How Isotope Is Produced - Assignment Example

ANSWERS ARE PRINTED IN BOLD Multiple choice questions may have more than one correct answer. Indicate all that apply If 32P decays by emitting a  particle, what isotope is produced? How long would you have to wait for 99% of the 32P to decay? Ans. 3216S will be produced. t½= 14.3 days= ln2/k k= 0.0486 day-1 ln(100% / 1%) = 0.0486 day-1 (t) t= 95 days 2. Which of the following statements is correct? a) The half-life of 14C in inorganic compounds like Na214CO3 ­ is longer than the half-life of 14C in organic compounds like glucose. b) 60Co is radioactive, but 59Co is not. c) The 241Am found in your smoke detector represents a significant health threat if you were to come within 10 feet of it. d) Doubling the distance from a gamma radiation source halves the intensity of the exposure. e) 1 μg of 3H would have a higher level of radioactivity, measured in Curies, than 1 μg of 14C. f) Gamma radiation is considered ionizing radiation but not alpha radiation. g) A DOT label of Radioactive Yellow-III is considered more dangerous than Radioactive White-I. h) Most of the radiation that Americans are exposed to originates from nuclear power plants. i) An isotope that undergoes one disintegration per second is equivalent to one Sv of radiation. j) A dose of 1 rem would kill most people exposed to it within a 30 day period. k) Older people have a bigger response to radiation exposure than do children. l) γ emitters require more shielding than  radiation m) The half life of a radioactive isotope gets longer as the concentration of the isotope decreases. n) Contaminated foot coverings from a nuclear power plant would be labeled as Radioactive Yellow III during transport. o) One way to more safely transport nuclear waste would be to reduce the intensity of radiation by cooling it to liquid nitrogen temperatures since this would slow down radioactive decay. p) 10 Ci is greater than 100 Bq. q) 10 RAD of α radiation is approximately equal to 1 Sv. 3. Provide an answer and explanation for each of the following: a) If a terrorist stole new nuclear fuel rods, could the uranium be used for a nuclear bomb (not just a radiological device)? Ans. Yes, but it is not an easy task. Nuclear bombs are not easy to make/assemble especially if the energy source is uranium. Aside from the fact that uranium involves atom of unstable nuclei, bomb grade uranium involve high technological machines like high-speed gas centrifuges in series which are capable of operating under the most demanding conditions but is equally difficult to manufacture and operate. b) How can a nuclear power plant be used to produce fuel for a bomb? Ans. By applying uranium enrichment programs, power plant van be used to produce fuel for a bomb. c) Why is this easier than producing a bomb from 235U? Ans. Bomb-grade uranium will require a highly-enriched U-235 (>90%) while that of the power plant is just about 3.5%; d) What are the protocols being suggested for allowing Iran to have nuclear power plants and yet not get material for a bomb? Ans. Perform Comprehensive Safeguards by IAEA and entrust them as the nuclear inspectorate. These includes no evidence of links to a nuclear weapons program; to place additional restrictions on its uranium enrichment programs, renouncing plutonium reprocessing and immediately fabricating all enriched uranium into reactor fuel rods; open nuclear power plant to tourism as a way to highlight their peaceful nuclear intentions and to implement transparency measures on its nuclear program . In addition, consider the 6 resolutions of The UN Security Council on Iran:Resolution 1696 (July 31, 2006) ; Resolution 1737 ((December 23, 2006) ; Resolution 1747 (March 24, 2007; resolution 1803 (March 3, 2008), Resolution 1835 (September 27, 2008); Resolution 1929 (June 9, 2010) e) Why is a leak in the primary coolant system in a nuclear power plant such a big problem? Ans. The coolant is important because it cools the core and absorbs the heat from the reaction. Once a leak in the primary coolant system is present, it will post a big problem leading to the shutdown of the reactor. Restarting the operation will require a lot of energy and is costly. 4. If transporting more than 1001 lbs, which of the following should be placarded as spontaneously combustible? a) propane b) 30% hydrogen peroxide c) white phosphorus d) sulfur (molten) e) fuming nitric acid 5. Match each entry in column A with the correct letter from column B A B Calcium carbide (B) a) reacts with water to produce a toxic gas Dichlorosilane (C) b) pyrophoric Magnesium powder (D) c) reacts with water to produce an acid Sodium phosphide (A) d) reacts with water to produce a flammable gas 6. 