Nursing of Diabetes People in Australia - Literature review Example

Nursing Name: College: Course: Tutor: Date: Nursing INTRODUCTION Abel (2008) postulates that Australia is experiencing an increase in the elderly mortality because of diabetes particularly in the rural areas. According to the AIHW (Australia Institute for Health and Welfare), the elderly people mortality because of diabetes is increasing at the secluded as well as very secluded regions when compared to other areas in Australia (Wills, 2009). However, the purpose of this essay includes discussing about the aboriginal aged health status including the way the social drawback in secluded areas could likely affect their diabetic management. Secondly, the paper will focus on healthy literacy definition and its concept. It will also confer about how inadequate regional health service; health professional shortage; social policy gaps; cultural barrier; and negative convictions could affect self-diabetes control. Then primary healthcare principles will initiate the way nurses utilize the empowerment strategy when enhancing the deprived self-control of diabetes; promote health literacy; tackle the health determinants; and support of health literacy on this matter. BODY Indigenous Diabetes Situation Currently, in remote areas, chronic diseases play a major role in the death of indigenous aged people as indicated by the information gathered on diabetes occurrence (Paasche-Orlow and Wolf, 2007). This information shows that the overall rate of occurrence (from 10% to 30%) is higher than the non-aboriginal people. According to a 2000 Report on the Indigenous Health Inquiry influenced the dreadful indigenous health status to societal drawback, subjective to lower educational levels, substandard lifestyle, employment, and income, all causing helplessness and poverty that impacts the individual debates management negatively(Freebody and Luke, 2009). According to Osborn, Weiss, and Davis (2007), many contemporary medical study manifestations indicate that a strong diabetic self-control can efficiently overlook diabetes progression as well as the prevention of diabetic impediment. Nevertheless, Osborn et al (2007) posit that the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle investigation found out that the rate of occurrence amongst aboriginal adults who are over 55 years is increasing because of their deprived self management of diabetes. A Discussion of Health Literacy in General Nutbeam (2008) indicates that diabetic people who fail to self-control their condition adequately indicate their low level of health literacy. Studies explain health literacy as a societal and cognitive ability that initiates people ability and drive to achieve access to information usage and understanding to maintain and encourage fitness. Hayes, et al (2007) posit that the health literacy concept is multidimensional since it defines a person’s ability of making decisions and opinions in their daily existence about healthcare, prevention of diseases, and promotion of health. One can also view it as an image of the insight of a person into the social and individual determinants, which influence their interests, and finally authorizing them to be in control of their fitness (Wills, 2009). Consecutively, Shrank and Avorn (2007) say that health literacy is a multidimensional perception drawn from societal and cognitive skills thus enabling people to use significant data to obtain their fitness insight and ways of managing it. Additionally, health literacy tends to focus on knowledge impartment as well as population empowerment on their ability of utilizing effective health literacy. It impacts if people have the ability to disregard or acknowledge health related actions and make strong decisions concerning their health in disease deterrence and promotion of health in their daily life (Nutbeam, 2009). Strategy A discussion of the things that affect Health literacy in rural indigenous elderly Hibbard, et al (2007) stipulate that health literacy among the aboriginal aged is much damaged because of various immobilizing social determinants, which tend to influence their daily self-determination. According to Kickbusch (2009), inadequate regional public services negatively impacts aboriginal aged who do not have the ability to find treatment; these people possess low capacity level of controlling their self and healthcare. This is because public services and government policies are inadequately outfitted and the monetary challenges that create patients unavailability to health literacy. Because of the unconstructive beliefs and cultural barriers, healthcare tends to be a difficult task to handle (Kozup and Hogarth, 2008). Reutter and Kushner (2010) say that in most remote regions, especially in Australia, the cultural beliefs as well as language diversities hinder the aboriginal aged people to take part in healthcare. Healthcare professionals also contribute to the challenge because they tend to discriminate and misunderstand the people thus reducing constant treatment engagement in the native societies. Another thing is that these people do not belief in the modern treatments thus straining the healthcare providers’ responsibilities. Additionally, Kelly and Haidet (2007) added that because of language barriers, it becomes difficult for the healthcare providers to impart knowledge about healthcare to the people. This makes people to remain behind concerning the healthcare knowledge. Baker (2006) posits that most of the aboriginal elderly in the remote areas in Australia do not support the use of contemporary healthcare treatment because of their beliefs in traditional herbs. However, they fail to realize the dangers of lack of professional