Smoking among Adolescents and Gender Differences - Essay Example

Smoking Among Adolescents and Gender Differences Introduction: “Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death. Most cigarette smokers take up thehabit during adolescence.” (Geetha et al 1998, pp.259-66). “According to the World Health Organization statistics, smoking claims 5.4 million lives each year and cigarette consumption has reached the epidemic proportions globally. Over 15 billion cigarettes are being smoked worldwide everyday. Every eight seconds, someone dies from smoking.”(Erdogan & Erdogan 2009, p.37). “Many findings suggest that new, more forceful strategies are needed to combat smoking by youngsters. More than 90 percent of adult smokers report that they started smoking as adolescents.”(Brody 2008). “A study by researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health, concludes that cigarette manufacturers have marketed brands to what is called as “vulnerable population” of adolescents by “manipulating sensory elements of cigarettes to promote initiation and dependence.” (Saul 2008). Prevalence of Ever Smokers among Adolescents: “Global Youth Tobacco Survey conducted in secondary schools in Philippines. The male students are twice more likely than female students to have ever smoked cigarettes (57.0% vs. 32.0%, respectively). Prevalence of ever smoking increases with the students’ year level and age.” (Results, n.d. pp.11-21). Ever-smokers Among Adolescents Correlated to Age and Sex: A study was conducted by University College London, to determine the prevalence of smoking among Chinese secondary school students. Of the 6674 respondents, 15.9% (25.7% of the boys, 5.4% of the girls) were ever smokers. Only 0.3% was regular smokers. Of the ever smokers, 41.9% had smoked before 10 years of age and 7.9% before 5 years of age.” (Hesketh, Ding & Tomkins 2001, pp.1653-5). “Global Youth Tobacco Survey conducted in Philippines, which was a secondary school, based survey. Among those who have ever smoked, 13% reported to have first tried cigarette smoking before age 10 years, with female students more likely to have first tried than male students (15.4% vs. 11.0%, respectively). A greater proportion of younger students, age less than 12 years (30%) and those in lowest year level (15.3%), have reported to have first tried smoking before age 10 years.” (Results, n.d. p.1). In a study performed in male secondary schools in Saudi Arabia, between the ages of fourteen years to nineteen years;” Out of 289 school adolescents, 50 reported that they had ever smoked. Regular smokers (daily and weekly?) (this taken as such from journal) constituted 84% of all smokers (giving 14.5% prevalence); three were experimental smokers.” (Abolfotouch et al 1997, pp.90-100). Ever-smokers among Adolescents and Association with Level of Classes 7 to 12:  “In a study to estimate the level of classes associated to smoking school-age adolescents in Kafue, Zambia. Compared to boys in Grade 9, boys in Grade 8 were 43% less likely to have been smokers. Compared to girls in Grade 9, girls in Grade 7 were 94% more likely to have been smokers.” (Siziya, Rudatsikira & Muula 2007, pp.75-78). “The Global tobacco youth survey conducted in Georgia put forward that among all students of grade 7, 8 and 9, 43.9% have ever smoked cigarettes. Boys are significantly more likely than girls to have ever smoked (55.5% versus 32.7%).” (Results, 2002, p.3). “A study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of smoking among high school students in Aleppo-Syria and to characterize the smoking habit in this age group of 10th, 11th and 12th graders. The prevalence of daily smoking was 2.4% for males and 0.5% for females. Smoking increased with age and grade. Forty seven percent of male daily smokers were heavy smokers.” (Maziak & Mzayek 2000, pp.1669-76). Ever-smokers among Adolescents and Association with School Performance:  “Data presented below from the 2009 National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey (YRBS) show a negative association between tobacco use and academic achievement after controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, and grade level. This means that students with higher grades are less likely to engage in tobacco use behaviours than their classmates with lower grades, and students who do not engage in tobacco use behaviours receive higher grades than their classmates who do engage in tobacco use behaviours.” (Tobacco use and academic achievement, n.d. p.1). “A cross-sectional study was carried out in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Wherein, from 460 male students aged 15 - 16 years were randomly selected from six secondary schools. The study showed the prevalence of low academic achievement is higher among smokers compared to non-smokers. 