The Education Plan Strategy Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - Term Paper Example

Nursing Name Institution Date Introduction This is an education plan strategy based on a middle aged man newly diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus”. The education plan strategy focuses on the causes of type 2 diabetes Mellitus, its effects, preventive measures and nutrition therapy. The plan discusses the “cognitive behavioral therapy” and family support therapy for the patient. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a diverse ailment normally characterized by the failure of the body to transfers glucose from the blood into the cells. The disease is caused by interaction of risk factors such as genetic and lifestyle of an individual. Diabetes is triggered by a problem in the manner in which the body produces or utilizes insulin. Insulin is required to move blood sugar into cells, where it is piled to be used later for energy. The middle aged man produces insulin which is different from individuals with type 1 diabetes. However, either his pancreas failed to generate enough insulin or the body is not able to utilize the insulin sufficiently. This is known as insulin resistance (Gerstein, Miller, Genuth, Ismail, Buse, et al. 2008). When the insulin produced is not enough or sugar cannot be observed into the body’s cell. Various problems occurs when glucose buildups in the blood. After sometime the concentrated glucose levels in the blood might destroy the nerves and small blood vessels of the eyes, kidneys, and heart and the middle aged man is prompt to atherosclerosis of the major arteries that can lead to heart attack and stroke (Vijan, 2010). The man will experience increased urination due to the buildup of sugar in the blood. Kidneys lose high amount of glucose through the urine as result water is lost and this causes dehydration in the body. The middle aged man may become ill or severely dehydrated and cannot intake enough fluids to compensate for the fluid losses, diabetic coma may develop. (Vijan, 2010). Causes of type 2 Diabetes mellitus “Type 2 diabetes Mellitus” might cause the fat, liver, and muscle cells of the middle aged man fail to respond properly to insulin. This will affect his blood sugar which will not able to get into these cells to be stored for energy. Extreme levels of sugar pile up in the blood resulting to hyperglycemia. “Type 2 diabetes mellitus” in the middle aged man will develop gradually over time. Most individuals affected by the disease are obese when they the disease is detected. High levels of fat make it difficult for the body to utilize in the proper manner. “Type 2 diabetes Mellitus” can also develop in underweight individuals. This is more common in the elderly (Herder, & Roden, 2011; Lee et al. 2012). Family history and genes of the middle aged man play a major role in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. “Low activity level, poor diet, and excess body weight around the waist” increase the risk of disease (Buchwald, Estok, Fahrbach, Banel, Jensen, Pories, Bantle, & Sledge. 2009). Symptoms of Type 2 diabetes mellitus Individuals with “Type 2 diabetes Mellitus” often display no symptoms at first. The symptoms may occur after a long period. The early symptoms the man might experience include: “exhaustion, hunger, increased thirst, increased urination, blurred vision, erectile dysfunction, pain or numbness in the feet or hands” (Alemzadeh, Ali. 2011). Managing blood sugar Self testing means to check blood sugar at home. The middle aged man should Check level of sugar in his blood at home and record the outcomes to assist in recognizing how well he is managing “Type 2diabetes mellitus”. Most individuals with “Type 2 diabetes Mellitus” only need to test the amount of sugar in the blood once or twice a day. If the man’s level of sugar in is kept under control, he may only need to test a few times a week. He can test when he wake up, before meals, and at bedtime. Testing should be done more frequently when one is sick or under pressure. The man will use findings of the test to adjust meals, activity, or medicine to control the blood sugar levels. According to “American Diabetes Association” (2011), testing can identify high and low levels of sugar in blood before serious complications occur. Diet and weight control Diet is the most essential behavioral feature of diabetes care. Fundamental standards of nutritional management are mostly poorly comprehended. The middle aged man should work closely with the doctor, nurse, and dietitian to be trained how much fat, protein, and carbohydrates are required in the diet he takes. Meal plans should fit the middle aged man’s daily lifestyle and habits, and should include foods that they like. Managing his weight and eating a well-balanced diet is essential (Davis, Forbes, & Wylie-Rosett 2009; Malik et al. 2010).Some patient with “Type 2 diabetes Mellitus” stop using medication immediately they lose weight, although, they still have diabetes. Very overweight patients whose diabetes is not well managed with diet and medicine may opt for weight loss surgery (Buchwald, Estok, Fahrbach, Banel, Jensen, Pories, Bantle, & Sledge. 