doctors who can assist in diabetes control. Another thing that hinders diabetes prevention and management in these areas include lack of enough food or a balanced diet. Nutbeam (2008) stipulates that diabetes is an ailment that requires the patients to take in all nutrients such as vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals; therefore, lack of these foods can prevent the aboriginal elderly from self-controlling their diabetes. When people fail to manage their diabetes in the Australian remote areas, they fail to empower health literacy (Freebody and Luke, 2009). Discussion about Health Promotion Strategies, which could be implemented to address the Health Issue (and Health Literacy) in Indigenous Elderly Health literacy is the preferred result of promoting health; it is also a perception founded on the primary health care principles that concentrates on diseases, treatment, as well as sustainable health (Rollnick and Miller, 2008). According to primary health care, illness is an inequality and social justice outcome, thus it can be prevented(Reutter & Kushner, 2010).Additionally, it believes that health plays a huge role in the rights of human beings(Nutbeam, 2009).The Ottawa Charter for health promotion (1986) outlines five key strategies to promote health including implementing healthy policies, building supportive environments, strengthening community action, and developing personal skills. It categorically respects democratic empowerment, community development, as well as participation through which “deprived people and organizations and groups possess the ability of representing themselves including lobbying for their personal requirements” (Carlisle, 2000). Cho, Lee, Arozullah and Crittenden (2008) cite that education is one of the most important health promotional strategies that would be executed to tackle the issue of health as well as health literacy in aboriginal elderly. According to Richard, et al (2007), most of these people belief in their traditional cultures and it would be important to impart knowledge concerning how they would be also to self-control their own illnesses. It would be difficult to break the bond between the people and their beliefs concerning healthcare, for example most of them believe in traditional healers and herbs, but with more effort, this bond can be broken. They can also start accepting the contemporary diabetes treatment. They should also teach the aboriginal aged people about the important of eating a balanced diet. Most of these people lack adequate finance to support their healthy foods. The other strategy involves the creation of programs that promote bodily activities, smoking termination, safe alcohol intake, as well as healthy diets (Schillinger et al, 2005). These programs can also establish campaigns that can assist people in decreasing obesity. When the people stop smoking, eat healthy foods, and stop taking alcohol, then they can be able to self-administer their conditions (Nutbeam, 2008). Additionally, when the aboriginal elderly gets the knowledge about how they can self-control their diabetes their health literacy level will increase. They will possess an insight of how to handle their situation instead of relying on traditional herbs that could even aggravate their conditions. A discussion on what the nurse should do and how she/he should do it in order to implement those strategies Participation a) Personal Skills The first thing that the nurse should do includes participation. First, he/she should motivate the aboriginal people to take part in the healthcare concept thus creating trust on the public services as well as healthcare professionals. According To Richard, Safeer, and Keenan (2007) posit that when motivating the indigenous people, the nurse should also be familiar with all the challenges that these people are going through thus becoming able to interact with them without any problem. When the people realize that the nurse is keen with knowing their culture or standard of living, then they will start to trust him/her thus creating a nurse to client relationship. This will enable the nurse to handle the more proximal determinants of health – developing personal skills as well as strengthening community participation (WHO, 1986). To ensure that the trust is effective amongst the nurse and clients including the promotion of appropriate health literacy, the nurse should value the cultural beliefs as well as the indigenous people customs (DeWalt et al, 2007).Therefore, nurse should become non-judgmental concerning the cultural views of the indigenous individuals when assisting the clients. According to Cooper, et al (2007), when the trust increases, it can lessen the psychological reactance of the indigenous people to the healthcare services thus augmenting the motivation communication engagement for the patients to talk about their concerns and requirements as well as take part in the process of making decisions. Cho, et al (2008) stipulates that the nurse should also be able to promote health knowledge concerning the management of diabetes. When the people have enough knowledge concerning diabetes and how to control it, they will encourage society participation as well as development in the health matter. b) Community Involvement In Eyre Peninsula located in Southern Australia, a research was carried out using the CDSM (The Chronic Disease Self Management) on the indigenous people to offer program equipment and procedures to set intents, foster adjustment in performance and self-management of diabetes. To complete the study, six people with type 2 diabetes represented 25 percent of all diabetic persons in the regions (Reutter and Kushner, 2010). A community growth strategy was used in