A. P. Mouritz, A. G. Gibson,2006,"Fire Properties of Polymer Composite Materials",Volume 143 of Solid mechanics and its applications,pp.19-53 A. Richard Horrocks, Dennis Price,2001,"combustion",Fire retardant materials,pp.100-125 Arthur F. Grand, Charles A. Wilkie,2000,"Fire retardancy of polymeric materials",Volume 803 of Fundamental and Clinical Cardiology Series,pp.250-300 S. M. Lomakin, Gennadiĭ Efremovich Zaikov,2003,"Modern polymer flame retardancy",Volume 16 of New concepts in polymer science,pp.100-125 S. M. Lomakin, Gennadiĭ Efremovich Zaikov,1999,Ecological aspects of polymer flame retardancy,Volume 10 of New concepts in polymer science,pp.75-100 Read More