Media Influence on Human Papilloma Virus and Vaccines - Research Paper Example

?Literature Review Public healthcare is significant for a productive economy as it saves the country’s expenditure. Diseases pose a challenge to the development of a nation. Human papillomavirus has caused cancer around the globe. This has raised concerns on how to handle this problem so as to save life. Vaccination has been noted to be a stable option of solving this problem. This virus can be passed from mother to the child, but primarily spreads through sexual intercourse (Vaccarella, Franceschi, Herrero, Munoz, Snijders, Clifford et al., 2006; Vaccarella, Herrero, Dai, Snijders, Meijer,Thomas et al., 2006; Antonsson, Karanfilovska, Lindqvist & Hansson, 2003). It can lead to cancer infection if the patient has stayed with the virus for a long time (Clifford, Rana, Franceschi, Smith, Gough & Pimenta, 2005). Active men and women can be infected with this virus in their lifetime. Media influence on human papilloma virus (HPV) and vaccines Bennett et al (2012) conducted a study on 143 college age women concerning their intentions to obtain the HPV vaccine. Participants were given a questionnaire, and the predictors showed positive attitudes towards the vaccine. The results indicated that personal beliefs were on the vaccine varied and that people who networked through social media increased their chances of getting vaccinated. This shows that women were able to share on vaccination through their social media networking which had an influence on the intentions on vaccination. Through the media, people are able to get informed and enlightened. They acquire information which may be relevant to their day to day life (Bennett et al 2012). Newspapers, television, and the Internet have enabled human beings to connect to each other. The world has become a small village since people can connect and share ideas and concerns. It is on this point, which the study revealed that college age women relate with each other through the social media. Human beings have the ability to share and open up to their loved ones. This may be relatives or friends. Such discussions had a significant influence on the aspect of having intentions for HPV vaccination. Women are associated with beauty of their skin and cannot be comfortable with slumps on their bodies (Jamison, Kaplan, Hamman, Eagar, Beach & Douglas, 1995). This shows that such college women, who may be at the prime of their beauty, will develop positive intentions towards this vaccination. Betsch et al (2012) has contributed on this subject of media influence. They indicate that a significant number of people access the Internet. Such people use the Internet to acquire information regarding their health. The health information may include vaccines. People interact and share information that may promote vaccination intentions. They use the Internet to communicate theories of effective vaccination. It indicates that media has become a source of information in regard to vaccination. The study reflected that some people become skeptical on the efficiency of vaccine preventable diseases such as HPV. People become worried as a result of the side effects that may come with this activity. Individuals need to be healthy so as to propagate the economy. According to Betsch et al (2012), situations where one is not well informed, the personality may keep off from vaccination. However, the study suggests that such individuals can get their solutions from the Internet. This information may influence their perspective on vaccination from negative to positive. The Internet has some anti-vaccination information which may affect users negatively (Jenkins & Wold, 2012). Therefore, the public health communicators should provide effective information, which would facilitate customized communication. This can help users to access the public health communication websites in an easier way. Useful information enables one to make a rightful decision in regard to vaccination (Palefsky, Gillison & Strickler, 2006). This illustrates that lack of information can have an influence on the choices that one makes. The public health officials should realize that the Internet is used around the globe. It can reach a significant number of people, and help them make positive decisions regarding their health. They should put proper mechanisms place so as to promote vaccination of HPV. This will enable them to offer competitive challenges to those who may be against vaccination. Casillas et al (2011) in their study of the impact of social communication on the effectiveness of HPV vaccination indicated that women who heard about this preventive measure from the social media perceived it to be effective. Those who did not hear about HPV vaccine from the social networking did not take it positively and did not understand its benefits. This indicates that social source of information has a vital impact on the intention of HPV vaccine. This shows the role of the media in public health communication. The media has the ability of boost HPV vaccine or can shoot it down if proper information is not delivered. The media should be used to propagate HPV vaccine. Studies indicate that human papilloma has caused more harm than satisfaction. This virus has been associated with cervical cancer among women (Clifford, Smith, Plummer, Munoz & Franceschi, 2003; Zhou, Sun, Stenzel & Frazer, 1991; Young, McNicol & Beauvais, 1997). It has also caused throat and oral cancer in people (Smith, Lindsay, Hoots, Keys, Franceschi, Winer, et al., 2007). The study reflects that this virus has caused human suffering through pain and loss