Business in South Africa - Coursework Example

? Business in South Africa June 16, Table of Content: Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………… 2 Executive Summary………………………………………………………………………. 3 Module 1 - Identifying Global Business Opportunities…………………………………... 4 Module 2 - Analyzing International Competitors…………………………………............ 8 Module 3 - Assessing the Economic/Geographic Environment………………………….. 9 Module 4 - Assessing the Social- Cultural Environment…………………………………. 10 Module 5 - Assessing the Political Legal Environment…………………………………... 13 Module 6 - Selecting a Global Company Structure…………………………………......... 15 Module 7 - Financing Sources for Global Business Operations………………………….. 19 Module 8 - Creating a Global MIS (Management Information System) ………………… 19 Module 9 - Identifying Human Resources for Global Business Activities………………. Module 10 - Managing International Financial and Business Risks……………………... Module 11 - Product Target Market Planning for Foreign Markets……………………… Module 12 - Designing a Global Distribution Strategy…………………………………... Module 13 - Planning a Global Promotion Strategy…………………………………........ Module 14 - Selecting an International Pricing Strategy…………………………………. Module 5 - Determining Organizational Financial Results………………………………. Module 16 - Measuring International Business Success………………………………….. Conclusion…………………………………...…………………………………................. Bibliography…………………………………...………………………………….............. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The current paper discusses various political, economic, socio-cultural and technological conditions that have an impact on Google’s international strategy, particularly in maintaining its spot as a well-known search engine service provider all over the globe, while endeavoring to penetrate the booming South African e-commerce market. With the aid of the SWOT and PEST analytical models, it was determined that the South African e-commerce sector is indeed a lucrative one, despite the ongoing global financial crisis, which started way back in 2007. Therefore, it is recommended that Google penetrates the South African market by creating an online community portal only, while maintaining its main operations in the United States. Module 1: IDENTIFYING GLOBAL BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES Business Idea As one of the world-renowned providers of information through search engine services, Google is trying to expand its coverage not only in the Asian subcontinent, but into the African territory as well. That is why, the current paper will study the various points for consideration, particularly the strategic implications of such a move on the company’s operations and financial conditions. The service will not just include providing Internet for the community per se, but it will also include providing the community with a place for socialization online, complete with business advertising, contacts, community information and the like (Modise, 2011). Such type of service would be a novel package for Google because the pioneer for such business venture is ITEC with its Portal de Ciudad website package in Spain (“Interview with”, 2010). Utilizing the simplest, yet one of the most valuable analytical tools, such as SWOT analysis, PEST analysis and Porter’s Five Forces model, the different key merits of conducting such a market penetration strategy would be identified and later incorporated into a strategic implementation process, which would also be outlined in the current paper. Potential Markets Google has a large variety of products and services, but its primary products are search and AdWords. The core competencies of Google include ranking algorithm, computing and data warehouse. The ranking algorithm as part of the indexing processes uses a huge matrix of webpage links from which every URL gets a Page Rank, which is a score that indicates how important the page is based on how many other quality site links are referring to it. AdWords are somewhat similar, but instead of web pages the documents are small ads created by companies, who bid for placement instead of ranking algorithms, but they only show up in alongside relevant search results. Gigantic infrastructure of Google is the large barrier to rivals entry, and will remain so as long as the company keeps spending billions on it. Absolute and Comparative Advantage of the country that has been selected Using the PEST analytical method as outlined by Ward and Rivani (2005), it was noted that the South African market is ripe for the introduction of online community service package by Google because of an increase in the frequency of Internet usage among the populace. As of 2010, out of the 6.8 billion people in the world, Africa has around a billion citizens with over 110 million as known Internet users, which amounts to about 10% market penetration. This alone stands for a 2,357.3 % growth from the year 2000 to 2010, as compared to the world’s average of 444.6% (Miniwatts, 2011), as shown by the figure below. Figure 1: Internet Growth from 2000 to 2010 According to Mansfield (2010), more than fifty percent of urban cellular users in South Africa alone, which