Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria - Annotated Bibliography Example

Antimicrobial resistant bacteria Name Institutional Affiliation Antimicrobial resistant bacteria Antimicrobial resistance implies the resistance that is evidenced in microorganisms to the microbial drugs, which were initially effective in the protection and treatment of the disease that was caused by the particular microorganism. The resistance microorganisms include the bacteria, viruses, fungus, as well as parasites. These microorganisms have a resistance capability, meaning that they have the capacity to significantly withstand the attacks of the antimicrobial drugs, such as the antibacterial drugs, antimalarials, antiviral, antifungal among others. Antimicrobial resistant bacteria, on the other hand, imply the bacteria, which cannot be controlled or killed by the application of antibiotics (Bhatt, Tandel, Shete & Rathi, 2015). It in implies that these bacteria are antibiotic resistance, which implies that they can be able to exist as well as multiply even in the process of antibiotics. Various bacteria which causes infections acquire the capacity to resist at least one antibiotics. The bacteria that prove to be resistance to many antibiotics are referred to as the multi-resistance organisms. In relation to this, the present paper is set to present a comprehensive analysis of the Antimicrobial resistant bacteria. The analysis will involve selection of research question that seeks to address a specific aspect of the issue of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Then, five studies relevant to the research question about antimicrobial resistant bacteria will be selected. The studies will then be ranked according to the selected criteria, and later the studies will be appraised, by application of one of the frameworks, which is outlined in the learning resources. Research Question Construction The research question addressed in this paper is; ‘why the antimicrobial resistance bacteria have become a global concern?’. In the current past, there has been an emergence of the resistance mechanisms, which are spreading throughout the world at a significantly high rate. These resistance microorganisms, as indicated by Derde, et al., (2015), are threatening the ability of the world to treat the common infectious diseases. One of the most common of this antimicrobial resistance is the antimicrobial resistance bacteria (Holmberg, Wells & Cohen, 2009). These are bacteria, which are significantly resistant to the microbial treatment. Therefore, it is proving quite hard to treat the disease, which is caused by these bacteria. Difficulties in the disease treatment have translated to the spread of these diseases at a very high rate worldwide. The overall resultant, according to the illustration presented by Agga, Arthur, Durso, Harhay & Schmidt (2015), occurrence and increase in the rate of deaths, and the disability of many people in the world to continue with the normal course of life. Because of these deaths, these antimicrobial resistance bacteria have a direct as well as indirect effect to the economic well-being of the individual affected, their families, the nation concerned as well as the general world economic performance. All these effects, as illustrated by Aarestrup (2002), are coming because of deteriorated health conditions caused by the antimicrobial resistance bacteria. As a result, without having an effective and well-programmed anti-infective treatment, there is a high probability of failure of many standard medical treatments, or turning into very high risk procedures. Therefore, antimicrobial resistance bacteria have currently turned into a global concern in the current past. Because of this increased concern about antimicrobial resistance bacteria, researchers have gained a significant interest in this aspect. This has resulted in the publication of various researches addressing the issue. Five of these researches, in terms of articles, are analyzed below. Studies Relevant to the study topic In relation to the above research question, there are five comprehensive articles selected on this issue. These studies are presented in the below. Lee Teicher, C., Ronat, J., Fakhri, R. M., Basel, M., Labar, A. S., Herard, P., & Murphy, R. A. (2014). Antimicrobial Drug--Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Syrian War--Injured Patients, August 2011-March 2013. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 20(11), 1949-1951. doi:10.3201/eid2011.140835 It is an article that comprehensively discusses and presents the antimicrobial drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria study, which is isolated from the injured patients who were victims of the Syrian war. The war had taken place from August 2013 and March 2013 (Derde, et al., 2015). The objective of conducting this study was to find out the effects of the antimicrobial resistance bacteria, to the victim patients of the war (Miranda, Rojas, Garrido, Geisse & González, 2013). Further, they intended to find out the case of isolation, who were suspected with infections. In the conduction of the study, the authors involved 61 Syrian orthopedic patients, who were suspected to have been infected by the antimicrobial resistance bacteria. After the research, the authors identified that there were several antimicrobial drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria isolates. These included the Pseudomonas aeruginosin, Enterobacteriaceae as well as Acinetobacter baumannii. Furuya, E. Y., & Lowy, F. D. (2006). Antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the community setting. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 4(1), 36-45. This is an article, which comprehensively discusses the prevalence of the Antimicrobial resistant bacteria with the world community. The article indicates that over the previous decades, antimicrobial resistance has currently become one of the most critical public health crises. There are many bacteria pathogens, which have turned to be significant to the traditional antibiotics. These bacteria include Streptococcus pneumonia. These bacteria, according to the article have caused the high level of morbidity, as well as deaths of even older and previously healthy children as well as adults. The article advocates that to reduce the spread and effect of these antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, there should be a greater understanding of their emergence mean, and their survival means. Guardabassi, L., Schwarz, S., & Lloyd, D. H. (2004). Pet animals as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria Review. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 54(2), 321-332. The article proposes that the pet animals are among the most common reservoirs of the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. One of the reasons for this is the increase in the number of pet animals in modern society. However, despite their big role in the reservation and spread of the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, pets have received quite a little attention as compared to those of animals used for food. Travers, K., & Michael, B. (2002). Morbidity of infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 34(Supplement 3), S131-S134. The article suggests that there are two major effects of the infection outcomes. The first one is the occurrence of the changes that accompanies the organism's virulence. The next effect is the occurrence of poor response to the treatment, because of the choice of empiric of the antimicrobial, for which the concerned organism is resistant. These antimicrobial-resistant bacteria as raised the high level of concern in the society, as they are the major cause of the prolonged and severe illness in the society, which has resulted in death. D'Agata, E. M., Dupont-Rouzeyrol, M., Magal, P., Olivier, D., & Ruan, S. (2008). The impact of different antibiotic regimens on the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. The present articles indicates the current rate of emergence and increasing the spread of the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria has become a major threat to the world public health. The article clarifies that the diseases that are caused by the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria results to the significantly higher rate of mortality and morbidity, as compared to those which are caused by the antimicrobial susceptible bacteria. Tracing of the high rate of growth of these antimicrobial susceptible bacteria is quite complicated. The reason for this is that it has quite a complex emergence and spread, and, therefore, requires incorporation of various interrelated factors, which cannot be adequately addressed by the clinical studies. Ranking of the Studies The above studies have been ranked below based on FORM (Hillier, et al., 2011). This methodology of analyzing and ranking the studies related to the public health proposes that the clinical guidance is significant elements to the evidence-based practices. This is in consideration to the fact that the complicated body of knowledge can be quite problematic for the developers of the guidelines Fernández (Fuentes, et al., 2013). Therefore, the FORM proposes an assessment and ranking methodology, which incorporates five ranking components. These components include the evidence-based, consistency, applicability, generalisability as well as the clinical impact (Guo, He, Wang, Wei, Yang, Du & He, 2015). Under the brief explanation of these components, evidence-based is considered in terms of the identified quality and quantity of the studies, concerning their identified literature review and the concerned clinical question. Consistency on the other hand is concerned about how the findings are consistent in the concerned studies, with particular emphasis on the study designs and the study populations (Græsbøll, Nielsen, Toft & Christiansen, 2014). The third component is the clinical impact, which is assessed based on the how relevant the evidence, to the clinical question, as well as its clinical importance in terms of size and precision. Generalisability assesses how the presented body of knowledge comprehensively answers the clinical question. Lastly is the applicability, which assesses how applicable id the evidence presented to the body of knowledge. Based on the five assessment and grading components, the above five sources has been graded. Their grading is presented below, according to the first rank up to the last one. 1. Antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the community setting It is considered the first one, based on the FORM for several reasons. The first one is that based on the evidence base, the article is well presented in terms of its quality and quality, in terms of conduct, design, and reporting. In terms of consistency, the authors have managed to present a consistent work, in terms of the heterogeneity. Further, the article as a significant clinical impact, which is achieved by highlighting the major effects of Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Further, the generalisability is good since it has comprehensively addressed the reason as to why Antimicrobial resistant bacteria have become a global concern. Therefore, it is also quite applicable to the health care system. 2. The impact of different antibiotic regimens on the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. It is considered in the second rank, under the assessment of the components presented in the FORM. The components of consistency and evidence base are presented effectively based o how the background and content of the work are presented. The article indicates that the emergence and spread of the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is a significant threat in the public health sector in the world. The findings and conclusions of the work are comprehensively presented, in relation to the problem statement. Therefore, the clinical impact, generalisability, and applicability components are significantly represented. 3. Morbidity of infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria The source as made the significant effort in the evidence base and consistency, under the assessment of the quality and quantity of work, presented. It is also related to the research question by there are two effects of the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, which increases the level of morbidity in the society. Therefore, the evidence presented is quite applicable in the health care system. 4. Pet animals as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria Review. The analysis of the above source proves that though it has made the significant effort in the coverage of the five FORM ranking components, it has not effectively addressed all them. Concerning the evidence base component, clinical impact, and applicability, the article has comprehensively addressed them by mentioning that antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is increasing at a high rate in the society. It, therefore, needs to be urgently addressed. However, its consistency is quite in question since it addresses various factors. 