How Social Exclusion Can Impact on the Health Outcomes of People Experiencing Mental Illness - Literature review Example

How Social Exclusion Can Impact On the Health Outcomes of People Experiencing Mental Illness Table of Contents How Social Exclusion Can Impact On the Health Outcomes of People Experiencing Mental Illness 1 Table of Contents 2 How Social Exclusion Can Impact On the Health Outcomes of People Experiencing Mental Illness 3 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Determinants of social Exclusion in Australia 4 3.0 How the Determinant Influences the Mental Health and Wellbeing of Australians 5 3.1 Physical Health 5 3.1.1 Alcohol and Drug Abuse 5 3.2 Mental Health 6 3.3 Social Impact 6 4.0 The Impact of Distress 7 5.0 Conclusion 8 6.0 References 9 How Social Exclusion Can Impact On the Health Outcomes of People Experiencing Mental Illness 1.0 Introduction Mental health problems amongst the adults are one of the social groups that is most excluded. Even though scores of these adults desire to work, less than 25 percent in reality do, which according to Scutella et al. (2013) is the lowest rate of employment for any of the core disabled groups individuals. Regularly, some individuals lack crucial activities to keep themselves busy and use their time on their own. According to Page, Taylor, Hall, and Carter (2009), problems of mental health are projected to cost Australia country over $20 billion annually through the costs of premature death, economic losses as well as care. Basically, early intervention meant for keeping people working as well as upholds social contacts can considerably cut such costs (Page et al., 2009). Immediately an individual has attained a crisis point, Scutella (2012) posits that it becomes more hard and expensive to bring back their social status as well as employment. Social exclusion is a crucial risk factor for worsening mental health as well as suicide (Lawn, 2008). In Australia, 34% of men aged below 35 having mental health problems and dying through suicide are without a job (Trollor et al., 2007). This proves Lawan (2008) assertion that social exclusion has a unique connection with unemployment. Moreover, problems of severe mental health are somewhat uncommon influencing almost 1 in 200 adults annually, even though they can as well have broader effects on the lives of family as well as friends (Trollor et al., 2007). Social exclusion can lead to poor mental health, and favouritism can make worse these impacts. The essay seeks to discuss how social exclusion can impact on the health outcomes of people experiencing mental illness. 2.0 Determinants of social Exclusion in Australia According to Scutella, Wilkins and Kostenko (2013), social exclusion can be defined as marginalize population and decrease their opportunities to involve in social or political life. This is in line with Hunter and Jordan (2010) who found that negative attitudes are not just found amongst the general Australian public as well as media, but even amongst mental health practitioners. Such and other aspects of stigma heighten social distance as well as result in social exclusion. For example, they lessen the chance of a person accessing health care services or turning out to be in employment. According to O'campo and Urquia (2012), social determinants theory acknowledges that population inequality as well as health is established by scores of interrelated social factors. Similarly, it is an essential principle of human rights law that every right is interrelated and that influencing on the pleasure of a person’s right will have an effect on others’ pleasure. Owing to this synergy, McCalman (2009) posits that the discourse of human rights offers a structure for examining the likely health effects of Australia government programs and policies on Australian people with mental illness. Essential determinants of social exclusion in Australia consist of the inadequate even access to main health care as well as the inferior health infrastructure standard amongst Australian people with mental illness (such as good housing, sanitation, food and so forth) (McCalman, 2009; Scutella, 2012). In 2007, 7.3 million Australians (45 percent aged between 16 and 85 years), had sometime in their life endured a mental disorder. One year before this survey women were more probable to have experienced mental illness than their men counterparts. According to ABS, anxiety disorders at higher rate amongst women were the major cause to this difference. What’s more, almost 3 percent of Australian adults experience psychosocial disability brought about by the mental illness effects. Mental illness affects a number of Australians severely to an extent that that it has an effect on their capability to take part completely in society (ABS, 2010). According to ABS, unemployment is higher for individuals with mental illness (4percent) as compared to those without (2.7 percent), and so this exhibits that there is a relationships between a person’s economic and social status as well as their physical condition. Australians aged between 16 and 34 years (29 percent) are less expected to make use of services for their mental health problems as compared to those aged between 35 and 54 (41 percent) (ABS, 2010). 3.0 How the Determinant Influences the Mental Health and Wellbeing of Australians 3.1 Physical Health 3.1.1 Alcohol and Drug Abuse Australians are influenced by social shortcoming in diverse means. In spite of Australia’s top-quality health system as well as compulsory education, education systems, wages as well as employment remain to be the main indicators of social exclusion, resulting to alcohol and drugs abuse (Abello et al., 2012). What’s more, diverse behavioural as well as social problems (such as high rates of substance and alcohol abuse, arrest and imprisonment, family aggression) interrelate with social exclusion as well as mental stress. Supporting this continuum of social exclusion is a history of social and political favouritism that has ongoing devastating effects. Social exclusion experience as per Dunn, Forrest and McDonald (2004) is a considerable risk factor for the mental health, with research exhibiting firm relationship between mental distress and racism, depression, nervousness as well as use of drugs. 3.2 Mental Health 3.2.1 Distress The latest history of mandatory removal of children from minority families has led to mental consequences, which includes loss of cultural and spiritual identity, behavioural as well as emotional setbacks, drug abuse, parenting challenges as well as breakdown of family. Besides, the impacts were long-term and trans-generational that is heartache and loss associated with past generations’ separations continues to have an effect on succeeding generations. Considerable heartache associated with land loss as well as culture loss could be felt in communities as well as families. Socially excluded Australians are impacted in a direct way by the high rates of death among adults as well as by teenagers’ suicide (O'campo & Urquia, 2012). Furthermore, the accrued impacts of inequitable practices, in addition to the continuing impacts of social exclusion and ill health indicate that racial discrimination, distress, and heartache remain unrelenting shared stressors for some Australians, and as a result heighten susceptibility to mental health problems (O'campo & Urquia, 2012). 