accounts for around 8.5 million individuals, are capable of email access via mobile phones, while sixty percent or 9.5-million can browse the net via their cellular phones. This implies that if Google were to penetrate the South African market, it would be very well be catering to around 9.6-million individuals. If it were to add Instant Messaging services or charges into the equation, it could have a market of around 10.56 million for this region alone. According to Miniwatts (2011), the growth of Africa’s Internet industry has accelerated due to the improved infrastructure, lower tariffs imposed by the government and the introduction of mobile technologies. Currently, broadband services are the most preferred mode of accessing such online services. It is aside from being the world’s most rapidly developing mobile market with 90% of all African telecom subscribers as mobile phone users. With Google’s venture into mobile applications (“Think big”, 2010), the whole community Internet package may prove to be successful in the South African Market. Figure 2: Percentage of Mobile Phone Users out of Telecom Subscribers Business Opportunity Analysis Determining and analyzing Google’s opportunities in the South African market would require the utilization of two analytical methods, namely SWOT and PEST. Systematically analyzing the immediate environment using the SWOT model would allow for a better understanding of the company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, all of which are vital for the success of our business venture in an entirely new locale of operations. Table 3 in the Appendix A shows political, economic, social and technological parts of PEST analysis. The evidence of the market’s responsiveness to online advertising is the proliferation of tourism websites and web-promotion tools in South Africa such as Durban-tourism. com and Sitesells (“Business Opportunity”, 2011). This means that, if Google were to introduce a comprehensive community Internet package, it could even, be more successful than its local counterparts considering its internationally acclaimed reputation and wide financial base, which could buffer its initial operations. Porter’s Five Forces Model Using Porter’s Five Forces model, it was determined that there exists a low barrier for entry into the South African market. Such a conclusion was derived from the aforementioned statements, where the government imposes only low tariffs on telecommunications and Internet providers, which stimulates growth in those sectors. Furthermore, the prevalence of various online companies such as SEACOM, a private equity venture registered in Mauritius, which has invested around $650 million for a fiber-optic undersea cable that now links the southern and eastern African regions to Asia and Europe (Jones, 2009). SWOT Analysis Table 2 in the Appendix A shows the SWOT model, including strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the company under discussion. Exclusive access to natural resources and innovative products and services are among the most important strengths. At the same time, lack of marketing expertise and undifferentiated products present the strong weaknesses to the company, which should be paid special attention and solved in the nearest future. To utilize its opportunities, Google should consider some joint ventures or strategic alliances or penetrating the new international market, such as South Africa as it is discussed in the current paper. Finally, the potential threats might include a new competitor with same products, a new innovative product by competitors, new regulations and increased trade barriers. Final Business/Product Concept Probably, one of the biggest opportunities for Google in penetrating the South African market is to emulate one of the pioneers in providing Internet services, namely ITEC. The company, as one of the dominating the global arena in online services, could offer comprehensive website management services to the Internet subscribers, particularly businesses and government units in this region, while doing so at reasonable annual costs, as ITEC has done in its Portal de Ciudad campaign in Spain (“Interview with”, 2010). According to Kim and Mauborgne (2004), the thing that makes such a move a key opportunity is its characteristic of being a Blue Ocean Strategy, which has had a proven reputation for companies applying it such as Coca-Cola, Nike, and many others. This strategy was the one responsible for creating uncontested market shares and capturing consumer demand of those successful companies through simultaneously achieving product differentiation and cost leadership, which were previously thought of as impossible. On the other hand, if to apply benchmarking it would mean that like the pioneer ITEC Google should focus on enhancing its core competence of Internet service provision through creating a dedicated team to handle its offshore operations (“Benchmarking”, 2000). This, along with Google’s established international reputation, could make for a successful business venture into the South African region. Module 2: ANALYZING INTERNATIONAL COMPETITORS Potential Competitors South African Internet