Personality and Vulnerability to Depression in Stroke Patients - Assignment Example

Epidemly and Biostat Affiliation Exercise Identifying Level of Measurement: Nominal Answer questions: 5 and 7 5. What number and percentage of the 44 depressed subjects were treated with antidepressant medications? Do you think an adequate number received treatment with medication? Provide a rationale for your answer. 13 subjects among the 44 depressed were reported to be using the antidepressant medications; this represents 29% of the total number of subjects reported to be depressed in the study. It is yes and to some extent no. According to this percentage and still to consider the geographical lacation of where the study was taken, yes because an adequate number received treatment with medication. It’s again not adequate since even those that received treatment with medication still scored 16 on the CES-D, indicating non-compliance or ineffective treatment (Aben et al. 2012). 7. The researchers excluded persons from the study who had a history of psychiatric illness. Provide a rationale for excluding these persons. 1.) The CES-D scale used in the study is designed to measure the depressive symptomology for the non-psychiatric population aged 18 years and older and reports readability 0f 0.90. 2.) Those that have had psychiatric episodes might have to some extent consistent level of depression whose diagnosis may be continuous. Exercise 2: Identifying Level of Measurement: Ordinal Answer questions: 2 and 7 2. What statistics were used to describe the demographic variable Estimated Yearly Family Income in this study? Were these appropriate? Age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, employment, and socioeconomic status were the statistics used to describe the demographic variable. And definitely yes, theses statistics were the most appropriate form of demographic data description (Aben et al. 2012). 7. Should the demographic variable Educational level be analyzed with parametric or nonparametric statistical analysis techniques? Provide a rationale for your answer. The non-parametric statistical analysis technique should be used instead of the alternative due to the fact that the people involved in the study were residing in the rural area, where the quality of education may be of poor or low standards compared to the urban areas. Exercise 3: Identifying Level of Measurement: Interval/Ratio Answer question: 6, 9 6. Looking at Table II, what descriptive analysis techniques were performed on the interval/ratio data? Frequency counts and percentages were the descriptive techniques performed on the ratio/interval data. 9. Are there significant differences between the intervention and the control groups for any of the variables in Table I? Provide a rationale for your answer. Members of control groups reported no difference in pain and non-significant increase in mobility difficulties; thus the pilot study conducted require further investigation of the effectiveness of GI with PMR as a self-management intervention of pain reduction and mobility difficulties associated with OA. Exercise 4: Understanding Percentages Answer questions: 4 and 6 4. What number and percentage (%) of the total number of respondents had a current CRC test? Number= 521 Percentage=521/859*100% =60.65% 6. Explain why the number of total subjects’ data in Table 2 is for 859 subjects when the total sample for the study was 869 subjects. 859 is the control group, whereas 869 is the treatment group. Exercise 5: Frequency Distributions with Percentages Answer questions: 4 and 10 4. What level of education achieved by the mothers is the mode for this variable? Document your answer as both a frequency and percentage. 10. Do you think that this study and its results can be generalized to the United States? Provide a rationale for your answer. The study cannot be generalized to the United States as a whole. This is due to the fact that it is only the rural part of the entire United States population that was studied, which is not a representative of the entire population (Aben et al. 2012). Exercise 6: Cumulative Percentages and Percentile Ranks Answer questions: 5 and 9 5. What number and percentage of nurses documented a different pain score from the grimacing patient’s self-reported pain score of 8? There were 26 nurses that documented a different from the grimacing patient’s self-reported pain score of 8.This represents (1 – 69.8)= 30.2% 9. Is this study only applicable to the elderly population? Do you think younger patients’ self-reports of pain are believed and their pain appropriately treated? This study is not relevant only relevant to the elderly population, some individuals might have inherited some hereditary conditions that exposes them to pain, of which can be identified, diagnosed and treated appropriately (Aben et al. 2012). Exercise 7: Interpreting Histograms Answer question: 7, 9 7. In Figure 2, which variable is placed on the x-axis? Which variable is placed on the y-axis? X-axis…………………..PNP hourly rate y-axis……………………Sample population 9. Examine Figures 1 and 2 and compare their distribution patterns. Are the distribution patterns similar? Provide a rationale for you answer. The distribution patterns are not similar. Figure 1 is almost skewed to the left whereas Figure 2 has periodic upwards and downwards movement. Exercise 8: Interpreting Line Graphs Answer questions: 6 and 10 6. The breastfeeding rate post-intervention was greater than the pre-intervention rate over the 12 months of the study. Is this statement true or false? Provide a rationale for your answer. True. Breastfeeding rates after the educational program significantly increased, a clear indication that the community-based breastfeeding intervention program was effective in promoting breastfeeding among women. 