Types of Urinary Management Systems - Research Paper Example

?RESEARCH PROPOSAL PHASE B Urinary Catheter Type of Qualitative Research Qualitative research design shall be adapted as the major form of research action towards the achievement of the research aim and objectives. Qualitative research is generally discretional, which means that its analysis and conclusions are drawn based on the researcher’s interpretation to data collected (Moy and Wein, 2007). Even though the researcher has a lot of freedom to interpret data from his own perspective, there are guides for ensuring that the analysis and interpretations that are done are authentic and generally valid. One of these major guidelines that will play a major role in this qualitative research work is the use of existing literature to guide the researcher in his data analysis. This is to say that the interpretations of the researcher shall be based on facts collected through the literature review. By extension, the literature review shall also become a secondary data collection procedure. General steps, Procedures, and Outcomes The research has been indicated above and all the literature shall serve as a data collection procedure. When this is done, we say the procedure is a secondary data collection procedure (Wierbicky, 2008). Secondary data collection shall therefore be the major procedure to be used by the researcher. This is perfectly appropriate because there are several existing research works on urinary catheter that can supply the researcher with adequate and sufficient data. This notwithstanding, there shall also be primary data collection procedures. Primary data collection involves the collection of firsthand data directly by the researcher. The general steps that will be undertaken will involve the collection of data on registered nurses in the site area regarding their treatment to patients with urinary catheter. Data on the progress rate of patients as well as any reported side effects with the urinary catheter shall be collected. Hospital records and forms shall therefore be the major research instruments to use. After collecting such data, the researcher shall present all of it and use existing literature to give interpretation to the data collected. The researcher expects that the outcome of the data collection will lead to the need to design an intervention to educate nurses further on urinary catheter. After the intervention, another set of data shall be taken on improvement rate of patients. The researcher expects that the outcome will this time round be better than before. Researcher’s Credentials The researcher is rightly matched for this research work. This is because the researcher is well vested in issues of urinary catheter. As a health science student, who has undertaken several clinical and on job tasks in major hospitals and clinics that practice with urinary catheter, the research has the needed knowledge in the interpretation of data and other records that will be collected from the research site. What is more, the researcher has been part of a group of researchers who have been tasked with analyzing over six previous research works on urinary catheter. This means that the researcher is privileged to needed secondary sources of data to make the qualitative research analysis more authentic and reliable. Finally, as a student, the researcher has shown consistency with grades in nursing care. This means that the researcher is a suitable candidate for carrying out the intended interventions in the research site area. Site & Population This is a typical clinical research that demands the use of complicated equipment, access to health records and data, and realistic personnel to supply data and information. This means that the site of the research will best be constituted at a place where the researcher shall be assured of the needed equipment, health records and personnel. To this end, an intensive care unit was chosen. The researcher is hopeful that the intensive care unit has all needed equipment on urinary catheter and records of patients, both past and present. What is more, the researcher shall be privileged to the presence of registered nurses and patients who would serve as direct population and sample size. Ideally, all nurses who are less than three years at the intensive care unit shall be used as the population. Present patients being handled by these nurses shall also be used. The belief is that these nurses have not been privileged to attend any intervention workshop directed towards improving their professional knowledge on urinary catheter. This research shall therefore be very appropriate for them. The patients also have records on their health. As long as adult patients continue to be present patients, the researcher shall be able to carry out future examinations and comparisons before and after the intervention (Selius and Subedi, 2008). Researcher’s Role Since this is an academic task and the researcher is acting not as a specialist, the role of the researcher shall be to facilitate for the implementation of the intervention. This means that the intervention shall not be administered directly by the researcher but that he shall see to its implementation by resourced specialists. Leading to this, the researcher shall collect all necessary data on the nurses to be used in the sample size and the patients to be used. This information will be useful to both the researcher and the resourced specialist. To the researcher, the data shall inform his final conclusions on the proposed hypothesis. To the specialist, the data shall help in determining the scope and trend of interventional actions to take. All correspondence between the researcher and the resourced specialist shall be undertaken by the researcher including all forms of errands on the day of the intervention when the workshop shall be carried out. Entry into the Site and Approval Required Special permission shall be sought for entry and accessibility to the site. The researcher wants to reiterate that the site is an intensive care unit, where accessibility to the general public is not allowed. With an introductory letter from the educational institution of the researcher and his supervisor, the health administrator of the unit shall be reached. The proposal shall be made available to the administrator as well as an explanation of how important research is to be carried out on that premises. Moreover, all ethical consideration shall be assured of being adhered to at the time of the research. With this, the researcher shall be given an approval to undertake the research at the facility. The researcher shall take any necessary regulations and laws that the administrator may want the researcher to adhere to and these shall be followed appropriately. Selection of Study Participants The general view of the researcher is to come up with an empirical stand on the effectiveness of the registered nurse managing the urinary catheter in the adult