210Bi is produced from 210Pb by a) emission of an alpha particle b) emission of a beta particle c) emission of a gamma ray d) emission of a neutron 7. Which of the following statements are true? a) Reaction of lithium aluminum hydride with water produces hydrogen gas. b) Ammonia reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas. c) Aluminum trichloride reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas. d) Diethyl zinc reacts with water to produce flammable ethane gas. e) Sodium chloride reacts with water to produce hydrochloric acid. f) Benzyl chloride reacts with water to produce benzoic acid. 8. Match the following statements in column A with the correct answer from column B (not all the choices in column B have a match). A B i) Formed when acetyl chloride reacts with water (D) a) O2 ii) Formed when potassium chlorate is heated (A) b) H3PO4 iii) Formed when calcium hypochlorite reacts with c) NH3 hydrochloric acid (H) d) HCl iv) Formed when tetraphosphorus decaoxide reacts e) KOH with water (B) f) NO2 v) Formed when calcium hydroxide reacts with g) H2 sulfuric acid (I) h) Cl2 vi) Formed when sodium bicarbonate reacts with vinegar (K) i) H2O vii) Formed when potassium oxide reacts with water (E) j) H2O2 k) CO2 9. Match each element with the correct description. Use each element only once. Hydrogen, Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Ozone a) corrosive, reddish brown liquid (bromine) b) yellowish green oxidizing gas (chlorine) c) produced in lightning strikes (ozone) d) reacts with glass and concrete (fluorine) e) burns with invisible flame (hydrogen) 10. Identify any statements that are not true. a) Metal fulminates are subject to explosions, particularly in the solid state. b) PETN is more closely related to nitroglycerin than TNT. c) TATP contains –ONO bonds. d) VX is an organophosphate e) A carbon dioxide fire extinguisher should not be used on a fire involving burning magnesium. f) Triethylaluminum should be labeled as dangerous when wet. g) An LD50 of 2500 mg/kg represents a bigger threat than an LD50 of 500 mg/kg. h) Black powder has a higher brisance than dynamite. i) Atropine is an appropriate treatment for exposure to HT. j) VX is a bigger inhalation threat on warm days than cold. 11. Which of the following would undergo a vigorous reaction with water to generate a large amount of heat and a toxic or flammable gas or vapor? a) Al2O3 b) LiAlH4 c) KClO4 d) e) f) Cs g) Cu h) SO2 12. Using the compounds on the right only once (although some might fit more than one category), match the following: a) chemical asphyxiant (iv) (i) nitrogen b) corrosive (ii) (ii) ammonia c) flammable gas (vi) (iii) ozone d) cryogenic gas (i) (iv) ethylene e) strong oxidant (iii) (v) ethylene oxide f) carcinogen (v) (vi) hydrogen cyanide 13. Which of the following is a strong oxidizer? a) CaH2 b) H2O2 c) KMnO4 d) HF e) Na 14. Which of the following would represent a significant fire hazard? a) Hydrochloric acid spilled on wood shavings b) Carbon tetrachloride near an ignition source c) Benzene in contact with sodium hydroxide d) Potassium dichromate in contact with dioxane e) Triethylaluminum exposed to air 15. Which of the following labels would not be correct? a) Methyl ethyl ketone – corrosive b) Carbon monoxide – oxidizer c) Potassium metal – Dangerous when wet d) 85% nitric acid – oxidizer e) Toluene – inhalation hazard f) Picric acid, wetted with 25% water – Division 1.1D 16. Which of the following would you expect to react violently or vigorously with air? a) ClCH2CH2-S-CH2CH2Cl b) TRUE ONLY at 77C c) MgO d) Zirconium powder e) 17. Explain how the geological formation on which your house sits can potentially expose you to radon. Show the exponential decay process which results in radon. What type of radiation does radon emit? Why does radon’s position in the Periodic Table affect its potential to cause health effects? What can you do to protect yourself if you live in an area subject to radon? Ans. Radon gas is naturally occurring and results during the decay of uranium -238 Since uranium is also present in soil, radon can seep in from the soil say for example through holes or cracks in the foundation of your house. It can also enter through the well water supply. It is also present in granite countertop in a home. Below is the decay process which results in radon: 22286Rn → 21884Po + 42α 21884Po → 21482Pb + 42α 21482Pb → 21483Bi + 0-1β 21483Bi → 21484Po + 0-1β 21484Po → 20682Pb + 42α *Radon emits alpha radiation * Radon, with atomic number 86 though chemically unreactive is already considered as radioactive and exposure to radioactive elements posts a serious health effect. * To protect ourselves, we can just minimize our exposure by choosing furniture, appliances that are not radon source or contaminated. Example of which is granite based materials. As much as possible, avoid using water that comes from groundwater or a private well. Sealing foundation cracks or holes will also lessen the exposure. Lastly, the use of vent pipe system and fan will pull radon and vents it to the outside. 18. An example of P in its maximum and minimum oxidation states is: a) white phosphorus and red phosphorus b) P4O10 and PH3 c) H3PO4 and Na3PO4 d) PH3 and Na3P 19. If the following solutions were all 0.1 M, arrange them in order of increasing pH (lowest pH first, highest pH last). a) HCN b) NaHCO3 c) CH3COOH d) NaOH References: http://www.temple.edu/ovpr/ehrs/docs/CHGXVII.pdf http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ppv/RPViewDoc?issn=1480-3291&volume=41&issue=5&startPage=1368 Chang, Raymond. Chemistry. 8th edition.McGrawHill International edition.2005 http://www.rense.com/general77/geddno.htm http://emc.ornl.gov/EMCWeb/EMC/PG/PG_HTML/Ch_3.html http://cidbimena.desastres.hn/docum/crid/Junio2006/CD1/pdf/eng/doc8192/doc8192-contenido.pdf http://www.epa.gov/radon001/pubs/citguide.html Read More