10. What implications for practice do you note from these study results? The following are the implications of the study: i.) Post-intervention breastfeeding rate has increased. ii.) Pre-intervention breastfeeding rate among women also reduced. iii.) There was a mixed reaction when it came to mixed-feeding by the mothers. Exercise 11: Using Statistics to Describe a Study Sample Answer questions: 3 and 8 3. What other statistic could have been used to describe the length of labor? Provide a rationale for your answer. Mode statistic. This would refer to the general amount of time taken during labor, so that it can be generalized as a whole. 8. Can the findings from this study be generalized to Black women? Provide a rationale for your answer. Definitely not. This is due to the fact that only one black woman is supposedly used in the study; thus generalization of this study to black women is absolutely unacceptable. Exercise 15: Measurement of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, and Mode Answer questions: 1 and 9 1. The following list represents the number of nursing students enrolled in a particular nursing program between the years of 2001 and 2007, respectively: 563, 593, 606, 520, 563, 610, and 577. Determine the mean, median, and mode of the number of the nursing students enrolled in the above program between 2001 and 2007. Show your calculations. Solution i.) Mean=(563 + 593 + 606 + 520 + 563 + 610 + 577)/7 =4032/7 =576 ii.) Median is calculated by first arranging these numbers in ascending order or descending order, then picking up the digit that is in the middle/center if they are odd in number or finding the average of the two middle numbers if they are even. 610,593,577,563,563,520 (Numbers arranged in descending order). Find the average of the two shaded numbers: (577 + 563)/2= 570 iii.) Mode is calculated by first arranging these numbers in ascending order or descending order, then picking up the digit that occurs the most. 610, 593, 577, 563, 563, 520= 563 9. Assuming that α = 0.01, which nursing specialties demonstrated a significant change in popularity between the stages 1 and 2 of the research questionnaire administration? Provide a rationale for your response. i.) General surgical nursing ii.) Working with children iii.)Midwifery iv.)Intensive/critical care v.)Operating theatre It was apparent that the five most popular choices at stage one continued to be the five most popular choices in stage two, with difference being in the order in which they appeared. Exercise 16: Mean and Standard Deviation Answer questions: 1, 4 1. The researchers analyzed the data they collected as though it were at what level of measurement? a.) Nominal 4. Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the control group. Do these scores strengthen or weaken the validity of the research results? Provide a rationale for your answer. They weaken the validity of the research. Exercise 19: Determining Skewness of a Distribution Answer questions: 1, 3 1. The age distribution of people diagnosed with cystic fibrosis is most likely to be: d.) bimodal. 2. Does a set of scores with most of its values above the mean have a negatively or positively skewed distribution? Provide a rationale for your answer. Positively screwed due to the fact that the corresponding data values are non-negative. Exercise 22: Scatterplot Answer questions: 2 and 7 2. What type of relationship does Figure 22–2 illustrate? Provide a rationale for your answer. His form of relationship is known as a stationary relationship. All points are on particular points on a horizontal scale. 7. Does Figure 1 from the Hitchings and Moynihan (1998) study have any outliers? Provide a rationale for your answer. Yes. There are two points that are extremely outside the perimeter where most of the points tend to lie. Exercise 23: Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient Answer questions: 4 and 10 4. Without using numbers, describe the relationship between the Hamstring strength index 120°/s and the Triple hop index. 10. Consider the relationship reported for the Quadriceps strength index 120º/s and the Hop index (r = 0.744**, p = 0.000). What do these r and p values indicate related to statistical significance and clinical importance? [alpha is set at 0.05]. R is the correlation coefficient which is used to determine the correlation between variables, whereas p-values are the probability values which are used to test for significance such that whenever the p-value is greater than the calculated value, then the test is not significance (Aben et al. 2012). Exercise 29: t-Test for Independent Groups I Answer questions: 2 and 5 2. t = –3.15 describes the difference between women and men for what variable in this study? Is this value significant? Provide a rationale for your answer. [alpha is set at 0.05] CRC-testing. Yes the value of t is significant since |t|> 0.05 5. Consider t = –2.50 and t = –2.74. Which t ratio has the smaller p value? Provide a rationale for your answer. What does this result mean? Exercise 36: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) I Answer questions: 3 and 6 3. The researchers stated that the participants in the intervention group reported a reduction in mobility difficulty at week 12. Was this result statistically significant, and if so at what probability? Yes, the result was statistically significant at 0.001 level of significance. 