usage has grown 120% in the past year, and it will not be long until you see eBay, Yahoo and the others following Google and Amazon’s recent foray (Amazon’s Cape Town office built EC2) into South Africa. Google South Africa is no exception and the company is most likely looking to significantly strengthen its local presence in the country. Google’s Communications Manager for Sub Saharan Africa says that Google’s South African office is still small, but growing fast. Google is also growing its African presence with positions advertised at Google offices in Kenya, Senegal, Ghana and Nigeria. As in all countries Google has ruffled offline media feathers by forcing them to be held accountable to their media agency’s grandiose ideas. The reality is that online usage and time spent is growing, and offline media consumption is dropping globally. Google’s model is to make advertising efficient and inefficient media companies are forced to either adapt or face revenue drops. Their Competitive Advantage(s) Their International Business Strategies Implications for your business concept Module 3: ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC-GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT Geographic Influences Few of the most important factors in development are the country’s geographical location and its climate. It is no coincidence that the poorest countries are in the tropics with hot weather, fertile land, scarce resources of water, and numerous diseases. The geographical area of South Africa is 1.2 million sq. km. (470,462 sq. mi.). In extremes of climate, either hot or cold, too much energy goes into the simple business of survival for there to be much leftover energy for development. Major Products and Industries Current Economic Conditions According to 2009 data, the GDP of South Africa was $287 billion, with real GDP growth rate of -1.8% and GDP per capita of $5,787. Unfortunately, the unemployment rate in the first quarter of 2010 was 25.2%. The economic condition of the country is additionally supported by the production of fuel from coal. The 2009 trade statistics show $71.9 billion in exports of minerals and metals, motor vehicles and parts, agricultural products for the major markets in China, U.S., Japan, Germany, U.K., and Sub-Saharan Africa; $75.7 billion in imports of machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products, textiles and scientific instruments from the major suppliers in China, Germany, U.S., Saudi Arabia and Japan. Infrastructure Conditions South Africa is a country with many laws and any foreign investor needs to be aware of these complexities so that one does not fall into any unforeseen dilemmas. Secondly, there are many benefits in South African legislation designed to attract foreign investment and these should be utilized to the fullest. Southern African Development Community nations are hungry for foreign direct investment as the region seeks to lift economic growth and ultimately improve the lives of its people. When starting business as a foreigner in South Africa there are certain rules and regulations, including the following: - Investment of 2.5 million rand out of foreign funds (app. 260.000 Euros); - Employment of 5 South African citizens within the first two years; - Financial projections of the business have to be met; - Registration with the South African revenue service There are certain business sectors where the investment amount does not apply, including tourism, mining and steel, arts and crafts, transportation, textile, biological and chemical technologies, agricultural and food production. If the business falls under one of those seven sectors, the investment amount can be waived. Therefore, the sum of 2.5 million rand does not have to be invested. A smaller amount of 15.000 Euros from foreign funds (which can also be a combination of cash and assets) will be sufficient to start the business. Implications for your business concept Module 4: ASSESSING THE SOCIAL-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT Demographic Trends During the past several years South Africa the life expectancy of 53 percent decreased to 52 percent by the end of 2009. Crude birth rate in 2009 was 22 percent with clear decrease in comparison with previous years (UNICEF, 2010). At the same time, ehe education system in South Africa has advanced in the last couple of decades achieving a 93-97% gross rate among young people in secondary schools for both males and females, according to UNICEF. This is of particular interest to our company as we plan to utilize local manpower to expand the sales force and manage our interests abroad on Internet use since for every number per 100 population in 2008 was 8% (UNICEF, 2010). Cultural Analysis South Africa has 11 official languages known as rainbow nations. English is an official and commercial language in the public life. In 1997, the country‘s democratic constitution acknowledged 11 official languages, which are Afrikaans, Isindebele, Isixhosa, Isizulu, Sesothosa Lebosa, Sesotho, Setswana, siswati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, Indigenous creoles and pidgins (SouthAfrica.info, 1997). In South Africa, behaviors