History of Mathematics: the Fibonacci Sequence - Essay Example

Furthermore, the sequence may be applied to phyllotaxy or growth patterns of plant leaves as they spiral up the stem or trunk. With the sequence, the plant may not have to be stripped to determine the age or rings of the trunk ("Wikipedia").2. What is the "Dark Ages" Why were they called the Dark AgesThe Dark Ages refers to the period in the Middle Ages to the first few centuries after the fall of Rome when knowledge including those pertaining to mathematics is said to deteriorate. This is evidenced by the textbooks used by Church schools in the Middle Ages were based on the primitive works of Cassiodorus and Isidore of Seville and featured limited coverage of arithmetic of Boethius.

The only use of mathematics identified was for ecclesiastical calendars and growth in mathematical knowledge is limited to the representation of number by means of the fingers. (Boyer & Merzbach 249)This period is dubbed as the Dark Ages to reflect the loss of enlightenment provided by classical learning and prevalence of ignorance and barbarism (Hirsch, Kett & Trefil). Hence, there was a prevailing gloom in the scholastic world.3. Who is Leonardo da Vinci Discuss some of his accomplishments?

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) is a renowned artist and engineer during the Renaissance period. Given his achievements, Da Vinci is depicted as the typical well-rounded Renaissance man. Apart from his famous paintings, Da Vinci is also best known for his application of mathematics to science and theory of perspective (Boyer & Merzbach 280). In addition, he is credited with the engineering of canal docks, cathedrals, and engines of war (Hirsch, Kett & Trefil).4. What is cartography Who is given credit for creating one of the earliest maps of the old world Discuss the evolution of cartography?

Cartography deals with map making that require advanced skills, such as the representation of certain geographic phenomena, and the ability to visualize the world in an abstract and scaled form ("Wikipedia"). Peter Apian is said to have published the earliest map of the Old World and New World in 1520 (Boyer & Merzbach 299).The achievements in the field of cartography in ancient times are attributed to Claudius Ptolemy. The application of astronomy and mathematics for creating a world map is credited to him.

He revolutionized the depiction of the spherical earth on the map using the perspective projection. The format of Ptolemy's atlas and maps are considered the prototypes of modern map making ("Wikipedia").Although Ptolemy has made substantial contributions in cartography, his domination was ended by Flemish cartographer Gerard Mercator. Initially, Mercator was immensely dependent on Ptolemaic cartographic principles. However, by 1554, he established his own theories and practices and introduced the Mercator projection which became a fundamental concept in cartography ever since.

The theoretical basis of Mercator projection was derived with the assistance of Edward Wright. (Boyer & Merzbach 300)To date, rapid advances in technology continue to hone cartography as evolving techniques are applied to meet the demands of current users and makers of maps. Particularly, advances in electronic technology have paved the way for a new revolution in cartography. Computer hardware and software have significantly enhanced cartographic techniques. ("Wikipedia")