The Perceptions and Experiences of Diabetes-Related Stigma - Essay Example

THE IMPACT OF DIABETES: STUDENT NAME & 1D: QUESTION 1: Methods of data collection used to explore the perceptions and experiences of diabetes-related stigma. Interviewing of the affected individuals was carried out. A sample was taken for testing to identify those with T1DM and those with T2DM. Audio recording was made to the research team for analysis. A questioner was given out by to be filed by those who were able to communicate and write in English. Analysis from previous research was taken to select people from the Australian state of Victoria, who are 18 years and above. QUESTION 2: Types of qualitative study design employed in the study. Transcription and analysis: the data was Transcripted using a transcription service for recording audios verbatim. The transcript was checked against records for accuracy verification then imported into NVivo for data analysis. Data was analyzed by mean of inductive thematic analysis to develop an initial code framework then plotted on three independent interviews. The research team then viewed the draft for data analysis. Interviews: a semi-structured schedule of the interview was conducted basing on the previous research with people having T2DM. It was done in such a manner that the affected individual could not feel stigmatized will delivering information. Participants and recruitment: this was done by recruiting adults of above 18 years, understand English and living in the Australian state of Victoria. QUESTION 3: Analysis process as outlined in transcription and analysis.  The data was analyzed using inductive thematic analysis for accuracy detection.  The collected data was analyzed by a team of the research group.  JLB and AV analyzed the code to ensure code agreement.  Intercoder agreement was analyzed separately to give accurate data (Metcalf and Metcalf, 2008). QUESTION 4: The themes that the given statements most appropriately fit i. Evidence of diabetes-related stigma (negative social judgment and stereotyping). ii. Consequences of stigma (Impact on romantic relationships). iii. Sources of stigma (Non-disclosure). iv. Sources of stigma (Role of media) (Stigma and Patterson, 2014). QUESTION 5: Basing on the description of sampling i. Probability sampling. ii. Simple random sampling: being a diabetes stigma, research, you cannot identify a particular person if affected with T1DM or T2DM (NHS, 2011). To conduct the research, a sample of adults above the age of 18 years was selected from the Australian state of Victoria. The sample was the tested to provide a solution to how to reduce stigmatization among the affected individuals. The recommendations were after that found (NHS, 2011). QUESTION 6: Description of the annual incidence of diabetes. According to World Health Organization report, the diagnostic criteria for diabetes, those are; impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) bases on the value of the plasma glucose concentration in the veins (NHS, 201I). People who take insulin or oral hypoglycemic were classified having diabetes. The report although did not offer a distinction between an individual having diabetes type 2 (T2DM) and that having diabetes type 1 (T1DM). QUESTION 7: Annual diabetes incidences based on baseline age. At the start of the study, the rate of diabetes incidence observed was tiny. That is, from the age brackets of 25years to 44 years; the incidence was below 0.4% per year. As the baseline age increased from the age of 45 years to 74 years, the rate of diabetes rates increased drastically. The rate in percentage per year ranged from0.4% to 1.2%. After that, from the age of 75 years onwards, the rates of diabetes in interest per year started to decline. QUESTION 8: Men area at greater risk than women of developing diabetes across a range of risk factors. Women lives for a longer period compared to men due to the fact they are less vulnerable to heart diseases. The same cases apply to both types of diabetes that is T1DM and T2DM. The risk of diabetes exposure of men is six times that of women according to the recent reports. The difference is articulated to the difference in the biological difference between woman’s bodies and man’s bodies (El Safoury and Ibrahim, 2011). QUESTION 9: Validating the fact that men are at a high risk of diabetes than women. People with the high basal metabolic rate (IBM) tend to develop diabetes type 2 at a younger age. It follows that men, at a young age, there IBM rate is very high as compared to women (Maaji, 2012).It indicates that at a comparable age, men have excellent chances to exposure to diabetes than female. QUESTION 10 i. Statement regarding confidence interval: It indicates that when the odds ratio and percentage of incidence is equal to one or less than one, the extent of risk has a lower rate. ii. Statement regarding confidence interval: It indicates that the odd ratio of eight and above has a high risk of infection (Das, 2011). iii. Statistical significance and the explanation: The risk is statistically significant. The fact is that when the odd of proportion increases, the change in the rate of diabetes also increases. For example, from the different ratio of 1.0 to that of 27.5. QUESTION 11 i. 45-54 years because the incidence lies between the range of 0.6-0.7. ii. It is statistically significant. The fact that is that the metabolic rate at this rate differs. At the age bracket of 35-44, the metabolic rate is a slightly slower while, at the age of 45-54, metabolic rate is high. It indicates that rate of exposure to diabetes mellitus is high (Managing-type2-diabetes.com, 2015). QUESTION 12 i. The quintiles: 4th quintile and 5th quintile. It is because it has a value that cannot rise to a whole number. That is 0.4 ratios. ii. Statistical significance of the quintiles: Both quintile 4 and quintile 5 are statistically significant. The fact is that it has a value that cannot rise to a whole number ratio (Metcalf and Metcalf, 2008). QUESTION 13: Learning objectives and outcomes. While investigating the outcome of particular diseases, for our case, diabetes mellitus, it is crucial to determine the incidence and prevalence. The rate will identify the causes that will help to determine the possible solutions. The rate is necessary as it contribute to identifying the particular people infected with diabetes. Most people lack the knowledge of types of diabetes or diabetes as a whole hence they tend to cause stigmatization to individual having this disease. According to the report in article A, the main objectives were several (BMJ, 2013). To assess the methods used to collect data on diabetes mellitus type 1. Besides, the consequences people that are affected with diabetes do pass. Some of the consequences include the impact on identity, emotional distress and effects on romantic relationships (Stigma and Patterson, 2014). They include blame, exclusion, discrimination, negative social judgment and stereotyping. In addition, the objective was to establish the sources of stigmatization. The primary sources include media, healthcare professionals, non-disclosure, schoolteachers, family, and friends. Bibliography National Health Service, 2011, Men 'get diabetes more easily than women' - NHS Choices, Accessed on 30 Aug. 2015 from El Safoury, O. & Ibrahim, M., 2011, A Clinical Evaluation Of Skin Tags In Relation To Obesity, Type 2 Diabetis Mellitus, Age, And Sex, Indian Journal of Dermatology, 56(4), p.393.  Das, U,2011, Molecular basis of health and disease. Dordrecht: Springer. Maaji, S., 2012, The Correlation between Vitamin D and Hba1c in Type-2 Diabetes Melitus Patients, IJSR, 3(6), pp.35-36. Farxiga.com, 2015, Type 2 Diabetes Treatment for Adults | FARXIGA® (dapagliflozin), Accessed on 30 Aug. 2015 from Metcalf, T. & Metcalf, G. ,2008, Diabetes, Detroit: Thomson/Gale. BMJ, 2013, Social disadvantage linked to diabetes through chronic inflammation, BMJ, 347(jul10 2), pp.f4368-f4368. Stigma, D. & Patterson, E. ,2014, Diabetes Stigma - NewLifeOutlook | Type 2 Diabetes, Accessed on 30 Aug. 2015 from Read More