Environmental Cues that Affects the Behavior and Language Expectations - Assignment Example

Reflective Journal Questions By Student’s Name Course + Code Class Institution Date A1: The three environmental cues include atmosphere, physical and psychological. The communication interaction context includes individuals involved expectations, setting, and the scene (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, 2017). Context of professional context may include environmental cues that affects the behavior and language expectations among the participants either directly or indirectly. The discussion or presentation does not occur as a secluded event. The magnitude to which a given environment is informal or formal relies upon the participants’ communicational contextual expectations. For instance, an individual sitting next may be accustomed to communicate with instructor in an informal setting, but when it comes to the academic environment, the instructor may be accustomed to nonverbal and verbal display. A2: Both the audience and the communicator have responsibility towards one another. These responsibilities can be perceived under the lenses of ethical public speaking. Early teachers of public speaking such as the Romans and the Greeks, argued that ethics are virtue matter and the art of public speaking is a means of civic engagement. Ethical and ethic communication are significant when it comes to public speaking process and decision-making (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, 2017). Public speakers make ethical choices in their preparation and delivery of their speech. Public speakers encounter moral dilemma on how to represent accurately or how to represent a given kind of information. However, through the understanding of the ethical standards by both the speaker and listeners, these types of moral dilemma can be overcome. A6: Double speaking refers the intentional use of words to obscure, disguise or alter the meaning. It is mostly present in fan organizational communication. I t serves to depict an organization or a person in less uncomplimentary manner that what the what will be done by plain language ("2.4 Language Can be an Obstacle to Communication | Business Communication for Success", 2017). In some instances, especially when the language is obscure, double speaking can be dangerous. However, if the meaning is hidden successfully from the audience, double speaking can be argued to be effective. Nonetheless the objective of the public speakers continues to be concise and clear communication with a reduced misinterpretation level. People should be able to understand what is and what is not communicated by studying double speaking. A7: A Jun 06, 2016 journal article written by Deborah Sage, the Open View Pushes to Add Women at Portfolio Companies, is a good example of an article that uses signpost. Signposts also known as indicators are the keywords that are used to alert the audience about an example, a conclusion, a tangential explanation and a change in topic (Thomson, 2016). Listeners and readers can be lulled sometimes making them to forget the point being made or how far the discussion has reached. This can be avoided by signaling the audience when there is a change in the discussion. The most common used signposts include words such as: the reason for this, in summary, in conclusion, or the solution to this problem. A10: A self-fulfilling prophesy occurs when an individual unconsciously triggers a certain prediction to come true. Similarly, an anticipation of a certain subject, say an individual, can influence another individual’s behavior about that person, which can trigger the realization of the expectation ("Self-Fulfilling Prophecies in Psychology: Definition & Examples - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com", 2016). For instance, a freshmen volleyball coach may want to the freshmen to be less skilled, so he does not make the play often, when there is a game, they perform badly. By doing so, she has fulfilled her expectations. In a psychological perspective, psychologists explain that people’s actions towards other individuals influences their beliefs towards those people ("Self-Fulfilling Prophecies in Psychology: Definition & Examples - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com", 2016). As a result, the actions of those individuals about the other people is dictated by those actions. This in turn reinforces the individual beliefs. In turn, this influences again the people’s actions towards one another, bringing the cycle at the beginning. The pattern can be positive as well as negative, as the one provided in a freshmen volleyball team example. A11: The capacity of sense organs limits human perception. This includes the architecture and speed of neural network and the different perception numbers that can be analyzed by the brain at a given time (Kent, 2015), in spite of seamless human consciousness, functional limitations, and the perception meaning. When consciousness is unstable, we are no longer able to control our own thoughts. This destabilization can occur any time at once, for instance when knocked by the vehicle. However it occurs incrementally when different parts of consciousness goes into a subconscious that has low power, such as falling asleep. Psychedelics are distinct in such a way that they can all degrade and enhance perceptual limitations by degree orders. They can distort and obscure data or enhance resolution and initiate states of consciousness that is extended. The opposing outcome may rely on the dose; it may also be possible that psychedelics generates perceptual improvement and degradation. Psychedelic hallucinations are always referred to being far away from the humankind imagination, a character trait that is offered as de-facto indication of extended or supernatural origin consciousness. A12: People-oriented Public speakers who are people-oriented demonstrates a solid concern for other people and their feelings (Kent, 2015). They are able to understand the experiences of others and be empathetic. However, these individuals when they become over involved with others they may find problems. As a result, their ability to discriminate and a sense of judgement may be impaired. Content-oriented This kind of individuals they are much interested in what is being said rather than their feeling or who is saying it. Their people’s assessment is based more on the credibility of those people (Kent, 2015). They concentrate on finding evidence, facts, and probing details. They seek logical argument by finding out the advantages and disadvantages of a particular phenomenon. However, these individuals may find themselves in trouble when they reject other people’s advice or wishes because those people do not have sufficient evidence. Action-oriented Individuals under this category concentrates on what action will be taken, who and when will that action happen (Kent, 2015). They look for action plan and seek answers to their questions. They like numbered, structure, and bullet-points. Nonetheless, these individuals can be hurry the speaker toward the conclusion