of life. Families lose their loved ones exposing children to grief and loneliness. Such orphans may encounter challenges in meting basic needs such as education, food, and housing (Casillas et al 2011). The government moves in to offer fundamental provisions to such children. This stretches the government’s budget, which would not be the case if the children’s parents were alive. This creates the need for providing proper heath to individuals. Therefore, HPV vaccination is essential in dealing with this virus. This vaccine is thus aimed at alienating human suffering and supports economy growth. According to Handelsman (2009), social media identify health safety and life sciences signals. People who may have experienced HPV vaccination will document their information on the social media for others to read. Online information enables readers and other web users, to analyze problems that come with vaccination. This will help them to address such issues accordingly. Media plays a vital role in passing information from one person to another. Soial networks such as Facebook and Twitter will alert public health officials on health issues affecting society. Human beings are always reluctant to embrace new inventions and discoveries. The fear of the unknown takes hold of individuals who may lack actual information on the benefits of HPV vaccination. Such individuals may consult others on the social network, who will share their experiences with those who may be misinformed. This positive record encourages others to develop positive attitudes toward vaccination (Handelsman 2009). However, in cases where professionals are not alert, anti-vaccination informers may get in touch with the individual and misguide him/her on HPV vaccination. This suggests that public health officials should develop an online customer oriented strategy which will handle such problems. This will make HPV vaccination popular among the public. This development will enable saving of lives and enhance proper healthcare provision to the public. The society should protect life at every level since cancer can cause pain and grief. Treatment of such diseases is expensive with some patients losing life. Corley et al (2011) has suggested that the virus vaccine has been successful in preventing the spread of HPV to individuals (Jamison, Kaplan, Hamman, Eagar, Beach & Douglas, 1995). Vaccination can contain this epidemic. It should be embraced in public health. Media through radios and televisions should communicate the availability of the vaccine. Through advertising agencies, mass media will help people to access the vaccine hence reduce the spread of this epidemic in the land. People need to be enlightened on places where this activity is taking place. This will save time and prove organization in the leadership of this program. Parents’ knowledge on HPV vaccine Parents play a significant role in the growth and development of children. They have a direct influence towards the character and behavior of their children. They are charged with guiding the young ones to become responsible members of the community. Parents make sure that children are healthy and save from danger. They are expected to offer medication to the children, when sick so as to protect their bodies. Children look up to their parents and imitate their parents’ lifestyles. This shows that parents should act as role models so as to create trust and confidence in children. A parent has an influence on his child. He has an influence on the choices, which a child makes. It is argued that girls will listen to their mothers and follow their instruction (Corley et al 2011). This shows that parents who are informed with HPV vaccine will enable their children to develop positive attitudes towards virus vaccination. On the other hand, those whose parents do not understand the benefits of vaccination, may lack knowledge on virus prevention, and become a victim of this virus. Parents who have positive feelings towards HPV vaccine will encourage their children to go for the vaccine which will control the spread of this disease. Children respect their parents because they believe that parents want what is acceptable for the children. In such cases, children will show obedience and appreciation for their mentors in following their parents’ guidance. Parents should realize that HPV virus is a sexually transmitted ailment. Adolescents are the main target in this area because they are undergoing a state of self realization and identity. Studies show that, during adolescence, many young teenagers involve in sexual activities through self discovery (Barnabas, Laukkanen, Koskela, Kontula, Lehtinen & Garnett, 2006). They want to explore this field through personal experience. From this, many adolescents end up contracting this virus, which affects the lives. Therefore, parents should acquire knowledge on this subject so as to advise their children accordingly (Hilton et al 2011). An informed parent on the benefits on HPV vaccination will communicate the same message to his child. However, parents, who have a negative attitude towards virus vaccination will influence their children and make them loathe this process. This may land their health in danger. This is because many teenagers are sexually active (Kjaer, Chackerian, Van den Brule, Svare, Paull, Walbomers et al. (2001). Parents who live their children to contract the virus out of their ignorance will find themselves to blame. When a parent acquires knowledge on virus vaccine, it does not benefit an individual but a group. Information received helps children in protecting their health status. Hilton et al (2011) in their