of its people are presented in the way of respect. For example, when giving gifts it should be done by either hands or right hand only, and open upon receipt. The most common greeting of communications is handshake with a variety of ethic group. To address one another the proper way is by title and surnames. In a business environment, South Africans do not rush deals and are very casual dealers that have a “win-win” situation (Cyborlink, 2003-2006). Social Institutions A good portion of South African population (22%) does not have African origin because half of the population is Caucasian while others are mixed descent and Indians. The known religions within the South Africans are Christian, Jewish or Muslim. They also have three types of marriages: civil marriage (with or without a joint property agreement), customary marriage (under which women are perpetual minors), and religious marriage (that is recognized by the state). These marriages are permitted with a minimum age of 15 years for women and 18 years for men, with the consent of both parties. Only certain religious groups allow arranged marriages since it is considered illegal (SIGI). Women married under the civil law can keep their own property or inherit half of the household property. In traditional marriages, the women are left without any inheritance since the property of the deceased returns back to the family (SIGI). Divorced parents have shared custody of their children due to a law passed in 1993 that eliminated any previous agreement by law (SIGI). Informal Trade Barriers The majority of traders in South Africa are selling wooden curios in the main South African cities of Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town. Most of them go to get such products as flour, butter, jam, tomato sauce and sugar. The others buy clothing, shoes, electronics and personal accessories to take back for sale. Those that have substantial amount of money travel outside to Kenya, Hong Kong, Dubai and Thailand to bring back electronics and apparel (Semu-Banda, 2007). Implications for your business concept South Africa is the good choice for foreign companies to establish their businesses. There is a growing segment of the population educated on business matters and globalization, which assists the newcomer in navigating the Internet trade barriers while establishing its brand. That is why, it is important for Google to establish relationships with large local companies and individuals to offer a sense of familiarity that is fundamental when doing business in the Internet with South Africa. Module 5: ASSESSING THE POLITICAL LEGAL ENVIRONMENT Government and Politics The government of South Africa is parliamentary democracy after it became a republic on May 31, 1961. There are often political factors involved in why some countries remain poor, and one of those is unprofessional management and decisions coming from the government. In order to encourage development governments need to implement many things, including building and maintaining infrastructure, raising and spending finance wisely on the right projects. When governments are inept at managing infrastructure, development is impossible. They also need to set up their laws and business practices in a way that encourages investment and initiatives that protect businesses and individuals legally and honour property rights, contracts and copyrights. Political instability plays a vital role in why some countries remain poor, including ethnic tension, tribalism and war-related issues. Countries with long-term conflicts such as the ones in Somalia and Afghanistan have little chance of developing. Other nations, such as Sri Lanka, have simmering ethnic divides that are a constant distraction, de-stabilizing the region and discouraging investment. South Africa is considered as the most technologically advanced country in Africa and in terms of knowledge, expertise and skills competes globally. In our metropolitan areas we are well equipped with state of the art Internet connectivity. This, however, does not extend to all our rural areas and schools. Many educational facilities are kitted with computers, but are still restricted to a slow dial-up Internet access. Building the infra-structure to offer these services are costly and is often impeded by the fear of pilfering, cable theft and vandalism, which are all very real threats in South Africa. Formal Trade Barriers Promoting Global Business Intellectual Property Jobs in South Africa are scarce and an all too great sector of the population still lives unemployed in absolute poverty and lack even the most basic schooling. This situation is slowly improving, but as a result, they live in isolation, exclusive to their immediate environment. This is the loss of a massive target market with no present spending power or basic education. The Internet has been around for a relatively long time, but its usage in business is steadily growing and has yet to be utilized to its full potential. Many South Africans now wield a newly acquired education after generations of illiteracy. These individuals are often the first in their family with the ability to write and record their history