2009). Patients often ignore recommendations for eating habits and exercise. Complying with the diet is a key factor in gaining glycemic control in “Type 2 diabetes Mellitus”. Weight decrease can enhance or even reverse glucose intolerance in the middle aged man (Pignone, Alberts, Colwell, Cushman, Inzucchi, Mukherjee, et al. 2010). According to American Diabetes Association (2011), basic carbohydrates, for instance, “soda, white bread and rice, pasta prepared from refined sugar, candy and cereals” containing high-sugar levels are not allowed. During digestion, these break down rapidly resulting in fast absorption into the bloodstream. This causes glucose levels to increase and fall quickly. Complex carbohydrates, for instance, “whole-grain bread, whole-wheat pasta, wild or brown rice, oatmeal and bran” have the opposite impact; they enter the blood gradually, having minimal effect on glucose levels (Alemzadeh, Ali. 2011). Vegetables, for example, “broccoli, cauliflower, spinach, green beans, asparagus, peppers and tomatoes” belong to this category also (Alemzadeh, Ali. 2011). Lean protein supplies that comprise skinless chicken or turkey, are recommended. Fish is low in fat and decreases risk of contracting heart diseases, a complication diabetics are likely to suffer from. They also contain low calories levels. Portion Control Eating in moderation is an essential part of medical nutrition treatment for the middle aged man. One-half should comprise of vegetables and he should eat it first. Next the middle aged man should take one-quarter source of protein. The remaining quarter is for a white starch, for instance, mashed potatoes or “white rice”. The last element of Managing Nutrition Therapy the man should undertake is eating on a regular program. It serves to manage amount glucose in by offering the body with the same amount of calories daily at the same intervals. This prevents eating a lot by warding off starvation. The meddle aged man should take into consideration the amount of hours he works, the period he takes medication and the number of times he has to perform on his glucose intensities (Raina ,& Kenealy 2008). It is very important for the diabetic man to concentrate on reducing calories and exercising regularly. Carbohydrate counting is a measure used to maintain weight for the diabetic people. The man should consult a dietitian to establish the amount of carbohydrates required at each meal and snack. This will be based on the man’s eating habits, medications, body mass, nutritional objectives and activity level. Carbohydrates for every meal should be portioned according to personal liking, food timing and spacing. It’s essential for the diabetic man to note the serving amount and grams of fiber when estimating carbohydrates. Amount of calories eaten and the dose of insulin required to cover the meal will increase according to number of servings. Regular physical activity Regular exercise is essential for the middle aged man (Ripoll, Brian, Leutholtz, & Ignacio, 2011). Exercise whereby the heart beats is increased and breathes fast aids in reducing blood sugar amount even without medication. It also reduces extra calories and fat the middle aged man can manage his weight. Exercise will help the man’s health by enhancing blood flow and blood pressure. Exercise will also enhances the man’s body energy level, reduces tension, and improves his ability to manage nervous tension (Bethel, Mark, & Feinglos, 2008). If diet and physical exercise is not helpful in keeping intensity of blood glucose at normal or almost normal ranges, a physician may recommend medicine. These medicines may be provided with insulin, or insulin might be used separately. He should inject insulin under the skin using a syringe or insulin pen machine (Ripsin, Kang,& Urban 2009). Preventing complications Type 2 diabetes complications can be prevented through proper nutrition and regular physical exercises. Improving concentration of plasma lipids, decrease blood pressure, and manage glycemia are the appropriate dietary changes that decrease the risk of cardiac complications in type 2 diabetes. The Middle aged man should combine vegetarian diet, regular physical activities, cease smoking and controlling stress to achieve enhanced improvements in indices of cardiovascular disease The middle aged man with “Type 2 diabetes mellitus” has a high possibility of getting foot problems. Diabetes