Task:Annotated bibliography of design-based research - Essay Example

On the other hand, cognitive approach can be more valuable if mixed with a little affective approach such as a constant interaction with the students. Gilligan, S.G. & Bower, G.H. (1984). Cognitive Consequences of Emotional Arousal. In Alkhalifa E.M. (Eds) Effects of the Cognitive Level of Thoughts on Learning Complex Material. Educational Technology and Society , 8(2):40 - 53. Retrieved September 25, 2007, from http://www.ifets.info/journals/8_2/4.pdf Gordon H. Bower is a cognitive psychologist who studies the human memory, language comprehension, emotion, and behaviour modification.

Similar to Gilligan, Bower has written a lot of articles and books related to cognitive in learning. Based on a survey study, Bower ranks 15th among the most frequently cited psychology textbooks. (Haggbloom, 2002) The authors stated that “recall is best when the mood of the student at recall matches that at the time of learning.” It means that when a student is not in the mood to learn, chances of recalling the information being taught to them will not stay either in their short-term memory or long-term memory.

This statement is clearly evident in the past several experiments conducted by the authors concluding that a good memory is highly dependent on how inputs were received by the learners. (Bower & Gilligan, 1979) Since pleasant events are better remembered than the unpleasant ones, it is learning environment should be free from any object(s), material(s) or event(s) that could trigger negative emotions such as anger, depression, and anxiety. Atkinson, R.C., & Shiffrin, R.M. (1968). Human Memory: A Proposed System and Its Control Process.

In Spence K.W. and Spence J.T. (Eds.) The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 2). London: Academic Press. pp. 89 – 195. Richard C. Atkinson, a professor of psychology at Stanford, had enormous experience in dealing with memory and cognition. His theory