2.3% of the smokers had low level academic performance compared to 56.4% non smokers.” (Shamsuddin & Abdul Haris 2000, pp.167-171). Ever-smokers among Adolescents and Association with Daily Pocket Money:  “In a study to estimate the prevalence of cigarette smoking and associated factors among school-age adolescents in Kafue, Zambia. Boys who received pocket money were 2.30 times more likely to have been smokers compared with those who did not receive pocket money. Girls who received pocket money were 2.41 times more likely to have been smokers compared with girls who did not receive pocket money.” (Siziya, Rudatsikira & Muula 2007, pp.75-78). “In a research conducted to examine the smoking habits among male secondary school students in Al-Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It was found that the more pocket money received by the students, the higher was the prevalence of smoking.” (Al-Damegh et al 2004, pp.215-9). “Global Youth Tobacco Survey was conducted to identify factors associated with smoking among adolescents in Greece. Compared to boys who reported having seven Euro or less per week, those who had 32 Euro or more were more than six times likely to smoke. For girls, those who had more than 32 Euro per week were 10 times more likely to smoke than those who had seven Euro or less.” (Rachiotis 2008). Ever-smoker Adolescents; Related to Smoking Parents and Smoking Friends: The Alkhari research study put forward the fact that; family smoking (58%) and friends interested in smoking (32%) were the two main driving factors that lead to the habit of smoking (Al-Yousaf & Karim 2001). The data analysis of the research study at Riyadh secondary male schools showed that, students from a background where none of the elder members of the family smoked had the least chances to give into smoking. The chances elevated with an elder sibling’s habit of smoking and the chances touched the highest risk when the father was into smoking (Jarallah et al 1996, pp.26-29). In a research study conducted on male medical students at the College of Medicine, King Saudi University it was reported that “the common reason given for the smoking behaviour was the influence of friends.” (Turki Ya 2006, pp.700-3). Ever-smokers among Adolescents and Association with Those Who were Exposed to Smoking at Home and in Public Places: “In a cross-sectional study conducted by University of Nottingham, Division of Respiratory Medicines, showed that prevalence of ever smoking in tutor groups, based on personal retrospective recall of age at starting smoking, was an important determinant of incident ever smoking in the first year of high school. Students in classes 7-11 (aged 11-16 years) were used in the research.” (Molyneux 2004). Gender Differences in Current Cigarette Smokers According to Prevalence: “The prevalence of current smoking in Saudi Arabia ranges from 2.4-52.3% (median = 17.5%). Among school students, the prevalence of current smoking ranges from 12-29.8% (median = 16.5%), among university students from 2.4-37% (median = 13.5%), and among adults from 11.6-52.3% (median = 22.6%). In elderly people, the prevalence of current smoking is 25%. The prevalence of smoking in males ranges from 13-38% (median = 26.5%), while in females it ranges from 1-16% (median = 9%). To conclude, smoking is prevalent in the Saudi population at different age groups”. (Bassiony, M.M., 2009). A study was conducted in 1993 to evaluate the smoking habits in adolescent students based on gender differences, in the Secondary Health Institutes in Riyadh. The study analyzed that “Males smoked about twice the females in terms of prevalence (24% and 14%) and intensity (14 and 6 cigarettes per day). The majority of smokers for both sexes started the habit at or before the age of 16.” (Saeed et al 1993). In related studies, it is proved that adolescent girls and women in Saudi Arabia are increasingly taking up the habit of smoking, which can lead to many health related problems “Globally, 29% of persons aged 15 years or older were regular smokers.(reference needed)-Please see the starting and ending of inverted commas-it is referred after the second sentence). Males accounted for four fifths of all smokers, and prevalence among males and females was highest among those aged 30 to 49 years.” (Prabhat Jha et al 2002). A study conducted by King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia among male and female smokers.” The effects of sheesha or cigarette smoking on pulmonary function values were examined in 441 and 154 male and female smokers respectively. It is concluded that sheesha smoking as well as cigarette smoking, will produce similar harmful effects on the function of ventilator capacity of both male and female subjects and increase the risk of developing obstructive airway disease, with Shisha smokers being at a greater risk.” (Al- Fayez et al 1988, pp.115-23). In the study conducted at College of Applied Sciences, Saudi Arabian University the results showed that “Out of 647 respondents, 186 (29%) were current smokers. Of those that indicated that they were currently smokers, 127 (20%) were male and 59 (9%) were female. The 20-24 year old age group exhibited the highest prevalence of smoking.” (Hasim 2000, pp.76-80). “In a cross-sectional study conducted determined the spread of tobacco epidemic among 1050 female university students in Jeddah, in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia. Among respondents (95.5% response rate), 11% were current smokers. Among the smokers, 5% were cigarettes smokers, 8.7% were users of the water pipe (i.e. Museal, Shisha) and other tobacco products and 2.7% were smokers of both cigarettes and other tobacco products.” (Merdad et al 2009, pp.366-69). Gender Differences in Current Cigarette Smokers According to Access to Tobacco: “In regard to access to tobacco, Global Youth Tobacco Survey conducted in Philippines in secondary schools revealed that 16.8% of the current male smokers brought cigarettes in store compared to 5.4% of current female