3.3 Social Impact 3.1.1 Racism In Australia, racism is show by mean and institutional levels, but institutional racial discrimination is universal. This is because it manifests through institutional practices as well as social policies that result in discrimination (Dunn et al., 2004). On the other hand, interpersonal racism is expressed in biased communication in day after day environments such as corrupting or offensive comments, apart from others on account of inequitable treatment, race, as well as bodily attacks. Internalized racial discrimination is an outcome of continuous contact to racist actions as well as attitudes, and can result in mental illness, low self-esteem, and lack of confidence (Dunn et al. 2004). Whereas cultural diversity is fundamental to Australia’s national identity, the actuality is that a lot of Australians face racial discrimination, chauvinism and bias regularly. Racism bars individuals out of economic and social opportunities (Szoke, 2012). It has cost workplaces Australia’s economy and it always works in opposition to national objective of building inclusive, fair communities. Evidently, racism has indirectly and indirectly excluded Australians from taking part in social activities and employment, as well as accessing health services, which leads to mental disorders. It has as well taken place at an institutional or systemic level through practices, conditions, or policies, which disadvantaged some groups (Szoke, 2012). Social racism, on a structural level, endeavors to bring about unfairness in access to health services, opportunities, and resources across ethnic and racial groups. The notion that a certain ethnicity or race is superior or lesser to others is from time to time utilised to substantiate these social inequalities. 4.0 The Impact of Distress Distress without doubt can result in physical symptoms such as headaches, elevated blood upset. Noteworthy hurdles for original Australians in getting access to mental health services associated both to cultural aptness issues as well as local accessibility. Basically, individuals’ who are at heightened risk of social exclusion are amongst those most probably to have problems such as mental health. In Australia, a number of the most key social exclusion drivers are being handled, decreasing the general number of individuals at risk. What’s more, there have been crucial achievements in handling the effects and causes of social exclusion and in averting further increases in unfairness, especially amongst minority groups (Dunn, Forrest, Burnley, & McDonald, 2004). Cultural misinterpretation can result in miscommunication, propaganda, misdiagnosis, as well as unsuitable or poor results, all of which lead to setbacks in successful provision of services. Additional inadequacies of standard mental health paradigms have been well-known for lacking approval for core aspects of Australian identity as well as culture, like land connection and the main responsibility of spirituality (Scutella et al., 2013). 5.0 Conclusion In conclusion, a range of studies have indicated that there is a connection between social exclusion and poverty, as well as mental health problems, whereby Australians with mental illness feel separated from mainstream mental health services. Some determinants of social exclusion discussed in the paper include stigma and discrimination, low expectations, lack of understandable roles, and racial discrimination. Some of the communities that endure barriers in receiving mental health as well as social needs include mainly ethnic Australian minorities. 6.0 References ABS, 2010. MENTAL HEALTH. [Online] Available at: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/1301.0Chapter11082009%E2%80%9310. Dunn, K. M., Forrest, J., Burnley, I., & McDonald, A. (2004). Constructing racism in Australia. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 39(4), 409-430. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/216248160?accountid=10382 Hunter, B., & Jordan, K. (2010). Explaining social exclusion: Towards social inclusion for indigenous Australians. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 45(2), 243-265,153. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/814859504?accountid=10382 Lawn, S. (2008). 'The needs of strangers': Understanding social determinants of mental illness. Social Alternatives, 27(4), 36-41. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/213966868?accountid=10382 McCalman, J. (2010). The good life: What about the children? Australian Journal of Social Issues, 45(1), 89-100,4. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/340393532?accountid=10382 O'campo, P., & Urquia, M. (2012). Aligning method with theory: A comparison of two approaches to modeling the social determinants of health. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(9), 1870-8. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0935-1 Page, A., P.H.D., Taylor, R., P.H.D., Hall, W., P.H.D., & Carter, G., P.H.D. (2009). Mental disorders and socioeconomic status: Impact on population risk of attempted suicide in Australia. Suicide & Life - Threatening Behavior, 39(5), 471-81. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/224877848?accountid=10382 Scutella, R. (2012). Down and out: Poverty and social exclusion in Australia. The Economic and Labour Relations Review : ELRR, 23(4), 127-131. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1223514169?accountid=10382 Scutella, R., Wilkins, R., & Kostenko, W. (2013). Intensity and persistence of individuals' social exclusion in Australia. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 48(3), 273-298,272. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1523926839?accountid=10382 Szoke, D.H., 2012. Talking about racism: Equality and social cohesion in Australia (2012). [Online] Available at: https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/speeches/talking-about-racism-equality-and-social-cohesion-australia-2012. Trollor, J. N., Anderson, T. M., Sachdev, P. S., Brodaty, H., & Andrews, G. (2007). Prevalence of mental disorders in the elderly: The Australian national mental health and well-being survey. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15(6), 455-66. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/195984340?accountid=10382 Read More