patient. In order for the conclusions of the research to have an empirical status, the researcher deems it important that the data collection and analysis will be based on the principles of validity and reliability. The researcher shall partly ensure such validity and reliability through the selection of participants and sample. In simple terms, the researcher shall use a random sampling technique to select the participants. Random sampling technique involves the selection of participants in a manner that no one has an influence on who becomes part of the sample size (Garbutt, 2009). Because neither the researcher nor any other person can influence the selection, the researcher hopes that data to be collected will also be free from bias and predetermined conclusions. A random sampling technique shall therefore be designed for all nurses in the intensive care unit who are less than three years on the job. This will ensure that a maximum of ten (10) of such nurses and their patients are made part of the sample size. Plan for Data Collection The researcher shall design two major data collection instruments for primary data collection. These shall be observation and questionnaire. The observation shall be done in two forms but they shall all be recorded observations. The two forms of observation shall include the observation of the registered nurses at work and their interaction with the patients and the urinary catheter. The next form of observation shall be done by observing the records and chart of patients to find out the progress of patients and their health history. The questionnaire shall help in collecting quantitative data from the nurses. The questionnaires shall include both close ended and open ended questions that will help the researcher in understanding the competency level and efficiency levels of the nurses better. There shall also be a secondary data collection plan where a review of related data shall be undertaken from as many as five medical libraries. Data to be Collected There shall be three major forms of data to be collected. These shall be data on the nurses and their competency (including experience), data on patients and the effect of urinary catheter on their health recovery, and data on urinary catheter in general. The first two forms of data shall be collected through the primary data collection procedures outlined above. The final form of data shall be collected through secondary data collection as described above. The researcher envisions that there will be a major correlation between data on patients and the effectiveness of registered nurses in managing the urinary catheter in the adult patient. This is because there is a natural expectation that highly competent and effective nurses should be able to record higher rates of recovery and improvement of health for patients. The researcher also expects that a highly competence and effective nurse would better interpret the effect of urinary catheter on patients (RDNS Research Unit, 2001). Procedures for Data Collection The primary data collection shall come before the secondary data collection. This is because the secondary data collection shall be more or less an interpretation to the primary data to be collected. With the primary data collection, the questionnaire shall first be administered. This is because the questionnaire shall give a lot of background data and information on the nurses. This data on nurses will later be transcribed from the observations to be made. The questionnaire shall be distributed to all nurses on the same day. They shall each have a total of five (5) days to complete the questionnaire. There shall be one (1) day grace period to submit a completed questionnaire. The researcher believes that these six (6) days will allow nurses to have sufficient time to pounder over their responses. After the data collection from the questionnaire, the observation shall start. Basically, the researcher shall observe the nurses at their post and also observe health records of patients. The health records will be interpreted together with the resourced specialist. This will be done to give authentic and professional touch to the research. The observation will be an excellent tool for bringing out the effect of urinary catheter on patients and the effectiveness of nurses in dealing with the urinary catheter. After a fairer view of the nurses and their competency and the effect of the urinary catheter on patients, secondary data shall be collected to find out what other researchers have also said about the situation. Procedures for Recording Data Data recording is an important aspect of the research work. Data recording constitutes the basis for presenting data to the public domain (Cravens and Zweig, 2000). Recording of data is also very important in ensuring that the researcher can have a tangible form of tracing the impact and trend of achievement of the research objectives set. For this reason, the researcher shall be methodological in the recording of data. First, the researcher would want to reiterate that the overall procedure to be used shall be the qualitative data collection procedure. This means that a large amount of the data shall be presented in an interpretive manner rather than calculated manner. There shall be two phases in data recording where the researcher shall first produce a draft of data collected. The draft shall be vetted in the actual recordings. The researcher shall make available both soft and hard copies of data recorded and ensure that there is enough backup for the securing data. This means that the possibility of losing recorded data shall be eliminated. Plan for Data Analysis Yet again, the data analysis plan spells out one major component; the qualitative research, the difference between this qualitative research and what a quantitative research would have constituted. This is said because the data analysis strategy to be used shall be the qualitative data analysis where data are presented from the researcher’s perspective, interpretation and discretion. The analysis shall be done by comparing results collected from the research field to interpretations given in the review of literature. The major plan is therefore to analyze data by comparing the data collected to what other researchers and writers have already reviewed. The inclusion of mathematical representation of facts shall therefore not apply. Steps for Coding Information There shall be a coding system to help in the interpretation and analysis of data to be collected. The coding shall be done in a form of creating themes for all data collected. This means that after the researcher collects data, the data shall be grouped in identical formats. In all, there shall be three themes built for the coding purpose. These themes are given as effect of nurses experience to their performance; effect of urinary catheter on recovery rate of adult patients with urinary tract health conditions; relationship between urinary catheter