5. Antimicrobial Drug--Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Syrian War--Injured Patients, August 2011-March 2013 It is considered the last source among the five, according to the FORM ranking criteria since it has failed to address various issues in relation to the research questions. Its applicability and generalisability are quite significant because it considers the fact that antimicrobial-resistant bacteria has a significant negative in the society. However, it has low consistency as it deviates to address different issues such as drug resistance bacteria under isolation. Appraisal of the resources using the outlined framework in the learning resources As indicated by Akiba et al., (2015), the appraisal of any nursing work is very significant to determine the authenticity and reliability of the work. In the appraisal of the five resources above, the CASP checklist has been applied. According to the checklist, there are the several broad issue that needs to be addressed. These include consideration of whether the results are valid, which and how are these results, and the helpfulness and the applicability of these results. In consideration to the Antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the community setting, the article was quite comprehensively presented. Under the appraisal of this study, it is clearly identifiable that it can cover several aspects related to the research question. It defines the general impact of the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, which includes increased morbidity (Vanhems, Lepape, Savey, Jambou & Fabry, 2000).. Therefore, its CPR has been clearly defined, and the population from where the population has been defined included an appropriate patients spectrum. Further, there was a validation of the different groups of the patients. Under the consideration of the impact of different antibiotic regimens on the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, the source was quite suitable in relation to the research question addressing why antimicrobial-resistant bacteria have become a global interest. The article covers the view that these antibiotics are major causes of death for young children, as well as adults. The article also recognizes that there are unless there is effective definition and understanding of these antimicrobial-resistant bacteria its negative could be much damaging in the near future. Morbidity of infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, on the other hand, was quite comprehensively analyzed, particularly with regard to the effects of the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria to the society. These include the high level of mobility resulting from the bacteria. The article suggests that there are two major effects of the infection outcomes. The first one is the occurrence of the changes, which accompanies the organisms’ virulence (Noskin, 2008). The next effect is the occurrence of poor response to the treatment, because of the choice of empiric of the antimicrobial, for which the concerned organism is resistant. However, there was quite a significant possibility of bias because of several reasons. One of such reasons is that there were predictor variables, and the outcome evaluation did not comprehensively cover the sample, which was selected initially. However, it is significant to note that the statistical methods applied and selected in the article in the construction and validation of the applied concept was clearly defined. Further, under the appraisal of Pet animals as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria Review the article pays much of its attention to the preservation and spread of the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. In indicates that pet animals are among the most common reservoirs of these bacteria. However, little attention is paid to this fact. It is also presented in a form that the performance of its proposition can be verified, and calculated. Despite the fact that it deviates significantly from the research question, it precisely states the treatment effect. In conclusion, the present analysis has adopted two quality studies. These studies are the Antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the community setting and the impact of different antibiotic regimens on the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. The reason is that they have been raked the firs and the second by the FORM (Hillier, et al., 2011), where they effectively meet the five ranking elements. These studies also provide effective findings, whose implementation can solve the global problem of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. To reduce this gap, research need to be conducted on how to reduce these antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, and how they are transmitted. The health care system should stop relying on the traditional antibiotics. Rather, they should invest significantly in the research and development, in order to solve the problem of morbidity and mortality resulting from these antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. References Agga, G. E., Arthur, T. M., Durso, L. M., Harhay, D. M., & Schmidt, J. W. (2015). Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacterial Populations and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Obtained from Environments Impacted by Livestock and Municipal Waste. Plos ONE, 10(7), 1-19. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132586 Akiba, M., Senba, H., Otagiri, H., Prabhasankar, V. P., Taniyasu, S., Yamashita, N., & ... Guruge, K. S. (2015). Impact of wastewater from different sources on the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in sewage treatment plants in South India. Ecotoxicology And Environmental Safety, 115203-208. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.02.018 Aarestrup, F. M. (2002). Association between the consumption of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry and the occurrence of resistant bacteria among food animals. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 12(4), 279-285. Bhatt, P., Tandel, K., Shete, V., & Rathi, K. (2015). Original article: Burden of extensively drug- resistant and pandrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria at a tertiary-care centre. New Microbes And New Infections, doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2015.01.003 Derde, L. G., Cooper, B. S., Goossens, H., Malhotra-Kumar, S., Willems, R. L., Gniadkowski, M., & ... Bonten, M. M. (2014). Articles: Interventions to reduce colonisation and transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in intensive care units: an interrupted time series study and cluster randomised trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 1431-39. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70295-0 D'Agata, E. 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Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 78(Emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria: Important role of macromolecules and drug delivery systems), 3-13. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2014.08.003 Travers, K., & Michael, B. (2002). Morbidity of infections caused by antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 34(Supplement 3), S131-S134. Vanhems, P., Lepape, A., Savey, A., Jambou, P., & Fabry, J. (2000). Nosocomial pulmonary infection by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria of patients hospitalized in intensive care units: risk factors and survival. Journal of hospital infection, 45(2), 98-106. Read More