6. Can ANOVA be used to test proposed relationships or predicted correlations between variables in a single group? Provide a rationale for your answer. Yes. We call this a one-way analysis of variance. Section II: USING THE DATA SET DOWNLOADED FROM BLACKBOARD “Sample_Data_Assignment2_Blackboard.sav” 1. Do frequency for the following variables and interpret the findings: [1 POINT] Age category, Gender, Bp (Blood pressure), Active (physically active), dhosp (died in hospital). For the purposes of definition and calculation, we define the following: Gender= 1, refers to the male 0, refers to the female Analysis: From the analysis of the data provided, there seem to be more male individuals involved in the study compared to their female counterparts. Let 0, represent normal BP 1, represent BP slightly above the normal BP 2, represent BP above the normal BP Where BP are the initials for Blood Pressure. Analysis: Averagely, most of the individuals involved in the study had a blood pressure slightly higher than the optimum or standard blood pressure. Let 1, represent the individuals that do not smokers 0, represent those individual that smoke Analysis: Most of the individuals involved in the study seemed to be non-smokers, compared to the number of smokers. Let 1, represent the individuals that are obese 0, represent those individual that are not obese Analysis: From the availed data set, it can be concluded without a shadow of doubt that most of the individuals involved in the study are not obese. It can also be seen after calculation that the average cost of rehabilitation is 32.94. 2. Do descriptive statistics and histogram with normal distribution and interpret the results for the following variables: [1 POINT] Age (years), cost (total cost of hospitalization and rehabilitation), and log_COST (log transformed data to change it to normal distribution) - Are these variables normally distributed? These data are not normally distributed as shown above. Any normal distribution should be bell-shape. 3. Is there a difference between those who died in the hospital and those who did not die in the hospital in age (age at admission in years)? [1 POINT] a. What statistical test you will use? Why? t-test statistics. This is due to the fact that there is comparison of means of both those who died in the hospital and those that did not die in the hospital. b. Is there a statistically significant difference between the groups? Explain and interpret the finding There is no significant difference between those who died in the hospital and those who did not die at home. This is due to the fact that there means are not statistically significant. 4. Is there a difference between the blood pressure groups in age (age at admission in years)? [1 POINT] Yes, there is difference between the blood pressure groups in age. The older one is, the higher his or her blood pressure is likely to be. a. What statistical test you will use? Why? T-test. This is due to the fact that we have to compare the means of three groups (0, 1, 2); the group of ages that exhibit the different levels of blood pressure. b. Is there a statistically significant difference between the groups? Explain and interpret the finding Yes. The test is significant The older one gets, the higher his or her blood pressure is likely to be and vice versa. 5. Is there a correlation between age (age at admission in years) and cost (total cost of hospitalization and rehabilitation)? [1 POINT] There is no correlation between age and cost. a. Run correlation between the two variables and report the correlation coefficient (r) [direction and strength] and interpret the results. 6. Are there relationship between patient’s death in the hospital (dhosp) and the following variables: Bp (Blood pressure), Active (physically active). [DO CROSS-TABLES] [1 POINT] a. What statistical test you will use? Why? ANOVA test. b. Is there a statistically significant difference between the groups? Explain and interpret the finding The test is not significant. The following is to be concluded: i.) One can be aged, physically active and still has low blood pressure. ii.) Another scenario is an individual being middle-aged, inactive and yet still have high blood pressure. 7. Write a summary report for the results of the study and its impact on nursing practice (i.e., summarize the findings from question 1 to 6) [Two POINTS] For the purposes of definition and calculation, we define the following: Gender= 1, refers to the male 0, refers to the female Analysis: From the analysis of the data provided, there seem to be more males individuals involved in the study compared to their female counterparts. Let 0, represent normal BP 1, represent BP slightly above the normal BP 2, represent BP above the normal BP Where BP are the initials for Blood Pressure. Analysis: Averagely, most of the individuals involved in the study had a blood pressure slightly higher than the optimum or standard blood pressure. Let 1, represent the individuals that do not smokers 0, represent those individual that smoke Analysis: Most of the individuals involved in the study seemed to be non-smokers, compared to the number of smokers. Let 1, represent the individuals that are obese 0, represent those individual that are not obese Analysis: From the availed data set, it can be concluded without a shadow of doubt that most of the individuals involved in the study are not obese. It can also be seen after calculation that the average cost of rehabilitation is 32.94. Reference Aben, I., Denollet, J., Lousberg, R., Verhey, F., Wojciechowski, F., & Honig, A. (2002). Personality and vulnerability to depression in stroke patients: A 1-year prospective follow-up study. Stroke, 33, 2391-2395. Read More