A Concise Introduction to Logic - Book Report/Review Example

Critical Reading Deduction This passage brings to light the basic characteristics of deduction. The passage explains, through various examples, the multiple manifestations of deductions. One of the important qualities of deduction as explained in this passage is that it involves making conclusions that are systematic to the positions of the premises. From this perspective, the passage illustrates that deductive reasoning does not necessarily involve the element of truth. It is summed up basically by the question of validity or invalidity of the argument. The passage provides resourceful insight into the character and aspects of syllogism and contradictions as they may play out in the rules of deduction. Further, this passage explores the meaning of induction as a way of expanding an argument by synthesizing new arguments and positions from the available positions. Structural similarities and differences between induction and deduction are explored in ways that give meaning to some of their basic qualities. Claim The passage provides some explanation about the place of a claim or thesis within the body of the argument. The centrality of a claim is paramount in the process of developing an argument towards a logical conclusion. It is important to establish a claim early in the argument in order to achieve the requisite level of consistency in the process of the argument. The merit of any argument is assessed from the manner in which the premises and other elements contribute to the validation of the substance of the claim. Grounds According to this passage, one of important features of evidence is the grounds. In general terms, grounds of an argument imply the facts, or evidence on which the argument is anchored. This passage establishes differences between the type of grounds of a deductive argument and one of an inductive argument. The grounds of an argument usually form the basis of determining the merit and substance of the argument. Premises and evidence are the grounds upon which deductive arguments and inductive arguments are based respectively. Backing All arguments require sufficient backing for them to hold. This passage makes the point that appropriate backing is required in order to reinforce the positions adopted by the argument. Backing usually involves the use of side arguments that are necessary for providing additional anchorage to the ideals developed by the study. It is therefore important to establish the different positions that relate to an argument, and which could be used to supply more strength to the argument. The necessity of backing in an argument is derived from the awareness of multiple possibilities within any particular field of study, or any issue that may require a logical analysis of facts (Hurley 114). Rebuttals Rebuttals are counterarguments that challenge the central concerns upheld by any given argument. Naturally, nearly all arguments must have their corresponding rebuttal argument. The strength of an argument is usually tested by the rebuttal argument. Arguments must compete with the claims provided by the rebuttal so that their real merits are supplied in a comparative analysis between the two. Applying rebuttals to different situations and arguments strengthens the value and quality of an argument. It allows the people involved in an argument to explore the vast nature of information and evidence that might provide alternative materials for the argument. In this sense, it becomes necessary to develop a habit of obtaining rebuttal arguments in order to enrich the quality of any argument. This strategy widens the perspective of the argument by supplying more information and filling the gaps that could be left within any given argument. Rebuttals are also important in clarifying on inconsistencies about arguments. Persuasion, Argument Dispute This passage distinguishes between the basic qualities of persuasion, argument, and dispute. The argument is built on various issues that relate to the differences in the forms of arguments. According to the terms supplied in these explanations, persuasion involves the use of appeal to win over support in an argument. Persuasion may involve various rhetorical strategies that are directed towards the sensibilities or emotions of the listener or audience. This passage identifies an argument as claims that are largely based on reason. The word “logos” as employed in the Greek concept of rhetoric is used variously to capture the essence of the argument. It is necessary to distinguish between the various issues that relate to the differences between persuasion and argument. At the heart of these differences is the disparity in the use of reason and logical facts to build the strength of an argument. Dispute, on the other hand, is explained as the contest between two arguments that are technically and logically at odds. Reason and Rationalization The passage explores on the differences between reason and rationalization. Reason is the technical act of engaging in a logical process based on evidence in an inductive or deductive manner. It is the pure application of the laws of logic towards a definite conclusion. On the other hand, rationalization involves a flexible adoption of multiple processes to suit into a particular context or situation. As such, rationalization is explained as a process of applying reason in multiple ways in order to find balance in the arguments. Rationalism is the practice of reason. It involves the application of reason in situations and processes that are confounding and which entail the application of multiple strategies. Some procedures in Argument The author brings out various details that are usually included within an argument. One of the important factors that determine the value and merit of an argument is the element of definition. Definition basically involves the introduction of certain ideas that are necessary for the sustenance of the argument. In order to determine the qualities of an argument, the author examines the place of definition by synonym and definition by example as some of the key determinants of the substance of an argument. Stipulation and mention of essence are also included in the wider context of the understanding the essence of an argument. However, one of the most resourceful lessons provided by the author is the relationship between premises and syllogism. Exploring these factors in light of the soundness or unsoundness of an argument is important in the context of an argument. The study of syllogism is important in providing strategies of engaging in multiple forms of argument. It helps in the developing of inferences that are drawn out of reasoned processes, which seek to link methods and solution. Knowledge on the formulation of premises is important in cutting into the substance of complex arguments that require a systematic analysis of supporting factors in order to move systematically to a most appropriate solution. Works Cited Hurley, Patrick, J. A Concise Introduction to Logic. London: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. Read More