and knowledge that was traditionally passed on by word of mouth. They have a thirst for knowledge and after ages of exclusion from formal tutoring, are hungry to participate and contribute globally. The majority of South Africans as is the case in many African countries do not have computers or internet access. In other cases there is a severe lack of knowledge how to use a computer effectively. The younger generations, however, pending their access to the internet are picking these skills up, but are still hampered by the lack of sufficient technology. Young people with global internet access pick up technological skills very quickly and are quick to apply their skills to the global market place. Implications for your business concept Google, the global search engine giant, is in the process of building the next generation of web technology while also attempting to satisfying the growing thirst for global investment and implementing state of the art internet tools for African countries. This will benefit South Africans who are eager to engage the global market and learn the necessary skills to succeed online. Better internet access and technology as is proposed by Google will have the effect of the South African Government and private enterprises providing schools with more computers with internet access to be able to educate our children with the skills necessary to participate in global commerce.   South Africa is a country with many laws and any foreign investor needs to be aware of these complexities so that one does not fall into any unforeseen dilemmas and secondly there are many benefits in South African legislation designed to attract foreign investment and these should be utilised to the fullest. Southern African Development Community nations are hungry for foreign direct investment as the region seeks to lift economic growth and ultimately improve the lives of its people. Module 6: GLOBAL STRATEGY AND STRUCTURE Selected International Business Strategy In the essence of bringing Google network system in South Africa, we seek to gather the attention of both urban and rural residents of the country. To foresee any growth with our company we know that the subsidiary that we intend to introduce to a growing market will be aim to make a profit and bring an open mind business to whoever at this necessary state. The consumer minds this entire structure will by far create a better and bigger image of Google. Based from the above mentioned analysis of the company’s external environment, it is recommended that Google pays special attention to adapting its operational requirements to cultural considerations, especially when operating far from the United States. Prior to conducting its operations, the company must address the following weaknesses and threats, which could dampen its efforts of penetrating the South African online market. Flawed Privacy Practices Since Google handles sensitive client data, it should have more stringent measures particularly because it would be catering to a relatively new market. Any incident violations could immediately affect operations and company reputation. This should raise a red flag as privacy and security analyst Christopher Soghoian has already pitched against Facebook and Google for the companies’ lax privacy policies (Reuters, 2011). Constant Threat from Hackers Since Google is primarily an online service provider, its operations revolve on a sound and secure cyber system. If such a system would be compromised, it would end up the same way as Sony Corporation, whose reputation was severely damaged after its online system was hacked, which compromised the personal information of around a hundred million of its video game subscribers (Reuters, 2011). Spending Surge The company may also need to have a hold on its spending styles as it may affect consumer confidence on the company’s stability as a business partner. This is particularly due to the firm’s stunning 54% spending increment for the first quarter alone. Consequently, shared dropped by more than five percent as the expenses rose to around to $2.84 billion, as compared to its mere 29% increase in net income (“Google spending”, 2011). Risk Management As a whole, South Africa is a country with moderate political and economic risks, but with a potentially lucrative economic prospect due to its relatively low financial risk. Despite the momentary deceleration of gross domestic product growth in 2009 of less than three percent, it is forecasted that such would reverse in 2010 and 2011 due to increased demand and prices of commodities (“AMB Country Risk,” 2010). Consequently, the risks mentioned above are uncontrollable on the part of Google, which is why the firm has to have adequate community involvement and social corporate responsibility manifestation in order to successfully win over the support of the SA consumer market. Adapting Operations to a Different Culture Aside from differentiating itself through its services and hedging against uncontrollable risk factors, Google has to adapt to the different cultural setting of the South African region (“Cultural Diversity”, 2002). However, the South African government has the problem of