study on adolescent girls’ knowledge and experience of HPV program vaccine discovered that implementation of this virus vaccine increased levels of awareness to girls and their parents. The study reflected that girls were not aware on the protection period, which HPV vaccine may provide. It shows that parents did not share with their children concerning. This made the children become ignorant. Nevertheless, girls indicated that, since parents and people who they trusted recommended virus vaccine, they believed to be important. This shows the influence of parents to their children in regard to virus vaccination plays a significant role. Javanbakht (2012) contributed on this subject; explain that some parents have argued that virus vaccine among the adolescents can promote sexual perversion. This has made them believe that vaccination of HPV is not vital for the young generation. This can be away of eroding morals on chastity by adolescents. This has caused a set back which has contributed to the slow progress of this process. The study indicated that girls raised concerns with needles and pains of injections. Their privacy during the vaccination was also raided. This shows that parents should convince their children on the benefits of this activity. In a situation where a parent feels that vaccination will promote sexual activity, such a parent can link up with a friend who is in vaccination. This connection can create open forums where vaccination experiences can be shared. Medical officers conducting the vaccine should develop ways of handling girls’ privacy during vaccination so as to earn their confidence (Munoz, Mendez, Posso, Molano, van den Brule, Ronderos et al., 2004; WHO, 2006). This also calls parents and immunization experts, to guide children on the benefit of vaccination. They should allow them to interact through social media such as face book and twitter so as to communicate with other. Children who use the Internet access and make use of the information they come across on line. The Internet will enlighten children on the advantages of virus vaccination so as to avoid diseases such as cancer. Parents, who deny children the right of interaction with others on the Internet and social media, limit children’s field of knowledge. Through chat messages on the face book, children can share on HPV vaccination, which can enable some children to learn from others. Children have their own style of communication which adults may not understand. When they learn from each other, they believe that HPV vaccination is a children activity. Such personal beliefs facilitate the growth and acceptance of HPV vaccination. According to Javanbakht (2012) a study conducted to outline perceptions and barriers of HPV vaccine facilitation. The study showed that parental misconceptions are barriers of HPV vaccination. Parents believed that adolescent girls do not need the vaccine. Therefore, such parents need to be educated by community organizations. Those health organizations will enable them understand that this virus vaccine can protect the health condition of adolescents. The organization will initiate community projects such as conferences and seminars to inform parents and local members on the benefits of HPV vaccine. The health of children should be protected by the community for a safe and secure future. Parents of such misconceptions can liaise with their peers in the vaccine process. They can learn to share their concerns and experiences. This will enhance awareness to the community members, which will foster HPV vaccination. Tools to contain HPV and Sexually Transmitted Diseases Jenkins and Wold (2012) in their study on the use of the Internet for surveillance and prevention of sexual transmitted diseases indicate that it is a new tool to control this problem. The study showed that the Internet is widely used around the globe. This makes it a reliable tool to control sexual diseases. This can be done through chat and notifications. From this information, since it is accessed by people around the world, they can acquire knowledge which can enhance HVP prevention. The Internet has become a source of information and people can get to understand through such mechanism. The authors also indicate that Internet users should be guided on how to access useful websites. This will promote the surveillance and prevention of HPV and sexual transmitted diseases. This suggests that public health communicators should be alert so as to attend to such victims. Lack of guidance to useful websites can make the Internet a destruction site, which can propagate HPV. However, Kata (2012) has argued that anti vaccine use the Internet to discourage people from being vaccinated. The author shares that power has shifted from doctors to patients. This has made the healthcare industry to direct sources that can impact HPV virus vaccine to people. This shift of power from medial officers to patents has made people seek the Internet so as to make decisions on vaccination. The anti-vaccine movement has used this forum to influence if people can vaccinate themselves or their children. Kata (2012) illustrates that people turn to the Internet to seek vaccination advice, which can affect their decisions. Individuals can go to the Internet to understand the objectives behind the anti vaccine movement. Therefore, public health communicators should post convincing information that may disregard anti-vaccine claims. Studies reflect that anti vaccine claim that vaccination is toxic and has side effects to individuals. Such information can mislead those who visit the websites. Kata suggests that authenticated information