and acquisition of external diseases. After getting these themes, all data on the questionnaire, observation guide and health record of patients will be put under one of these themes. Through the data analysis procedure to be discussed in the next section, this data shall be interpreted and linked to the relation it has with the theme. For example if the data points out that nurses who have been at the intensive care unit for less than one year seek more assistance in the delivery of their work, then the link shall be drawn that nurses’ professional experience has a role to play with their output of work. Data Analysis Procedures An indication has already been given of the use of themes in coding data collected. The data analysis shall be an extension of these themes used. The procedure shall be that after creating the coding, a minimum of three writers shall be assigned to each theme. Then a common consensus shall be built on what those writers say on a data line under that theme. Based on the consensus from the writers, the particular data shall be analyzed (in qualitative terms, interpreted). With this procedure, all data collected by the researcher shall be analyzed to the latter. The reason for using not less than three writers for each theme is to come out with common empirical agreement on the data in question. This way, the researcher can be assured of reliability and validity with data collected (Brillhart, 2009). Verification of Data The procedure to be used for the data analysis is indeed a verification procedure in itself. This is because even though the research procedure is a qualitative research, the researcher has devised means to ensure that the researcher does not become the sole authority behind interpretations to be given. Rather, the views of as many researchers as possible shall be sought. In fact, the inclusion of external researchers in the data analysis shall not exclude any form of information – not even the age and sex of respondents. There shall be so much detailed interpretation of data with other writers such that the effect of all such information on the research problem shall be summoned. This however, does not mean that the researcher shall not have personal views on the data collected (Joanna Briggs Institute, 2000). There shall be personal views but they shall be based on facts. Anticipated Findings, Hypotheses & Hunches Clinically, the researcher anticipates that the research shall reveal that the handling of urinary catheter is such a complex clinical exercise that if experienced and specialist registered nurses are not used, the tendency that complications shall be developed with adult patients who use the method shall be very high. Administratively, the researcher expects that the research shall bring out the need for hospital administrators to be highly considerate in their allocation processes as far as the allocation of nurses to patients with urinary catheter is concerned. Depending on the degree of the problem of the patient, well-experienced specialists should be assigned. The results and findings from this research are not expected to refute existing researches on the effectiveness of nurses in handling patients with urinary catheter. Rather, the researcher expects that he shall add up to the existing knowledge and be an important confirmation of the need to allow experienced specialists to handle urinary catheter cases since urinary catheter, when not well used may lead to other problems. As this research adds up to existing knowledge in urinary catheter, the researcher expects that he shall be a very important tool for academic references. Procedures to Remain Open to Unexpected Information Qualitative researches deal so much with external information from existing literature. For this reason, the tendency of having a research full of unsubstantiated information is very high (Wongand Hooton, 1981). For this reason, the need to look out for ensuring authenticity and reliability of information is always important. To do this, the researcher shall devise a simple procedure where only books and academic journals accepted by health professional organizations such as the medical association and registered nurses association shall be used. Such sources of information are backed with empirical proves and researches and so can be trusted as reliable and valid. Limitations of Study The major limitation envisioned to be associated with this research is that of access to data. The researcher anticipates that even if he is allowed access to the targeted health facility, the researcher shall not have access to all health records on respondents (patients). This is because most of such information is expected to be kept in privacy and only for medical decision-making. Another limitation envisioned has to do with the presence of the researcher at the health facility. Because the researcher will be relying very much on the observation made on the nurses’ attitude towards duty, the researcher will need to constantly be present at the health facility. Meanwhile, the need to undertake other academic activities may create the situation whereby the researcher may not be available at certain times that nurses will be attending to patients with urinary catheter (National Health And Medical Research Council, 1995). Plan for Communications of Findings The findings of the research shall be communicated by the use of a written project presentation. The presentation shall be done according to academic standards accepted for the academic level of the researcher. References Brillhart Bright, Types of Urinary Management Systems, Part II. March 15, 2012 Cravens, Daniel, Zweig, Samuel . Urinary Catheter Management. Practical Therapeutics. New York: American Academy of Family Physicians, 2000. Garbutt, Robert B., Delayed versus immediate urethral catheterization following instillation of local anaesthetic gel in men: A randomized, controlled clinical trial. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 20: 328–332. Joanna Briggs Institute, Management of short term indwelling urinary catheters to prevent urinary tract infection. Best Practice, 2000. 4(1): p. 1-6. Moy Meyers L, Wein Anderson J. Additional therapies for storage and emptying failure. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Sauders Elsevier. 2007. National Health And Medical Research Council, (NHMRC), Guidelines for the development and implementation of clinical practice guidelines. Canberra: AGPS.1995. RDNS Research Unit, Promoting evidence-based nursing practice in continence management. The Pursuit of Excellent, 2001(2). Selius Barnes A and Subedi Richmonds. Urinary retention in adults: diagnosis and initial management. Am Fam Physician. 2008;77:643-650. Wierbicky Jones. Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2008. Wong Ernest,Hooton Thomas, Guideline for Prevention of Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections. Georgia: Centre for Disease Control. 1981. Read More