through their impatient. Time-oriented These individuals are time conscious (Kent, 2015). They allocate time on each task of the day. When it comes to listening, they will give the listening session and will be unsettled if the session is extended. However, these types of individuals may constrain individuals who focuses on people element. Also, in their hurry to be on time, they may miss out important information as the speaker tries to shorten the discussion so as to suit in their timeline. A15: In writing of a document, the most significant part is to consider the target audience. The words written should suit various audience in different situations. The choice of words will affect how a writer is perceived by the readers (Kent, 2015). The words chosen should be able to communicate persuasively to the readers. For instance, when talking to a critical audience, who have a good grasp about a scientific topic, do not use exaggerations but facts. However, when speaking to uninformed audience about the significance of education, an application of relevant examples of respected people as a reference can be of much importance. A16: Mohamed Abdi Nasr 555 Weston Way Melbourne FLA, 33505 Dear Mr. Nasr, Your entire home can be cleaned for as little as $150, using the organic cleaning products. We are environmental conscious and only use green cleaning methods to make sure that your family is safe. All our products are Halal. You will love our work because our products are non-toxic apart from our 65 and over discount rates. When it comes to cleaning, satisfaction is guaranteed with us. Our clients have given us good reviews you can check them over our company’s website. Make your house clean and help the environment. Sincerely, John Teksi P.S.  Until the end of the month we are offering a 11% discount for users of our service This letter is intended to a client who is different in terms religion. People are very sensitive when it comes to their religion (Ward, 2017). Therefore, to address this issue the letter has specified that the company uses organic product that are in line with the Islam (Halal), a religion for the client. A20: When dealing with different people, the first thing to remember is to keep things simple (Thomson, 2016). Use well understood and short words rather than using long and unnecessary long industrial or profession terminologies. The presentation should be broken down into topics that are easy to digest. This approach is essential in avoiding confusion and misunderstanding. When preparing for the presentation, a speaker should practice on how to be empathetic to listeners. It is a duty of the speaker to go extra mile and find out the specific unique traits of the audiences. This will help the speaker on how to approach and address the audience. A21: For a development of a writer and a critical leader, rhetorical situation is useful and fundamental concept. Rhetorical situation is the context nature in which writers or speakers generates a suitable rhetoric discourse. The meaning of the writing can be limited to specific rhetorical situation comprising of a particular context, sender, message and the receiver. The writers are guided by these four rhetorical elements in their choices of writing based on the values of the audience, the context nature, message, and the writer’s own values. Therefore, the rhetorical should be put in consideration when communicating. A23: However, while making a presentation, you need to have a good attitude and discipline (Thomson, 2016). You need to understand how to value properly the needs and concerns of your audience. This does not only involve creation of good slides, but also evaluating and observing yourself as a practitioner. Some of the pertinent issues you should pay attention to is the type of treatment your audience are receiving, if you are valuing their time, and if you are treating them with respect. Therefore, a good presentation must include ethical aspect. A24 During the 2008 US, presidential campaign, Barrack Hussein Obama’s speech in Atlanta, can be analysed through the audience, coherence, cohesion, situationally and acceptability elements of speech ("Barack Obama: Remarks in Atlanta: "The Great Need of the Hour"", 2015). The Barrack Obama’s speech had binding elements that propelled him to win the elections of that year. He won overwhelmingly against his competitor, senator John McCain. Also, Obama’s speech can be viewed under the theories of persuasion which spells the structural elements in a speech. The principle of coherence analyses how different sub-topics shapes the larger theme used by Obama to sway Americans to elect him. Political speech utterances are orchestrated in a certain norm that is objectively predictable. His speech indicates a high degree of theme signalling and coherence as he shifts from one sub-topic to another. Therefore, the topic is construed as a complex unit comprising various connected sub-topics elements contributing to the major theme. The other elements in Obama’s speech include acceptability and situationally elements ("Barack Obama: Remarks in Atlanta: "The Great Need of the Hour"", 2015). The acceptability of a speech is present when the speech is able to meet the attitude of the receiver in the context of communication. The situationally of a speech consider when, how and why of the speech. The Obama context of the speech was considerate to the elements of why and where of the speech. The message was directed to adult audience, therefore, the words he chose related to adult audience. In order to win over the audience, he applied the persuasive element of the speech. He talked on topics that he deemed will persuade the electorates to vote for him. References 2.4 Language Can be an Obstacle to Communication | Business Communication for Success. (2017). Open.lib.umn.edu. Retrieved 31 March 2017, from http://open.lib.umn.edu/businesscommunication/chapter/2-4-language-can-be-an-obstacle-to-communication/ Barack Obama: Remarks in Atlanta: "The Great Need of the Hour". (2015). Presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 31 March 2017, from http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=77027 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License. (2017) (1st ed., pp. 347-355). Retrieved from https://www.saylor.org/books/ Kent, J. (2015). Limits of Human Perception. Psychedelic-information-theory.com. Retrieved 31 March 2017, from http://psychedelic-information-theory.com/Limits-of-Human-Perception Self-Fulfilling Prophecies in Psychology: Definition & Examples - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com. (2016). Study.com. Retrieved 31 March 2017, from http://study.com/academy/lesson/self-fulfilling-prophecies-in-psychology-definition-examples.html Thomson, P. (2016). ‘signposting’ your journal articles and chapters. patter. Retrieved 31 March 2017, from https://patthomson.net/2011/09/18/signposting-your-journal-articles-and-chapters/ Ward, S. (2017). How to Write a Stunning Sales Letter in 5 Easy Steps. The Balance. Retrieved 31 March 2017, from https://www.thebalance.com/writing-the-sales-letter-2948467 Read More