should be available so as to counter anti vaccine claims. These authors agree that the Internet has become a field of competition for vaccine and anti vaccine movements. It can be a tool to prevent sexual transmitted diseases, and it can also destroy the raw minds. Proper mechanisms that may enhance peer education to the public through online messages and conversation can prohibit the spread of HPV epidemic. Prevention is better than cure. If vaccination becomes a routine among individuals, sexual transmitted diseases can be contained (Kata 2012). This will foster vital health among the people who will be able to work hard and provide fro their families. Lack of prevention measures may affect the economic stability of individuals. HPV may cause cancer to the public. Such people will spend a lot of money to seek for treatment (Batson, Meheus & Brooke, 2006). Treatment of such diseases can be expensive which may exploit family resources. This may open the door to poverty in households. Sexual transmitted diseases have dangerous side effects to individuals. They affect the reproductive system of patients. It is discouraging to witness girls at their tender ages go through such experiences at the cost of misinformation. According to Joshi et al (2011) in media coverage of off label promotion, which analyzed the use of print media such as newspapers and magazine showed that public awareness assist people to make decisions that concern their health and safety. Print media help to shape the public understanding in regard to promotional activities. Newspapers have a significant Impact to the readers. This indicates that print media can be a positive tool to curb the spread of HPV virus. This is because people can read newspapers and get knowledge on the benefits of virus vaccination. Detailed story coverage and catchy headline photographs may pull the readers eye. This will encourage the reader to embrace and implement in formation acquired in to practice. Implementation of this information will reduce the spread of HPV virus and control sexual transmitted diseases. Individuals will get first hand information from stories shared. Such stories can be accompanied with photographs of personalities behind them. Readers will be able to realize that some of the photographs belong to people who they know. Some of them may be in their neighborhoods (Joshi et al 2011). Newspapers can be a vital tool to contain sexual transmitted diseases in the rural places. Remote places may lack Internet coverage, which may prevent them from accessing online information. Newspapers can reach in such places, and help the public understand the realties of their health conditions. One of the benefits of print media indicates it can be stored and referenced in later stages. A family can buy a newspaper read it and tore for future use. One can go back to the newspapers can refresh himself. While sharing with another person, this newspaper can be brought so as to show evidence on the benefits of virus vaccination. Therefore, to shape public understanding on the eradication of HPV and sexual transmitted ailments, newspapers should be used to advance this noble course (Joshi et al 2011). Articles on how sexual diseases are spread, their symptoms and effects, will enlighten the reader to develop a positive attitude towards vaccination, which may contain sexual transmitted diseases. Positive intentions towards vaccination will enhance the prevention of HPV and sexual diseases. This indicates that print media is a tool to contain sexual diseases. Ignorance has been a set back to the eradication of this menace. The public needs to be informed on the advantages of such programs so as to create confidence and trust in the healthcare industry (Castle, Schiffman, Herrero, Hildesheim, Rodriguez, Bratti, et al. (2005). This can be improved if proper service delivery is advocated in vaccination centers (Joshi et al 2011). The government should ensure that the vaccine is available to the people. It can be discouraging, when people come to vaccination centers and encounter low quality services with no vaccine. This can demoralize the people and make them feel that the government is not committed to their health safety. This can make vaccination lose value in the eyes of the people. Human psychology should be put in consideration so to protect the image of heath industry. Keelan et al (2009) indicates that the immunization program in the United States was hindered by controversy. This controversy came from the negative and positive information posted on the web regarding HPV vaccination. They argued that HPV infection was effective and there were no alternative ways to immunizing. On the hand, others suggested that based their arguments on the risks of immunization and the merits of the methods used to administer. This created a misunderstanding to the public, who were unable to tell the truth. Keelan et al indicated that surveillance of the information accessed by the public concerning their health should be undertaken. This can sieve information and only allow what is useful to the public. Though public opinions and approaches are destined to respective personalities, such information should be validated to embrace trust and confidence to the public. This is because some opinions may be destructive to others. People may recommend approaches that suit their personal interests and cause harm to others (Keelan et al (2009). Checks and balances should be put in place so as to contain the spread of HPV and sexual transmitted diseases (Winer, Hughes, Feng, O’Reilly, Kiviat, Holmes, et al., 2006). Blog analysis has been of significant