dealing with the long-term effects and stagnancy caused by apartheid. These could generally be described as the economic consequences bred into the political system that before had legislated racial discrimination in favour of the white race. As such, for a long time in South Africa, the benefits of industrialization and globalization like social welfare and prosperity were perceived to be essentially a privilege bestowed upon the fairer population. This resulted to a great disparity between the well-to-do and the impoverished, which remains to be a pressing problem for the current government (Bhorat, Lundall and Rospabe, 2002). It is expected, therefore, that since Google comes from the nation’s previous oppressors, it would be met with some resistance from the less fortunate populace in South Africa. However, there are certain measures by which the firm could counter this inertia and create a booming market share for itself in this region, which would be expounded further in the succeeding paragraphs. Strategy Development Based on the aforementioned information, Google should implement the Blue Ocean Strategy in handling its main operations in the United States, while penetrating the lucrative South African online market, which employs both product differentiation and cost leadership. Product differentiation would be through the provision of pre-packaged networking solutions for wireless Internet users, which is the most prevalent case for the region (Johnson, Pejovic, Belding and van Stam, 2011). Strategy Implementation The implementation of the above mentioned strategy would be manifested in the provision of a comprehensive business package of online services, which may vary depending on the agreements with the prospective clients to include: trainings, technical assistance and necessary start up equipment. However, since Google has been viewed in a bad light due to its spending splurge, it would be wise to limit the initial scope of operations of the company in South Africa. This would entail the careful selection of business partners among the existing service providers within the locality so as to have the necessary equipment and/or technical assistance whenever needed without having excessive expatriation of manpower. The limited market penetration is suggested primarily to cut on costs and to prevent the possibility of overwhelming the area with a foreign presence. Establishing fixed offshore operations would drain the company’s resources because of fixed costs for compensation, manpower relocation, and maintenance of the physical headquarters, including rentals and insurance amortizations. Furthermore, employing more of the local individuals could help with the government thrust for eradicating poverty through employment, which could be an added point to Google’s reputation. This could also speed up the process of being assimilated into the cultural milieu. The group’s advertising should start initially within the locality that exhibits the highest online traffic within the entire South African region area, based on the chart provided in the Appendix E (“Africa Internet”, 2011). Also, conducting a pilot test would help assess exactly how feasible establishing operations in the respective areas would be. Scouting for potential opportunities and threats per area of operations is advisable since the country does have different risk conditions per location. Selected Entry mode: Selected Competitive Advantage(s) & Value Proposition Selected Organizational structure: Strategic Alliance(s): Module 7: FINANCING SOURCES FOR GLOBAL BUSINESS OPERATIONS Start-Up Costs Country Indicator Reference Actual Previous Next Release Impact South Africa Inflation Rate Apr/2011 4.20 4.10 June/22 The inflation rate in South Africa was last reported at 4.2 percent in April of 2011. From 1981 until 2010, the average inflation rate in South Africa was 10.00 percent reaching an historical high of 20.80 percent in January of 1986 and a record low of 0.10 percent in January of 2004. Inflation rate refers to a general rise in prices measured against a standard level of purchasing power. The most well known measures of Inflation are the CPI which measures consumer prices, and the GDP deflator, which measures inflation in the whole of the domestic economy. Financing Sources Module 8: CREATING A GLOBAL MIS (MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS) Global Information Needs Google networking system in South Africa will be a vital factor in the development of this country. As a result everything will be improved. From the finding of cheaper products will enhance the profits of our harbors because of the lower outside influences on countries to trade within our harbor, thus creating a larger market of opportunity. The adaptation of Google falls into a demand whereas not to many family have access to the internet. The solution in this case will be a decision whereas charity will grow for the potential use of schools in almost every region of South Africa. Despite the crisis faced by all these African nations, it stills an advantage for a wide range research and development team to be used in order to mobilize this nation outbreak. The