can destroy nerves, which means incapable to sense an injury on the foot until he gets a huge sore or infection. Diabetes can also destroy blood vessels of the middle aged man. Diabetes also reduces his body’s potential to fight infection. Small contagions can rapidly get worse and cause the failure of other tissues. When the middle aged man experiences chest pain or pressure, fainting or unconsciousness, seizure or shortness of breath family members should call a doctor immediately. These signs can rapidly get worse and turn into emergency situation (for instance convulsions or hypoglycemic coma). Cognitive behavioral therapy The most usual psychological problem that the middle aged man can face due to “Type 2 diabetes mellitus” is depression. Depression is linked to worse treatment observance and clinical results. The middle aged man requires understanding particularly the psychological and behavioral barriers to effective diabetes self -control and decision making” (Phillips and Wright, 2009). The family members should understand his situation and offer him good environment Cognitive Behavioral Treatment can improve individuals understanding of diabetes care. This has enhanced glycogenic control and depression. The benefits of the “Cognitive Behavioral Therapy” model in diabetes treatment is that reversion and adherence are matters tackled within therapy (Amsberg, Anderbro, Wredling, et al., 2009).The individual with diabetes frequently practices skill for managing, and employs the skills gained in therapy. “Structured Cognitive Behavioral Therapy” training is essential to guarantee skills are developed with specialist guidance from facilitators, and procedure of questioning can be determined before being employed in clinical practice. Acquiring knowledge of psychological care encourages essential, timely referrals (Phillips & Wright, 2009). The middle aged man after being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, he requires social support linked with improvements in glycemic management, regimen observance, and emotional performance. Research indicates that “type 2 diabetes mellitus” patients with family support have notably enhanced blood glucose management compared with diabetic patients receiving lower family support. Social support will be an essential predictor of emotional alteration in the middle aged man with “Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus” (Williams and Wilkins. 2007). Conclusion Type 2 diabetes can be prevented through keeping a healthy body weight and an active lifestyle. The core treatment for “type 2 diabetes mellitus” involves exercising and dieting. The individuals with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus should learn basic diabetes management skills (Lee, Shiroma, Lobelo, Puska, Blair, & Katzmarzyk, 2012). These will assist to prevent problems and the call for medical treatment. These skills incorporate: how to examine and note blood glucose, what to eat and when, manner of taking medicine, if required, how to identify and manage low and extreme blood sugar , how to cope with sick moments, Where to purchase diabetes medicines and how to store them. I recommend staying up-to-date with all vaccinations and getting flu shot annually. References Alemzadeh R, Ali O.(2011). Diabetes Mellitus. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011: chap 583. American Diabetes Association (2011). Standards of medical care in diabetes, Diabetes Care: Suppl 1:S11-S61. Amsberg S, Anderbro T, Wredling R et al., (2009). A cognitive behavior therapy-based intervention among poorly controlled adult type 2 diabetes patients: a randomized controlled trial Patient: Educ Couns 77: 72–80 Bethel, K., Mark N., & Feinglos, M.(2008). Type 2 diabetes mellitus: an evidence-based approach to practical management. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. p. 462. Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, Banel D, Jensen MD, Pories WJ, Bantle JP, Sledge I. (2009). Weight and type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Review. PubMed PMID: 19272486. Davis, N., Forbes. B., & Wylie-Rosett, J. (2009). "Nutritional strategies in type 2 diabetes mellitus". Mt. Sinai J. Med. 76(3), 257–68. Eisenbarth G, Polonsky K, Buse J. (2008). Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; chap 31. Gerstein H, Miller M, Genuth S, Ismail F, Buse J, et al. (2008). Long-term effects of intensive glucose lowering on cardiovascular outcomes. N Engl J Med. Herder, C.,& Roden, M. (2011). "Genetics of type 2 diabetes: path physiologic and clinical relevance". European journal of clinical investigation. 41(6), 679–92. Lee, I.M., Shiroma, E. J., Lobelo, F., Puska, P., Blair, S. N., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2012). 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