smokers.” (Results, n.d. pp. 11-21). “A cross-sectional survey was performed among high school students in Aleppo-Syria. The study revealed that Forty percent of male smokers buy their cigarettes, while 56.6% of female smokers obtain their cigarettes from home.” (Maziak & Mzayek 2000, pp.1669-76). “In Chile Global Youth Tobacco Survey, it was reported that 35.8% of adolescent female smokers bought cigarettes in newsstands, stores or supermarket in comparison to 29% adolescent boys who bought cigarette from same places as above.86.8% females smokers agreed that it is possible to buy loose cigarettes in their area or neighbourhood while 84.6% of male smokers agreed to the same fact.” (Results, n.d.) Gender Differences in Current Cigarette Smokers According to the Knowledge Level and Attitude: “The main advantage of smoking for males was calming down, while for females it was independence. The reasons smokers gave for starting smoking were pleasure, followed by stress and curiosity and reasons why they did not want to quit included social attitudes, addiction, and not knowing how to quit.”(Haddad & Z Malak 2002, pp.793-802).. “In the Kurdistan-Iraq Global Youth Tobacco Survey. 58.1% and 41.9% were boys and girls respectively. One of the factors associated with adolescent smoking was the perception that boys or girls who smoked were attractive.” (Siziya et al 2007). “Women were less likely than men to perceive the health benefits of quitting and expressed more concern about weight gain and job pressures related to quitting. Yet compared to men, women appeared to rely on informal sources of support, such as encouragement from co-workers.” (Sorensen & Pechacek 1986). In a study conducted in King Saudi University, “even though students of the Abha branch of King Saudi University have a sound knowledge of the harmful effects of smoking, and a generally favourable attitude towards public measures against the habit, smoking still constitutes a sizeable problem among them, possibly due to the addictive effect of nicotine, peer pressure, negative, parental attitudes and other factors.” (Abolfotouch et al 1998, p.216). Gender Differences in Current Cigarette Smokers Related to Advertisements: “Women have also been extensively targeted in tobacco marketing. Such marketing is dominated by themes of an association between social desirability, independence, weight control and smoking messages conveyed through advertisements featuring slim, attractive, and athletic models.” (Facts about tobacco advertising: How to tobacco companies market their products to women? 2009). In the case of men, “images such as the Marlboro Man equate smoking with a macho ruggedness that is appealing to men and boys. This theme mirrors the pressures many boys face to be “tough”. Boys may believe that smoking will give them the aura of coolness they are searching for.” (Carney, S., 2007). “In a study to estimate the prevalence of cigarette smoking and associated factors among school-age adolescents in Kafue, Zambia. Boys who had something like a t-shirt or a pen with a cigarette brand logo on it were 47% more likely to have been smokers compared with those who had no such things. Compared with boys who had not seen antismoking? messages at social gatherings, boys who had seen such messages at social gatherings were 34% more likely to have been smokers. Girls who had seen advertisements for cigarettes at social gatherings were 52% more likely to have been smokers compared with girls who had not seen such advertisements at social gatherings.” (Siziya Rudatsikira & Muula 2007, pp.75-78). “A cross-sectional survey was carried out to determine the cigarette smoking habits among adolescents in a rural setting in northeast Nigeria involving 125 adolescents’ ages 12 to 17 years. Of 89 males 32 (36%) and of 36 females nine (25%) were current light smokers. The data revealed that 18.7% of males and 22.2% of females were influenced by advertisements.” (Salawu et al 2010). “In U.S there was a considerable difference in the brands preferred by boys and girls based on advertisements. Marlboro is preferred by 50 percent of middle school girls and 54 percent of high-school girls, while the brand is preferred by 38 percent of middle-school boys and 50 percent of high-school boys. Camels were smoked by 12 percent of middle-school boys, compared with 4 percent of girls.” (Reinber 2009). Gender Differences in Current Cigarette Smokers Related to Environmental Tobacco Smoke: “The Dominica Global Youth Tobacco Survey had a total of 858 or 51.5% of the respondents as female students while 697 or 48.5% were male. The ages of participating students ranged from 11 to 17 years and current cigarette smokers were significantly high, 13.7% for males and 11.4% for females. In regard to the Environmental Tobacco smoke (ETS) 48.1% of both female and male current smokers were exposed to smoke from others in the home.84.6% of current male smokers were exposed to smoke from others in public place compared to 71.1% of females.” (Results: Background Characteristics of Respondents, n.d. p.2). “In a UAE-Global Youth Tobacco Survey school-based cross sectional survey, 4178 students in one-hundred schools completed the questionnaires and were eligible for data analysis.51.3% were males and rest females.14.3% of males were cigarette smokers compared to 2.9% females. In the case of male current smokers 61.7% were exposed to smoke at home, 70.4% were