Non-pharmacological Aspects of Blood Pressure Management - Book Report/Review Example

Research articles al Affiliation) LITERATURE REVIEW Article Citation: Hedayati1, S.S., Elsayed, E.F. & Reilly, R.F.(2011). Non-pharmacological aspects of blood pressure management: What are the data? National Center for Biotechnology Information Authors: Hedayati1, S.S., Elsayed, E.F. & Reilly, R.F Title: Non-pharmacological aspects of blood pressure management: What are the data? National Center for Biotechnology Information. Journal: The International Journal of Non-pharmacological aspects of blood pressure management and national for biotechnology information. Year: 2011 Volume: 79 Issue: 10 Pages: 127-132 Data Base Used: PubMed Key Words: DASH diet, life style modification, hypertension, Non-pharmacological aspects of blood pressure management and national for biotechnology information Selection of Article: I chose this article in particular because of the importance of the topic and how it relates to the chosen proposal.  Type of Study: Quantitative/Qualitative: Quantitative Purpose of the study: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of hypertension in United States adults and the significant risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. To find out the data of non-pharmacological aspects of high blood pressure management. Location/Setting: Renal section, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Texas. United States of America. Variables:  Independent Variable: Age, educational level and gender Dependent variables: Life style and weight loss issues. Framework Theory: The framework theory utilized by the researchers for this study was the Trans theoretical Model of Behavior Change (TTM). Study Design: The study design used by the researchers of this study was to obtain data about the readiness of aspects of blood pressure and the high sodium intake, low potassium intake, decreased physical activities, excess alcohol intake and high body mass index. This was achieved through randomized controlled trials exploring the efficiency of non-pharmacological interventions and lifestyle modifications to reduce blood pressure. The mechanism used to obtain this information was through the utilization of a questionnaire. This questionnaire included questions like; how often do you consider dietary approaches to stop hypertension? Moreover, like do you usually consider life styles modifications that reduce high blood pressure?  Sample: Sample Size: The size sample for this study was of 417 control and 327 active group members. Sample Methods: The individuals for this study were chosen at random from a group of individuals visiting the renal section, Medical Service Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System. The researchers used a period of eight weeks in November and a one-week period in February as a timeline for data gathering. The group belonging to the three-week period in February corresponded to the study group, and the individuals in the one-week period in September were the control group. Sample Characteristics: Researchers decided that in order to be able to participate in the study, persons must be above eighteen years in form or terms of age. Moreover, the decided to divide people by groups as follow, individuals age 18-25, 26-40, 41-65, and above 65 years of age. In addition, they divided individuals according to their education level. For instance, elementary school, 12 years high school, 34 years high school, 12 years university education, and 2 years university education. Lastly, they divided the data sample according to the dietary approaches to stop hypertension, increased magnesium intake, reduced sodium intake, increased potassium intake, increased calcium intake, moderation in alcohol intake, weight loss and increased physical activities. Other non-pharmacological interventions that were put into test were smaller clinical trials but resulted into inadequate and inconsistent effects that will hardly be revealed. They include increased protein intake, decreased caffeine intake, fatty acids, and flavone rich cocoa. Tobacco should be avoided because of increased risk of high blood pressure. Data Sources:  Data Collection Measures: Data collection was performed through questionnaires given to individuals who agreed to participate during their visit at their primary healthcare provider. This facilitated some clear job that could be easily be understood and interpreted appropriately. Description of measures: Individuals will fill out the questionnaire in relation to non-pharmacological aspects of blood pressure management. This questionnaire included questions that are clearly listed below: 1. How often do you eat foods that have dietary consideration in the United States? (Never, seldom, sometimes, often, always)  2. How often do you usually go for checkup in the place of weight loss and body mass index?  (Never, seldom, 1-2 weeks/year, 3-5 weeks/year, 5weeks/year) 3. Do you usually use a fruits that will automatically provide the needs of a balanced dietary concept? (Never, seldom, sometimes, often, always). Data Analysis/ Statistical Tests: In order to quantify the results obtained from the questionnaires, the researchers used a meta-analysis of 15 orderly probationary in which alcohol reduction was the only mediation reported as substantial decrease in blood pressure. Results/ Findings: There is enough data to suggest that certain lifestyle modifications such as sodium intake reduction and weight loss are efficacious in reducing blood pressure. This reduces progress of prehypertension of hypertension and perhaps diminishing long-term risk of events. Discussion Sodium retention is a major player in hypertension in chronic kidney disease patients, although such patients are generally excluded from trials of non-pharmacological interventions. The DASH diet has higher K+, phosphorus, and protein content than what is generally recommended for patients with moderate-to-advanced chronic kidney disease and may not be ideal. Studies suggested that low-protein diets may slow chronic kidney disease progression.137 Randomized trials of chronic kidney disease samples are needed to determine ideal diet and lifestyle modifications for BP lowering in this population. Strengths The findings of the research can be generalized to population of individuals with hypertension. The lifestyle of people can help reduce hypertension and other health related conditions. Additionally, the research study provides a clear documentation concerning the research instruments, which provides other researchers with a chance to evaluate the validity of the findings. Weakness The research study is time-consuming and expensive. The correlation results that the researchers present ignores other underlying causes of hypertension. Additionally, the data collection instruments that the researchers employ make it difficult to obtain adequate information. Recommendation The future challenge is developing and implementing effective public health strategies that lead to sustained lifestyle modification. New strategies could include an excise tax on the food industry to decrease Na+ content. Such a tax to decrease Na+ intake by 6% could save $22.4 billion in medical costs. Article # 2  Citation: Murthy, S.N., Rao, N.S.N, Nandkumar, B. & Kadam, A. (2011). Function of naturopathy and yoga conduct in the administration of hypertension. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 17(1), 9-12. Authors: Murthy, S.N., Rao, N.S.N, Nandkumar, B. & Kadam, A. Title: Function of naturopathy and yoga handling in the administration of hypertension. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. Journal: The International Journal of Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice Year: 2011 Volume: 17 Issue: 1 Pages: 9 -12 Data Based Used: PubMed Key Words: Sun exposure: Non – pharmacological therapy, hypertension, yoga, and naturopathy. Selection of Article: I chose this article because of the importance of the topic and how it is relate to the chosen topic of our group proposal Type of Study: Quantitative/Qualitative: Qualitative Purpose of the study: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of naturopathy and yoga interventions in treatment of mild to control hypertension. The variables of interest were measured at the beginning and the end of the intervention using a post design. At the time of admission all, the patients were on antihypertensive medication. 40 were recorded to have blood pressure within the normal range with their present medications. The remaining 64 were recorded to have hypertension despite being on antihypertensive medication. It is notable that upon discharge following the protocol, the number of subjects with normal blood pressure Location/Setting: The training was led by INYS homoeopathic examination the public in Jindal Nature Cure Institute, Bangalore Variables:  Independent Variable: Age, educational level and gender Dependent variables: Life style, weight loss issues, and dietary issues on hypertension. Framework Theory: The framework theory utilized by the researchers for this study was the Trans theoretical Model of Behavior Change (TTM). Study Design: The learning design used by the researchers of this study was to know the variables of interest were measured at the beginning and end of the intervention using a pre post method. The mechanism used to obtain this information was through the utilization of a questionnaire.   