media hype associated with the Google networking system will have a severe growth in the awareness of e-procurement among all levels of industry. This increased awareness brings with it a growing list of expected changes. Detailing, where Google will stand will benefit this South Africa for which its people will be able to advertise and to locate at an incredible rate. The wild life will be well taken care of when the government reaches the agreement to accept GPS capabilities Google is going to provide. Google will guarantee faster transition of both web searching and buyer emphasis. There are chain of reaction will include urban and rural in the process. In the transaction of using the Ports of South Africa there will be a minimal use, for which only the people who make the orders of such unknown item will be the ones to accepting the payment methods needed for their items. Global Information Sources Technology for Managing Information CONCLUSION By applying various analytical tools such as SWOT analysis, PEST analysis, Porter’s Five Forces model and others, it became possible to conclude that the South African e-commerce sector is a lucrative one, despite the ongoing global financial crisis, which started way back in 2007. Therefore, it is recommended that Google penetrates the South African market by creating an online community portal only, while maintaining its main operations in the United States. APPENDIX A: Table 1: Porter’s Five Forces (Porter, 1980). Appendix B Table 2: SWOT Analysis (Ward and Rivani model) Appendix C Table 3: PEST Model (Ward and Rivani model) Appendix D Graph 1: Country Risk Report (“AMB Country”) Appendix E Table 4: Internet Usage Statistics for Africa INTERNET USAGE STATISTICS FOR AFRICA AFRICA Population (2010 Est.) Internet Users Dec/2000 Internet Users Latest Data Penetration (% Population) User Growth (2000-2010) % Users in Africa Algeria 34,586,184 50,000 4,700,000 13.6 % 9,300.0 % 4.3 % Angola 13,068,161 30,000 607,400 4.6 % 1,924.7 % 0.5 % Benin 9,056,010 15,000 200,000 2.2 % 1,233.3 % 0.2 % Botswana 2,029,307 15,000 120,000 5.9 % 700.0 % 0.1 % Burkina Faso 16,241,811 10,000 178,200 1.1 % 1,682.0 % 0.2 % Burundi 9,863,117 3,000 65,000 0.7 % 2,066.7 % 0.1 % Cameroon 19,294,149 20,000 750,000 3.9 % 3,650.0 % 0.7 % Cape Verde 508,659 8,000 150,000 29.5 % 1,775.0 % 0.1 % Central African Rep. 4,844,927 1,500 22,600 0.5 % 1,406.7 % 0.0 % Chad 10,543,464 1,000 187,800 1.8 % 18,680.0 % 0.2 % Comoros 773,407 1,500 24,300 3.1 % 1,520.0 % 0.0 % Congo 4,125,916 500 245,200 5.9 % 48,940.0 % 0.2 % Congo, Dem. Rep. 70,916,439 500 365,000 0.5 % 72,900.0 % 0.3 % Cote d'Ivoire 21,058,798 40,000 968,000 4.6 % 2,320.0 % 0.9 % Djibouti 740,528 1,400 25,900 3.5 % 1,750.0 % 0.0 % Egypt 80,471,869 450,000 17,060,000 21.2 % 3,691.1 % 15.4 % Equatorial Guinea 650,702 500 14,400 2.2 % 2,780.0 % 0.0 % Eritrea 5,792,984 5,000 250,000 4.3 % 4,900.0 % 0.2 % Ethiopia 88,013,491 10,000 445,400 0.5 % 4,354.0 % 0.4 % Gabon 1,545,255 15,000 98,800 6.4 % 558.7 % 0.1 % Gambia 1,824,158 4,000 130,100 7.1 % 3,152.5 % 0.1 % Ghana 24,339,838 30,000 1,297,000 5.3 % 4,223.3 % 1.2 % Guinea 10,324,025 8,000 95,000 0.9 % 1,087.5 % 0.1 % Guinea-Bissau 1,565,126 1,500 37,100 2.4 % 2,373.3 % 0.0 % Kenya 40,046,566 200,000 3,995,500 10.0 % 1,897.8 % 3.6 % Lesotho 1,919,552 4,000 76,800 4.0 % 1,820.0 % 0.1 % Liberia 3,685,076 500 20,000 0.5 % 3,900.0 % 0.0 % Libya 6,461,454 10,000 353,900 5.5 % 3,439.0 % 0.3 % Madagascar 21,281,844 30,000 320,000 1.5 % 966.7 % 0.3 % Malawi 15,447,500 15,000 716,400 4.6 % 4,676.0 % 0.6 % Mali 13,796,354 18,800 250,000 1.8 % 1,229.8 % 0.2 % Mauritania 3,205,060 5,000 75,000 2.3 % 1,400.0 % 0.1 % Mauritius 1,294,104 87,000 290,000 22.4 % 233.3 % 0.3 % Mayotte (FR) 231,139 --- --- --- --- 0.0 % Morocco 31,627,428 100,000 10,442,500 33.0 % 10,342.5 % 9.4 % Mozambique 22,061,451 30,000 612,500 2.8 % 1,941.7 % 0.6 % Namibia 2,128,471 30,000 127,500 6.0 % 325.0 % 0.1 % Niger 15,878,271 5,000 115,900 0.7 % 2,218.0 % 0.1 % Nigeria 152,217,341 200,000 43,982,200 28.9 % 21,891.1 % 39.6 % Reunion (FR) 822,986 130,000 300,000 36.5 % 130.8 % 0.3 % Rwanda 11,055,976 5,000 450,000 4.1 % 8,900.0 % 0.4 % Saint Helena (UK) 7,670 n/a 800 10.4 % n/a 0.0 % Sao Tome & Principe 175,808 6,500 26,700 15.2 % 310.8 % 0.0 % Senegal 14,086,103 40,000 923,000 6.6 % 2,207.5 % 0.8 % Seychelles 88,340 6,000 33,900 38.4 % 465.0 % 0.0 % Sierra Leone 5,245,695 5,000 14,900 0.3 % 198.0 % 0.0 % Somalia 10,112,453 200 106,000 1.0 % 52,900.0 % 0.1 % South Africa 49,109,107 2,400,000 5,300,000 10.8 % 120.8 % 4.8 % Sudan 41,980,182 30,000 4,200,000 10.0 % 13,900.0 % 3.8 % Swaziland 1,354,051 10,000 90,000 6.6 % 800.0 % 0.1 % Tanzania 41,892,895 115,000 676,000 1.6 % 487.8 % 0.6 % Togo 6,199,841 100,000 356,300 5.7 % 256.3 % 0.3 % Tunisia 10,589,025 100,000 3,600,000 34.0 % 3,500.0 % 3.2 % Uganda 33,398,682 40,000 3,200,000 9.6 % 7,900.0 % 2.9 % Western Sahara 491,519 --- --- --- --- 0.0 % Zambia 12,056,923 20,000 816,700 6.8 % 3,983.5 % 0.7 % Zimbabwe 11,651,858 50,000 1,422,000 12.2 % 2,744.0 % 1.3 % TOTAL AFRICA 1,013,779,050 4,514,400 110,931,700 10.9 % 2,357.3 % 100.0 % BIBLIOGRAPHY: Adkins, S. 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