exposed to smoke from other public places. In relation to females 68.9% were exposed to smoke at home, 62% were exposed to smoke from other public places.” (Dr. Fikri & Abi Saab 2002, pp.1-32). Gender Differences in Current Cigarette Smokers Related to Smoking Place: “In relation to place of smoke, Global Youth Tobacco Survey conducted in Philippines in secondary schools revealed that; Males current smokers usually smoked in places like home (14%), at school(10.4%) and the highest percentage was recoded to smoke in friends place(26.6%). Females current smokers gave home and friends place as the best place for smoking 26.9% and 30.4% respectively and smoking in school was preferred only by 6.7% female current smokers.” (Results, n.d. p.1-21). In a study performed among male students in King Faisal University in Dammam, the result revealed that “Cafιs or restaurants were the favourite places for shisha smoking for the majority of students.” (Taha et al 2010, pp.222-226). “There are insufficient studies on smoking among women in Saudi Arabia. It has been noted that there are growing numbers of people, including women, who smoke water pipes (shisha) and an increasing number of cafés serving shisha.” (Al-Turki et al 2010). “In Chile Global Youth Tobacco Survey, 6204 questionnaires were completed in 206 schools and there was an appropriate gender proportion with a 49.8% of male and 50.2% of female.30.6% of the male smokers smoked at public areas compared to 29.6% of female smokers. The next preferable place for both female and male smokers was friends house with 19.4% and 11.2% respectively. Very few among male (4.1%) and females(5.5%), preferred school as a place for smoking. Both genders have the least preference to social meeting as smoking place.” (Results, n.d. p.7-43). Gender Differences in Current Cigarette Smokers According to Cessation of Smoking:  “In a study conducted by the Division of Preventive and Behavioural Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Reports indicate that women are less successful than men in their attempts to quit smoking. Sex differences in attitudes toward smoking cessation were examined cross-sectionally in a sample of 447 smokers. No sex differences were found in the percentage of smokers who had tried to quit at least once in the past; indeed, over four of five respondents reported prior attempts to quit. Yet compared to women, men were more interested in quitting. No significant sex differences were found in prior use of formal cessation services.” (Sorensen & Pechacek 1986). “The Chile Global Youth Tobacco Survey reported that 28.5% of male and 36.45 of female smokers believed that they would be able to stop smoking if they wanted.” (Results, n.d. p.7-43). Gender Differences in Current Cigarette Smokers According to a Study on Tobacco in School among Adolescents in the age 12-19 years: “The Global tobacco youth survey conducted in Georgia disclosed that among the current smokers 10.9% of boys were taught dangers of smoking in class hours compared to 9.9% of Girls. The various effects of smoking were taught to 10.4% of smoking males and 10.2% of smoking females in class.” (Results, 2002, pp.4-14). “The Global youth tobacco survey conducted at Egypt projected that in a total of 3792 students, 20 % of students were current smokers.48.4% of males and 43.5% of females were taught dangers of smoking in school. 37.2% of males and 31.8% of females discussed "reasons why people of their age smoke start smoking" in the class.” (Results, 2001, pp.15-21). Conclusion: “Comparisons between developing and developed countries showed equal numbers of deaths due to tobacco but the burden of disease associated with smoking was much higher in developing countries. This is explained by the fact that smoking related deaths occur at younger ages in developing countries, accounting for a larger loss of life from premature mortality in developing countries relative to developed countries.” (Tobacco use introduction, 2008). “Saudi adolescents have a higher rate of cigarette smoking than those in industrialized countries.” (Abolfotouch et al 1997, pp.90-100). “The best known risk factor for the development of COPD is tobacco smoking. While smoking rates in women have largely stabilized in developed countries, the rates are continuing to climb in developing countries.” (Varkey 2004). “There is a high prevalence of smoking in Saudi community. Smokers begin smoking at a young age, and this occurs despite the awareness of the general public about the ill effects of smoking. There is an urgent need for public health efforts to decrease the rate of cigarette smoking and for regulation of tobacco companies marketing their products to minor.” (Siddiqui 2001, p.369). “In the U.S, Rigorous enforcement of laws on tobacco sales, including the use of people posing as underage buyers, has significantly reduced the smoking rate among teenagers. Writing in BMC Public Health, researchers say the odds of 10th graders’ becoming regular smokers has declined by 20.8 percent since the federal government began requiring states to enforce bans on cigarette sales to minors.” (Nagourney, E., 2009). Reference List Abolfotouch, M.A., et al., 1997. Smoking intervention programme for male secondary-school students in south-western Saudi Arabia. [Online] Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 3(1), pp.90-100. 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