Sample: Sample Size: The size sample for this learning was directed with a whole of one hundred and four patients were previously detected by minor to reasonable hypertension then on a treatment with anti-hypertensive medicines included in the operation. Sample Methods: The individuals for this study were chosen at random from a group of individuals. The involvement involved of numerous impatient administrations of various naturopathy treatments, yoga therapies little calorie and stumpy sodium regime meant for three weeks or 21 days. Anti-hypertensive drugs remained reserved for some patients in one week founded upon reaction to the behavior. Sample Characteristics: The result procedures were principles of diastolic and systolic blood pressure and body weight. Subjects were followed for a period of one year after every 3 months. Results: After starting non-pharmacological approach of naturopathy and yoga, Systolic lifeblood pressure originated downcast from mean of 139.60 to 129.60 where as it came down from 91.20 to 86.10 for diastolic blood pressure. At the same time, favorable effect was also seen in other variables like lipid profile and body weight. At the end of one year out of 57 patients who came for follow-up, 14 cases were found to have blood pressure within normal ranges without any medication over the previous 12 months. Data Sources:  Data Collection Measures: Data collection was performed through questionnaires given to individuals who agreed to participate during their visit at their primary healthcare provider. Description of measures: Individuals will fill out the questionnaire in relation to non-pharmacological aspects of blood pressure management. This questionnaire included questions that are clearly listed below 1. How often do you eat foods that have dietary consideration in the United States? (Never, seldom, sometimes, often, always)  2. How often do you usually go for checkup in the place of weight loss and body mass index?  (Never, seldom, 1-2 weeks/year, 3-5 weeks/year, 5weeks/year) 3. Do you usually use a fruits that will automatically provide the needs of a balanced dietary concept? (Never, seldom, sometimes, often, always). After starting non-pharmacological approach of naturopathy and yoga, Systolic lifeblood pressure originated downcast from mean of 139.60 to 129.60 where as it came down from 91.20 to 86.10 for diastolic blood pressure. At the same time, favorable effect was also seen in other variables like lipid profile and body weight. At the end of one year out of 57 patients who came for follow-up, 14 cases were found to have blood pressure within normal ranges without any medication over the previous 12 months. The individuals for this study were chosen at random from a group of individuals. The involvement involved of numerous impatient administrations of various naturopathy treatments, yoga therapies little calorie and stumpy sodium regime meant for three weeks or 21 days. Anti-hypertensive drugs remained reserved for some patients in one week founded upon reaction to the behavior. Data Analysis/ Statistical Tests: In order to quantify the results obtained from the questionnaires, the researchers used a meta-analysis of 15 orderly probationary in which alcohol reduction was the only mediation reported as substantial decrease in blood pressure. Results/ Findings: Out of 104 cases with recognized hypertension that played a role in the study, 70 individuals were diagnosed with hypertension while thirty-four had diabetes mellitus in addition to hypertension. At the time of admission all, the patients were on antihypertensive medication. 40 were recorded to have blood pressure within the normal range with their present medications. The remaining 64 were recorded to have hypertension despite being on antihypertensive medication. It is notable that upon discharge following the protocol, the number of subjects with normal blood pressure increased to 97 (93.26%) of which 53 (54.63%) were no longer receiving anti-hypertensive medication. Entirely patients remained trailed up for a period of one year post-discharge. The quantity of patients who re-counted for follow up were 74.0 (71.10%) at three months, 68.0 (65.00 %) at six months, 62.0 (57.00%) at nine months and 57.0 (54.00%) at one year Recommendations In this section it advisable to give out appropriate measures that would facilitate the operations of the organizations’ research. The citizens are still lacking adequate information on issues they should avoid in order to reduce the cases of high blood pressure. Researchers or doctors who are aware of the precautions should make sure that the citizens are well educate on the measures to consider in order to reduce the cases of blood pressure complications. Strengths These are always the advantages that organizations utilize internally within their operations. They always fuel operations like in this case the doctors will use the equipment in the hospitals to effectively diagnose patients. With this the doctors will always provide the best services to patients. Weaknesses These are the internal risks that an organization encounters from its operations. If the doctors are not active in their work due to payment issues, they may delay attending to patients thus activating greater losses such as death. This may cause the shutdown of that health premise. Discussion The research articles are basically concerned with issues of blood pressure cases in the US. The conflicting findings are due to the modern lifestyles that make people to consume foods that are prone to blood pressure. The concept of using age as a variable is effective since the blood pressure is always prone in the elderly. This provides the platform to study its relation between the young and old. This study plays a great role in literature since it brings the concept of good relations in the society. Read More