use in curbing HPV and sexual transmitted diseases. People use blogs to post contracting materials that can be used positively to enhance vaccination. Social networking criticism may be used to provide quality service to the public. Thomas et al (2010) indicates that hip hop culture has been used to address disease prevention and promotion of health. During those cultural activities, songs and skits on the Importance of vaccination to control sexual transmitted diseases were conducted. Artists came up with songs and dances to educate people on the benefits of virus vaccination. This was used to describe the high rate of cervical cancer among African American women in the United States. The hip hop cultural activities were effective in delivering the message of HPV vaccination to the women. This indicates that cultural activities can be used to contain HPV and sexual transmitted diseases. African Americans were able to change their sexual attitudes and behaviors through the hip hop music (Clifford, Franceschi, Diaz, Munoz & Villa 2006; Clifford, Goncalves & Franceschi (2006). This was a positive step to contain the spread of HPV and related diseases. In such cultural activities, dances and songs are performed. Through the performances, the message of health safety is conveyed to the audience. Those who can not read and write will get the message through songs since such songs are performed in local languages. This will improve to create awareness on the essentials of maintaining proper health. Human papillomavirus infection has caused a burden to the government economical budget. It has been identified as a causal agent of cervical cancer among women (De Sanjose, Almirall, Lloveras, Font, Diaz, Munoz N., et al., 2003; Franco, Bosch, Cuzick, Schiller, Garnett, Meheus, et al. (2006); Franco, Cuzick, Hildesheim & De Sanjose,2006). This has facilitated the development of a vaccination program which has faced challenges from different angles. They include poverty, cultural and religious beliefs. However, such challenges have enabled policy makers to come up with measures to solve then predicament. This will assist individuals to maximize the benefits of virus vaccination. Vaccination has encountered confidence crisis the world has changed, which has led the public to increase their worries on the efficiency of vaccination. This shows that, new, effective methodologies to communicate vaccination benefits should be enhanced (Franceschi et al 2006). This can be achieved through active participation of the civil society, who will make campaigns on the need of vaccination. Experts should take part in vaccination awareness so as to bridge the gap between the loss of public confidence and the desire to communicate vaccination. Public trust is essential for the success of vaccination programs. Such programs are made for the interests of the public. However, the public needs to be assured of their safety as they undertake the program. In cases, where the consumer interests such as safety are not catered, they can shy away from the program. Medical officers should develop new systems, which will retain the public trust for the success of HPV vaccination (Castellsague, Bosch, Munoz, Meijer, Shah, De Sanjose et al., 2002). The government should not spend resources on vaccination activities without putting in place rightful mechanisms that may advance the cause. If the public does not buy the idea, ten the government will have wasted resources. Secondly, the authorities should verify the safety of users so as to protect consumers from harm. Human life should not be taken fore granted. Loss of life exposes families to pain and grief (Franco 2006). A society with unhealthy individuals will be affected economically since resources will be spent so as to get treatment (Garnett, Kim, French & Goldie, 2006). Such resources could be used on development projects, which can improve people’s livelihoods. HPV has caused pain and suffering and pain to individuals. People have suffered from cancer as a result of this virus. It has been suggested that, researchers should come up with a vaccine to solve this health predicament so as to protect human beings from suffering (Hildesheim, Markowitz, Avila, Franceschi, 2006). Various ways of approach have been used to promote this program. Public health communicators should continue informing the public on the benefits of HPV vaccination. Tools such as the Internet, newspapers, cultural activities, conferences and seminars should be used exhaustively to make the program a success (Kane, Sherris, Coursaget, Aguado, Cutts, 2006). Through quality service delivery, the public trust will be restored. This public trust will facilitate the success of vaccination hence eradication of HVP and sexual transmitted diseases (Hagensee 1993). Through advertising agencies, mass media will help people to access the vaccine hence reduce the spread of this epidemic in the land. Those who can not read and write will get the message through songs since such songs are performed in local languages. This will improve to create awareness on the essentials of maintaining proper health. References Antonsson A., Karanfilovska S., Lindqvist P. & Hansson B. (2003). General acquisition of human papillomavirus infections of skin occurs in early infancy. J Clin Microbiol 41:2509-14. Barnabas R., Laukkanen P., Koskela P., Kontula O., Lehtinen M. & Garnett G. (2006). Epidemiology of HPV 16 and cervical cancer in Finland and the potential Impact of vaccination: mathematical modeling analyses. PLoS Med 3:e138. Batson A., Meheus F., Brooke S. (2006). 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