engaging participants while other four communities AHW (Aboriginal Health Workers) were educated to set goals. Other self-control approaches were utilized to manage the program. The work of the Aboriginal Health Workers involved dividing the communities into groups and operating with them to assist them in understanding health challenges; they also assisted in creating certain goals to manage their situations as well as use individual-based solutions. The community concerns on prevalence management as well as diabetes mortality facilitated the process. The participants identified several barriers that hindered the achievement of goals. The barriers incorporated societal and family dysfunction, services access, nutrition, and physical exercises. The study concluded that a program on self-management of diabetes will operate effective in the community and improve self-management. However, when several alterations occur on the program thus making it culturally complete to the natives, then it would become very valuable. When the community took part in diabetic control, then the people were able to prevent the language and cultural barriers as well as staff shortage especially because the patient’s family is involved in self-control (Osborn, Weiss, and Davis, 2007). The nurse: the nurse should empower the patients through the introduction of appropriate programs in the community. The access of fundamental services will improve for the whole community when the nurse advocate for these programs. The nurse advocacy for this program will create the real setting for easier services access by the clients. ) Community Development a) Environment Support Freebody and Luke (2009) stipulate that the community participation strategy plays a huge role of augmenting clients’ access and involvement in the society. Therefore, inadequate regional clinic and deprived medical conditions tend to augment the condition of underprivileged diabetics who self-manage their condition. Joint operation of the aboriginal society controlled major clinics and supportive prime healthcare enhances treatment engagement of the clients (Coulter, and Ellins, 2007).Nurse: When the nurse advocates on the community’s behalf and mediate between the services, he or she can assist the clients in obtaining enhanced access of fundamental services, which encourage health literacy and healthcare promotion (Jahan, 2008). Environment supports: Assertive outreach groups can increase the clients’ availability as well as engagement in the society. However, this can become a challenging task especially when the clients do not have suitable accommodation or are underprivileged. Placing healthcare outreach centre can also assist the people to engage with therapy. These teams offer a synchronized setting, which improves daily subsistence stress while assisting aboriginal elderly to comprehend their conditions as well as their diabetic needs (Schell et al, 2007). Nurse: When a nurse advocate on the community’s behalf as well as mediating between amenities, the clients will be able to get enhanced access of fundamental services, which encourage health literacy and health promotion. b) Social Policy Social healthcare is intended to tackle social unfairness and inequity that occur because of unbalanced public policies (health determinants, which often surpass people control). Nurse: According to Reutter and Kushner (2010), a nurse can utilize his/her organizational infrastructure, political and networks’ knowledge to raise knowledge concerning the way the policies influence the clients’ capability to individual health management. However, one of the public policy gaps that the nurse can experience is the fact that some indigenous communities can have poor infrastructure thus hindering the nurse ability to increase health literacy. Another thing is that the nurse should have political knowledge about a place but that would change thus affect his/her mission. Political stability of the place can shift at any time thus becoming unpredictable. No matter the situation that the nurse finds himself/herself in, he or she should advice the diabetic patients to obtain monetary policy as well as make sure that the patient gets reasonable access. Schell, Reilly, and Rosling (2007) says that when positive alterations are made to the policy, then the resources and services can become more available even to the people who were not able to access them in the past. Such alterations would also lessen the adversities linked to rural areas thus enabling clients to come up with informed judgment about managing their diabetes as well as the involved complications. Finally, it is important to realize that health literacy is very important in any healthcare situation. It defines a person’s ability of making decisions and opinions in their daily existence about healthcare, prevention of diseases, and promotion of health. However, diabetics find themselves in grave situations when they lack health literacy because they are unable to self-manage themselves. Therefore, a nurse has a huge duty of making sure that the aboriginal elderly get adequate education and treatment of their conditions. They should come up with approaches to ease their jobs. As indicated above diabetic individual without any self-control on their condition indicates that they do not have or they have inadequate health literacy levels, which can be dangerous for their well-being. Studies have explained that health literacy is a communal and cognitive skill, which instigates the ability and drive of the people who want to gain access to utilization and understanding of knowledge to uphold and promote fitness. References Abel, T. (2008). 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