Life in the Slow Lane: The Low Reynolds-Number World - Assignment Example

5 Friction versus dissipation There exists shear resistance on the fluid at the wall for fluid in a pipe so much energy is lost leadingto lower velocity for liquid layers closer to the wall. Consequently there exists a high viscosity for layers adjacent to the wall which looses energy depending on their proximity to the wall leading to the beautifully ordered laminar flowThe ink blob does so because there is viscous flow in ink and generates a resistance, which is effectively a frictional force between the ink and the walls of the blob pipe.5.5 a)Where Q is the flow rate, l is the aorta length, r is the radius from diameter and is the coefficient of viscosity at bloods’ osmotic temperature of 37oC is 0.

0027N-s/m2P1-p2 = 8((105 *500cm3/s)/pi*1.254cm) =8((105* (5*10-4)/s)/ (pi*2.44140625)Since 1000000cm3=1m3= 8[500/7.666015625]= 30664.06Pab)Power = Q (P1-P2)= (5*10-4) *(30664.06Pa)=15.33203 Watts 8.8 x 10-4Watts is needed for basal metallic rate. This difference is because at BMR the body is at rest and requires least energy to transport blood. The above figure is higher due to much pressure required for blood transfer when the body is not at rest. c) Figure: sketch of velocity versus radius r from the centre of a pipe.

Integration of the formula( r )2πr dr .) gives us the velocity in terms of rate of flow and distance from the centre as below: V= (2*(5*10-4))/ (3.14*1.254)=0.001/7.6660=1.3045m/sC.6.11 JittersMean translational kinetic energy, E=2*3.14*ff=1/TT=2π (l/g) 1/2 =3*3.14*(1/)E=½(1.2)2xg/1.2=0.6g=5.900 joulesMean-square displacement Bi = 8π2Ui2Where Ui2 rep the mean square displacement of atomBi= (8*3.142*5.92)= 2745.70mNucleus Radius is approximately (1–10 fm) which is insignificant to the mean square displacement of atom 6.

7 Inner earThe stereo cilia bundle extrapolative from inner auditory hair cell swing with a swing in adjacent fluids. Bundle disturbance causes a virtual motion among adjacent stereo cilia within the bundle, stretching a slender thread unifying them. At great distances, the tension causes trap doors to open (figure b). Figure c indicates exerted pressure by the hair bunch in feedback to experimentally forced displacements. This explains why the bundle similar to a simple spring at various deflections.

Midway it has an area of minus stiffness. (k = df/dx is a representation of a + constant).Treating the bundle as a set of N stretchy unit in analogous. Each part has dual springs. One of constant k, balanced at location xa, to represent tip link filament. Next with kb and xb for its parameters. The primary spring attach thru a fixed element. If the hinge is open, the accessory position is a δ left of closed position. ReferencesMartin P, Bozovic D, Choe Y, Hudspeth AJ Spontaneous oscillation by hair bundles of the bullfrog’s sacculus.

J Neurosci, 2003.Nadrowski B, Martin P, Julicher F , Active hair-bundle motility harnesses noise to operate near an optimum of mechanosensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ,2004.Nagel G, Neugebauer D-C, Schmidt B, Thurm U , Structures transmitting stimulatory force to the sensory hairs of vestibular ampulae of fishes and frogs. Cell Tissue,1991Ohmori H , Mechano-electrical transduction currents in isolated vestibular hair cells of the chick. J Physiol (Lond) ,1985.Pickles JO, Comis SD, Osborne MP, Cross-links between stereocilia in the guinea pig organ of Corti, and their possible relation to sensory transduction,1984.